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Distribution of religious beliefs
Religions in five Chinese cities[A], Yao X. 2005[1]
Religion or belief %
Cults of gods and ancestors 23.8%
Buddhism or worship of Buddha 23.1%
Believe in fate and divination 38.5%
Believe in feng shui 27.1%
Believe in celestial powers 26.7%
Are not members of religions 51.8%
Are members of religions 5.3%
Are convinced atheists 32.9%
Religions in China, CSLS 2010[2]
Religion Number %
Cults of gods and ancestors 754 million 56.2%[B]
Buddhism 185 million 13.8%
Buddhist initiates 17,3 million 1.3%
Taoist folk religions 173 million 12.9%
Taoists 12 million 0.9%
Christianity 33 million 2.4%
—Protestantism 30 million 2.2%
—Catholicism 3 million 0.2%
Islam 23 million 1.7%
Religions in China, Horizon[3]
Religion 2005 2006 2007
Buddhism 11% 16% 12%
Taoism <1% <1% <1%
Islam 1.2% 0.7% 2.9%
Christianity 4% 1% 2%
—Catholicism 2% <1% 1%
—Protestantism 2% 1% 1%
Other religion 0.3% 0.1% 0.1%
None 77% 77% 81%
Refused to answer 7% 5% 5%
Religions in China, CGSS[4]: 13 
Religion 2006 2008 2010 2011 Average
Buddhism 7.4% 7.0% 5.5% 5.0% 6.2%
Taoism 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%
Folk religious sects 2.7% 0.3% 2.9% 1.9% 2.2%
Islam 1.2% 0.7% 2.9% 1.1% 1.7%
Christianity 2.1% 2.2% 2.1% 2.6% 2.3%
—Catholicism 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3%
—Protestantism 1.8% 2.1% 1.9% 2.2% 2.0%
Other religion 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.2%
Traditional worship or "not religious" 86.1% 89.5% 86.3% 88.9% 87.2%
Demographic, political and socioeconomic characteristics of religious believers in six provinces,[C] Yu Tao—CCAP[D]—PU 2008[5]
Religious community % of population % male Average age in years % agricultural households % ethnic minority % married % Communist Party members Average education in years Annual family income in yuan
Traditional folk religion 31.09 64.8 46.46 96.4 1.1 94.6 9.8 5.94 29.772
Buddhism 10.85 54.4 49.44 95.8 0.0 92.1 9.8 5.88 38.911
Protestantism 3.54 47.7 49.66 89.2 4.6 96.9 4.6 5.83 24.168
Taoism 0.71 64.3 50.50 92.9 0.0 100 21.4 6.29 30.630
Catholicism 0.39 66.7 46.33 91.7 8.3 91.7 8.3 7.50 46.010
All religious 46.59 61.6 49.45 96.2 1.2 93.8 9.6 5.94 30.816
All non-religious 53.41 64.6 50.62 96.3 5.5 93.3 15.0 6.40 26.448
Religions by age group, CFPS 2012[4]: 17 
Religion <30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60+
Buddhism 6.6% 7.9% 5.8% 6.0% 6.0%
Taoism 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4%
Islam 0.3% 0.8% 0.5% 0.8% 0.4%
Christianity 1.5% 1.2% 2.5% 2.3% 2.9%
—Catholicism 0.3% 0.1% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3%
—Protestantism 1.2% 1.1% 1.9% 2.0% 2.6%
Other religion 0.2% 0.5% 0.7% 0.4% 0.7%
Traditional worship or "not religious" 91.0% 89.1% 90.3% 90.2% 89.6%

Religious self-identification of university students in Beijing (2011)[6]

  Not religious or other (80.3%)
  Buddhism (7%)
  Confucianism (4%)
  Christianity (3.9%)
  Taoism (2.7%)
  Islam (2.1%)

Religious self-identification of participants of the cultural nationalist movement in the mainland (2011)[7]

  Confucianism (59.6%)
  Buddhism (26.3%)
  Taoism (4.1%)
  Christianity[E] (0.6%)
  Don't know (9.4%)
  1. ^ Beijing, Shanghai, Nantong, Wuhan, Baoding.
  2. ^ Although a lower 215 million, or 16% said they "believed in the existence" of ancestral spirits.
  3. ^ The populations surveyed were those of the provinces of Jiangsu, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Jilin, Hebei and Fujian.
  4. ^ Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy
  5. ^ Mostly Catholicism (0.6%), while nobody declared affiliation with Protestantism (0%).
  1. ^ Yao, Xinzhong (May 2007). "Religious Belief and Practice in Urban China 1995-2005". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 22 (2): 169–185. doi:10.1080/13537900701331031. S2CID 144500936. pp. 169-185.
  2. ^ 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Data reported in Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina; Strait, David (2012). "People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. 2 (3): 29–54. ISSN 2192-9289. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017.
  3. ^ "Religion in China on the Eve of the 2008 Beijing Olympics". Religion and Public Life Project. Pew Research Center. 2008.
  4. ^ a b China Family Panel Studies 2012. Reported and compared with Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 in Lu 卢, Yunfeng 云峰 (2014). "卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据" [Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data] (PDF). World Religious Cultures (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014.
  5. ^ Yu Tao (2012). "A Solo, a Duet, or an Ensemble? Analysing the Recent Development of Religious Communities in Contemporary Rural China". 4th International Forum for Contemporary Chinese Studies. ECRAN – Europe-China Research and Advice Network, University of Nottingham.
  6. ^ Sun, Shangyang; Li, Ding. "Chinese Traditional Culture Study Fever, Scarcity of Meaning and the Trend of University Students' Attitudes towards Religions: A Survey in Beijing". Journal of Sino-Western Studies (2011): 53–68.
  7. ^ Yang, Fenggang; Tamney, Joseph (2011). Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond. Brill. ISBN 978-9004212398.. p. 67.
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