Template:Infobox geologic timespan/testcases

*Hadean*
Hadean
4567 – 4000 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had.
	Artist depiction of the hypothetical planet Theia colliding into early Earth
	Artist illustration of Earth and the Moon towards the middle/end of the Hadean eon
Chronology
−4500 — – — – −4000 — – — – −3500 — – — – −3000 — – — – −2500 — – — – −2000 — – — – −1500 — – — – −1000 — – — – −500 — – — – 0 —	Precambrian Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phaner; ozoic Eoarchean Paleoarchean Mesoarchean Neoarchean Paleoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
	Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago
Proposed subdivisions	See text;
Etymology
Synonym(s)	Priscoan Period; Harland et al., 1989;
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Definition
Chronological unit	Eon
Stratigraphic unit	Eonothem
First proposed by	Preston Cloud, 1972
Time span formality	Informal
Upper boundary definition	Defined Chronometrically
Upper GSSA ratified	1991

Precambrian
Precambrian
4600 – 541.0 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had.
Chronology
−4500 — – — – −4000 — – — – −3500 — – — – −3000 — – — – −2500 — – — – −2000 — – — – −1500 — – — – −1000 — – — – −500 — – — – 0 —	Precambrian Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phaner; ozoic Eoarchean Paleoarchean Mesoarchean Neoarchean Paleoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
	Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago
Etymology
Synonym(s)	'Cryptozoic'; 'Eozoic';
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Definition
Chronological unit	Supereon
Stratigraphic unit	Supereonthem
Lower boundary definition	Formation of the Earth
Lower boundary GSSP	N/A
Upper boundary definition	Appearance of the Ichnofossil Treptichnus pedum
Upper boundary GSSP	Fortune Head section, Newfoundland, Canada; 47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W
Upper GSSP ratified	1992

Precambrian
Precambrian
4600 – 541.0 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had.
Chronology
−4500 — – — – −4000 — – — – −3500 — – — – −3000 — – — – −2500 — – — – −2000 — – — – −1500 — – — – −1000 — – — – −500 — – — – 0 —	Precambrian Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phaner; ozoic Eoarchean Paleoarchean Mesoarchean Neoarchean Paleoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
	Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago
Etymology
Synonym(s)	'Cryptozoic'; 'Eozoic';
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Definition
Chronological unit	Supereon
Stratigraphic unit	Supereonthem
Lower boundary definition	Formation of the Earth
Lower boundary GSSP	N/A
Upper boundary definition	Appearance of the Ichnofossil Treptichnus pedum
Upper boundary GSSP	Fortune Head section, Newfoundland, Canada; 47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W
Upper GSSP ratified	1992

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Precambrian

Side by side comparison

Hadean

Side by side comparison

Hadean

4567 – 4000 Ma

Artist depiction of the hypothetical planet Theia colliding into early Earth

Artist illustration of Earth and the Moon towards the middle/end of the Hadean eon

Chronology

−4500 —

–

—

–

−4000 —

–

—

–

−3500 —

–

—

–

−3000 —

–

—

–

−2500 —

–

—

–

−2000 —

–

—

–

−1500 —

–

—

–

−1000 —

–

—

–

−500 —

–

—

–

0 —

Precambrian

Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Proposed subdivisions

See text

Etymology

Synonym(s)

Priscoan Period
Harland et al., 1989

Usage information

Celestial body

Earth

Regional usage

Global (ICS)

Definition

Chronological unit

Eon

Stratigraphic unit

Eonothem

First proposed by

Preston Cloud, 1972

Time span formality

Informal

Upper boundary definition

Defined Chronometrically

Upper GSSA ratified

1991

Cambrian

Side by side comparison

Cambrian

541.0 ± ± 1.0 – 485.4 Ma

Chronology

−540 —

–

−535 —

–

−530 —

–

−525 —

–

−520 —

–

−515 —

–

−510 —

–

−505 —

–

−500 —

–

−495 —

–

−490 —

–

−485 —

N
♇

P
a
l
e
o
z
o
i
c

Ediacaran

C
a
m
b
r
i
a
n

Ordovician

T
e
r
r
e
n
e
u
v
i
a
n

S
e
r
i
e
s

2

M
i
a
o
l
i
n
g.

