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Template:Infobox germanium/sandbox

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Germanium, 00Ge
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
Germanium
Pronunciation/ɜːrˈmniəm/ (jur-MAY-nee-əm)
Appearancegrayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ge)
Germanium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Si

Ge

Sn
galliumgermaniumarsenic
Groupgroup 14 (carbon group)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boiling point3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (near r.t.)5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: −4, +2, +4
−3,? −2,? −1,? 0,[3] +1,[4] +3[4]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 762 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius122 pm
Van der Waals radius211 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of germanium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structureface-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium
Thermal expansion6.0 µm/(m⋅K)
Thermal conductivity60.2 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity1 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Band gap0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[5]
Young's modulus103 GPa[6]
Shear modulus41 GPa[6]
Bulk modulus75 GPa[6]
Speed of sound thin rod5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.26[6]
Mohs hardness6.0
CAS Number7440-56-4
History
Discovery1886
Isotopes of germanium
Main isotopes[7] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
68Ge synth 270.8 d ε 68Ga
70Ge 20.5% stable
71Ge synth 11.468 d ε 71Ga
72Ge 27.4% stable
73Ge 7.76% stable
74Ge 36.5% stable
76Ge 7.75% 1.78×1021 y ββ 76Se
 Category: Germanium
| references

References

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Germanium". CIAAW. 2009.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  5. ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  6. ^ a b c d "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.
  7. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.