F
u
r
o
n
g.

Fortunian

"Stage 2"

"Stage 3"

"Stage 4"

"Stage 10"

←

Orsten Fauna

←

Burgess Shale

←

Kaili biota

←

Archaeocyatha extinction

←

Emu Bay Shale

←

Sirius Passet biota

←

Chengjiang biota

←

First Trilobites

←

SSF diversification, first brachiopods & archaeocyatha

←

First halkieriids, mollusсs, hyoliths SSF

←

Baykonurian glaciation

←

Dresbachian extinction

Major Glacial period

Subdivision of the Cambrian according to the ICS, as of 2024.^[1]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Etymology

Name ratified

1994

Usage information

Celestial body

Earth

Regional usage

Global (ICS)

Definition

Chronological unit

Period

Stratigraphic unit

System

First proposed by

Adam Sedgwick, 1835

Lower boundary definition

Appearance of the Ichnofossil Treptichnus pedum

Lower boundary GSSP

Fortune Head section, Newfoundland, Canada
47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W

Lower GSSP ratified

1992

Upper boundary definition

First appearance of the conodont species Iapetognathus fluctivagus

Upper boundary GSSP

Green Point section, Newfoundland, Canada
49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W

Upper GSSP ratified

2000

Atmospheric and climatic data

Mean atmospheric O₂ content

c. 12.5 vol %
(60 % of modern)

Mean atmospheric CO₂ content

c. 4500 ppm
(16 times pre-industrial)

Mean surface temperature

c. 21 °C
(7.5 °C above pre-industrial)

Sea level above present day

Rising steadily from 4m to 90m

Cambrian

541.0 ± ± 1.0 – 485.4 Ma

Chronology

−540 —

–

−535 —

–

−530 —

–

−525 —

–

−520 —

–

−515 —

–

−510 —

–

−505 —

–

−500 —

–

−495 —

–

−490 —

–

−485 —

N
♇

P
a
l
e
o
z
o
i
c

Ediacaran

C
a
m
b
r
i
a
n

Ordovician

T
e
r
r
e
n
e
u
v
i
a
n

S
e
r
i
e
s

2

M
i
a
o
l
i
n
g.

F
u
r
o
n
g.

Fortunian

"Stage 2"

"Stage 3"

"Stage 4"

"Stage 10"

←

Orsten Fauna

←

Burgess Shale

←

Kaili biota

←

Archaeocyatha extinction

←

Emu Bay Shale

←

Sirius Passet biota

←

Chengjiang biota

←

First Trilobites

←

SSF diversification, first brachiopods & archaeocyatha

←

First halkieriids, mollusсs, hyoliths SSF

←

Baykonurian glaciation

←

Dresbachian extinction

Major Glacial period

Subdivision of the Cambrian according to the ICS, as of 2024.^[1]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Etymology

Name ratified

1994

Usage information

Celestial body

Earth

Regional usage

Global (ICS)

Definition

Chronological unit

Period

Stratigraphic unit

System

First proposed by

Adam Sedgwick, 1835

Lower boundary definition

Appearance of the Ichnofossil Treptichnus pedum

Lower boundary GSSP

Fortune Head section, Newfoundland, Canada
47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W

Lower GSSP ratified

1992

Upper boundary definition

First appearance of the conodont species Iapetognathus fluctivagus

Upper boundary GSSP

Green Point section, Newfoundland, Canada
49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W

Upper GSSP ratified

2000

Atmospheric and climatic data

Mean atmospheric O₂ content

c. 12.5 vol %
(60 % of modern)

Mean atmospheric CO₂ content

c. 4500 ppm
(16 times pre-industrial)

Mean surface temperature

c. 21 °C
(7.5 °C above pre-industrial)

Sea level above present day

Rising steadily from 4m to 90m

Paleocene

Side by side comparison

Paleocene

66.0 – 56.0 Ma

Chronology

−65 —

–

−60 —

–

−55 —

–

−50 —

–

−45 —

–

−40 —

–

−35 —

–

−30 —

–

−25 —

–

M
Z

C
e
n
o
z
o
i
c

Cretaceous

P
a
l
e
o
g
e
n
e

Neogene

P
a
l
e
o
c
e
n
e

E
o
c
e
n
e

O
l
i
g
o
c
e
n
e

←

←

First Antarctic permanent ice-sheets^[2]

←

K-Pg mass
extinction

Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[1]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Etymology

Alternate spelling(s)

Palaeocene

Usage information

Celestial body

Earth

Regional usage

Global (ICS)

Definition

First proposed by

Wilhelm Philipp Schimper, 1874

Lower boundary definition

Iridium enriched layer associated with a major meteorite impact and subsequent K–Pg extinction event.

Lower boundary GSSP

El Kef Section, El Kef, Tunisia
36°09′13″N 8°38′55″E / 36.1537°N 8.6486°E

Lower GSSP ratified

1991

Upper boundary definition

Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C26n.

Upper boundary GSSP

Zumaia Section, Basque Country, Spain
43°17′59″N 2°15′39″W / 43.2996°N 2.2609°W

Upper GSSP ratified

2008

Paleocene

66.0 – 56.0 Ma

Chronology

−65 —

–

−60 —

–

−55 —

–

−50 —

–

−45 —

–

−40 —

–

−35 —

–

−30 —

–

−25 —

–

M
Z

C
e
n
o
z
o
i
c

Cretaceous

P
a
l
e
o
g
e
n
e

Neogene

P
a
l
e
o
c
e
n
e

E
o
c
e
n
e

O
l
i
g
o
c
e
n
e

←

←

First Antarctic permanent ice-sheets^[2]

←

K-Pg mass
extinction

Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the ICS, as of 2023.^[1]
Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago

Etymology

Alternate spelling(s)

Palaeocene

Usage information

Celestial body

Earth

Regional usage

Global (ICS)

Definition

First proposed by

Wilhelm Philipp Schimper, 1874

Lower boundary definition

Iridium enriched layer associated with a major meteorite impact and subsequent K–Pg extinction event.

Lower boundary GSSP

El Kef Section, El Kef, Tunisia
36°09′13″N 8°38′55″E / 36.1537°N 8.6486°E

Lower GSSP ratified

1991

Upper boundary definition

Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C26n.

Upper boundary GSSP

Zumaia Section, Basque Country, Spain
43°17′59″N 2°15′39″W / 43.2996°N 2.2609°W

Upper GSSP ratified

2008

Cryogenian

Test without timeline

Side by side comparison

Cryogenian
c.720 – c.635 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had.
Chronology
Preceded by	Tonian
Followed by	Ediacaran
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Name ratified	1990
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Period
Stratigraphic unit	System
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Defined chronometrically with an interim calibrated age of c. 720 Ma. GSSP is in progress.
Lower boundary definition candidates	The first appearance of widespread glaciation.^[3]
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	To be determined
Upper boundary definition	Worldwide distinct cap carbonates. Beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.
Upper boundary GSSP	Enorama Creek section, Flinders Ranges, South Australia 31°19′53″S 138°38′00″E / 31.3314°S 138.6334°E / -31.3314; 138.6334
Upper GSSP ratified	March 2004^[4]
Atmospheric and climatic data
Mean atmospheric O₂ content	c. 12 vol % (55 % of modern)
Mean atmospheric CO₂ content	c. 1300 ppm (5 times pre-industrial)
Mean surface temperature	c. 5 °C (8.5 °C below pre-industrial)

Cryogenian
c.720 – c.635 Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had.
Chronology
Preceded by	Tonian
Followed by	Ediacaran
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Name ratified	1990
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Period
Stratigraphic unit	System
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Defined chronometrically with an interim calibrated age of c. 720 Ma. GSSP is in progress.
Lower boundary definition candidates	The first appearance of widespread glaciation.^[3]
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)	To be determined
Upper boundary definition	Worldwide distinct cap carbonates. Beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.
Upper boundary GSSP	Enorama Creek section, Flinders Ranges, South Australia 31°19′53″S 138°38′00″E / 31.3314°S 138.6334°E / -31.3314; 138.6334
Upper GSSP ratified	March 2004^[4]
Atmospheric and climatic data
Mean atmospheric O₂ content	c. 12 vol % (57 % of modern)
Mean atmospheric CO₂ content	c. 1300 ppm (5 times pre-industrial)
Mean surface temperature	c. 5 °C (8.5 °C below pre-industrial)

Younger Dryas

Side by side comparison

Younger Dryas
0.0129 – 0.0117 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Younger Dryas event was associated with significant cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, but there was also warming in the Southern Hemisphere. Precipitation had substantially decreased (brown) or increased (green) in many areas across the globe. Altogether, this indicates large changes in thermohaline circulation as the cause^[5]
Etymology
Alternate spelling(s)	YD
Synonym(s)	Loch Lomond Stadial Nahanagan Stadial
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Definition
Chronological unit	Chron
Stratigraphic unit	Chronozone
Atmospheric and climatic data
Mean atmospheric CO₂ content	c. 240 ppm (0.9 times pre-industrial)
Mean surface temperature	c. 10.5 °C (3 °C below pre-industrial)
Sea level below present day	70 m (230 ft)

Younger Dryas
0.0129 – 0.0117 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Younger Dryas event was associated with significant cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, but there was also warming in the Southern Hemisphere. Precipitation had substantially decreased (brown) or increased (green) in many areas across the globe. Altogether, this indicates large changes in thermohaline circulation as the cause^[5]
Etymology
Alternate spelling(s)	YD
Synonym(s)	Loch Lomond Stadial Nahanagan Stadial
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Definition
Chronological unit	Chron
Stratigraphic unit	Chronozone
Atmospheric and climatic data
Mean atmospheric CO₂ content	c. 240 ppm (0.9 times pre-industrial)
Mean surface temperature	c. 10.5 °C (3 °C below pre-industrial)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2025. Cite error: The named reference "ICS" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Zachos, J. C.; Kump, L. R. (2005). "Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene". Global and Planetary Change. 47 (1): 51–66. Bibcode:2005GPC....47...51Z. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001.
^ Shields-Zhou, Graham A.; Porter, Susannah; Halverson, Galen P. (2016). "A new rock-based definition for the Cryogenian Period (circa 720 – 635 Ma)" (PDF). Episodes. 39 (1): 3–8. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i1/89231. ISSN 0705-3797.
^ Knoll, Andrew H.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Black, Nicholas (3 March 2006). "The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale" (PDF). Lethaia. 39: 13–30. doi:10.1080/00241160500409223. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
^ Partin, J.W.; Quinn, T.M.; Shen, C.-C.; Okumura, Y.; Cardenas, M.B.; Siringan, F.P.; Banner, J.L.; Lin, K.; Hu, H.-M.; Taylor, F.W. (2 September 2015). "Gradual onset and recovery of the Younger Dryas abrupt climate event in the tropics". Nature Communications. 6: 8061. doi:10.1038/ncomms9061.

[ICS-1] "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2025. Cite error: The named reference "ICS" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[Zachos2k5-2] Zachos, J. C.; Kump, L. R. (2005). "Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene". Global and Planetary Change. 47 (1): 51–66. Bibcode:2005GPC....47...51Z. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001.

[Shields-ZhouPorter2016-3] Shields-Zhou, Graham A.; Porter, Susannah; Halverson, Galen P. (2016). "A new rock-based definition for the Cryogenian Period (circa 720 – 635 Ma)" (PDF). Episodes. 39 (1): 3–8. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i1/89231. ISSN 0705-3797.

[4] Knoll, Andrew H.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Black, Nicholas (3 March 2006). "The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale" (PDF). Lethaia. 39: 13–30. doi:10.1080/00241160500409223. Retrieved 6 December 2020.

[Partin2015-5] Partin, J.W.; Quinn, T.M.; Shen, C.-C.; Okumura, Y.; Cardenas, M.B.; Siringan, F.P.; Banner, J.L.; Lin, K.; Hu, H.-M.; Taylor, F.W. (2 September 2015). "Gradual onset and recovery of the Younger Dryas abrupt climate event in the tropics". Nature Communications. 6: 8061. doi:10.1038/ncomms9061.

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[2]

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