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Main article: COVID-19 vaccine clinical research
COVID‑19 vaccine candidates in Phase I–III trials[1][2][3]
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Vaccine candidates,
developers, and sponsors 		Country of origin Type (technology) Current phase (participants)
design 		Completed phase[a] (participants)
Immune response 		Pending authorization
Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine (VAT00008, Vidprevtyn)
Sanofi Pasteur, GSK 		France, United Kingdom Subunit (SARS-CoV-2 S adjuvanted recombinant protein) Phase III (37,430)[4][5]
A Parallel-group, Phase III, Multi-stage, Modified Double-blind, Multi-armed Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of Two SARS-CoV-2 Adjuvanted Recombinant Protein Vaccines (Monovalent and Bivalent) for Prevention Against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.
May 2021 – Mar 2023, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Honduras, India (3,000), Japan, Kenya,[6] Mexico,[7] Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Uganda, United States 		Phase I–II (1,160)
Phase I-IIa (440): Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Protein Vaccine Formulations (With or Without Adjuvant) in Healthy Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.[8]
Phase IIb (720): Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Protein Vaccine With AS03 Adjuvant in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.[9]
Sep 2020 – Apr 2022, United States
Emergency (5)
Nanocovax[16]
Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC 		Vietnam Subunit (SARS‑CoV‑2 recombinant spike protein with aluminum adjuvant)[17][18] Phase III (13,000)[19][20]
Adaptive, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Jun 2021 – Jul 2022, Vietnam 		Phase I–II (620)[21]
Phase I (60): Open label, dose escalation.
Phase II (560): Randomization, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2020 – Jun 2021, Vietnam
Emergency (1)
UB-612
United Biomedical,Inc, Vaxxinity, DASA 		Brazil, Taiwan, United States Subunit (Multitope peptide based S1-RBD-protein based vaccine) Phase III (18,320)[23][24]
Phase IIb/III (7,320): Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Dose-Response.
Phase III (11,000)
Jan 2021 – Mar 2023, Taiwan (phase 2b/3), India (phase 3)[25] 		Phase I–II (3,910)[26]
Phase 1 (60): Open-label study
Phase IIa (3,850): Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blind Study.
Sep 2020 – Jan 2021, Taiwan
Emergency (1)
SCB-2019[28][29]
Clover Biopharmaceuticals,[30][31] Dynavax Technologies,[32] CEPI 		China Subunit (spike protein trimeric subunit with combined CpG 1018 and aluminium adjuvant) Phase III (30,300)
Phase II/III (30,000): Randomized, double-blind, controlled.
Phase III (300): Double-blind, randomized, controlled.[33]
Mar 2021 – Oct 2022, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Germany, Nepal, Panama, the Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine 		Phase I–II (950)
Phase I (150): Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, First-in-human.
Phase II (800): Multi-center, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled.[34]
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, Australia (phase 1), China (phase 2)
Emergency (1)
S-268019
Shionogi 		Japan Subunit Phase III (54,915)[35][36]
Phase II/III: Open-label.
Phase III: Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over.
Oct 2021 – Dec 2022, Japan (3,100), Vietnam 		Phase I–II (300)[37]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group.
Dec 2020 – Aug 2021, Japan
West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine
Jiangsu Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, West China Hospital (WestVac Biopharma), Sichuan University 		China Subunit (recombinant with Sf9 cell) Phase III (40,000)[38]
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Jun 2021 – Feb 2022, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia,[39] Mexico, Nepal, the Philippines (5,000)[40] 		Phase I–II (5,128)[41][42][43]
Phase I (168): Single-center, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind.
Phase IIa (960):Single-center, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled.
Phase IIb (4,000):Single-center, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled.
Aug 2020 – May 2021, China
DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT (DelNS1-nCoV-RBD LAIV)
Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Xiamen University 		China, Hong Kong Replicating viral vector (flu-based-RBD[clarification needed]) Phase III (40,000)[44]
Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo controlled.
Oct 2021 – Apr 2022, the Philippines 		Phase I–II (895)[45][46]
Phase I (60+115=175)
Phase II (720)
Sep 2020 – Sep 2022, China (60), Hong Kong (115)
Versamune-CoV-2FC [pt]
Farmacore Biotechnology, PDS Biotechnology Corporation, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto 		Brazil, United States Subunit Phase III (30,000)[47]
Double-blind, randomized controlled.
Aug–Dec 2021, Brazil 		Phase I–II (360)[48][49][50]
Double-blind, randomized controlled.
Mar–Aug 2021, Brazil
Walvax COVID-19 vaccine (ARCoV)[51]
PLA Academy of Military Science, Walvax Biotech,[52] Suzhou Abogen Biosciences 		China RNA Phase III (28,000)[53]
Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled
May–Nov 2021, China,[54] Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey 		Phase I–II (908)
Phase I (168)
Phase II (420)
Phase I/II (320)[55]
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, China[56]
V-01
Livzon Mabpharm, Inc. 		China Subunit (SARS-CoV-2 recombinant fusion protein) Phase III (22,500)[57]
Global, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Aug 2021–Mar 2023, the Philippines 		Phase I (1,060)[58][59]
Phase I (180): Single-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled.
Phase II (880): Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled.
Feb–May 2021, China
ARCT-154 (VBC-COV19-154 in Vietnam)[60][61][62]
Arcturus Therapeutics, Vinbiocare 		United States, Vietnam RNA Phase III (20,600)
Phase IIIa (600): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Phase IIIb (20,000): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.[63][64]
Oct-Dec 2021, Vietnam 		Phase I–II (400)
Phase I (100): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Phase II (300): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Aug-Oct 2021, Vietnam[65]
ReCOV
Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology Co Ltd 		China Subunit (Recombinant two-component spike and RBD protein (CHO cell)) Phase II–III (20,301)[66]
Multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2021–Dec 2022, China, New Zealand, the Philippines 		Phase I (160)[67]
First-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding.
Jun–Dec 2021, New Zealand
BriLife (IIBR-100)[68]
The Israel Institute for Biological Research 		Israel Vesicular stomatitis vector (recombinant) Phase III (20,000)[69]
Randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled.
Sept – Dec 2021, Israel 		Phase I–II (1,040)[70]
Randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation.
Oct 2020 – May 2021, Israel
Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech COVID-19 vaccine
Zhongyianke Biotech, Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech, Academy of Military Medical Sciences 		China Subunit (Recombinant) Phase III (14,600)[71]
International multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Sep 2021–?, China 		Phase I–II (696)[72]
Phase I (216): Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind.
Phase II (480): Single-center, randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled.[73]
Oct 2020 – Jul 2021, China
GX-19 (GX-19N)[74][75][76]
Genexine consortium,[77][78] International Vaccine Institute 		South Korea DNA Phase II–III (14,000)[79]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled.
Oct 2021 – Oct 2022, Indonesia, Seoul 		Phase I–II (410)
Phase I-II (170+210+30): Multi-center, some open-labeled, some double-blinded, single arm, randomized, placebo-controlled
Jun 2020 – Jul 2021, Seoul
GRAd-COV2[80][81]
ReiThera, Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases 		Italy Adenovirus vector (modified gorilla adenovirus vector, GRAd) Phase III (10,300)[82][83]
Randomized, stratified, observer-blind, placebo-controlled.
Mar–Oct 2021, Italy 		Phase I (90)[84]
Subjects (two groups: 18–55 and 65–85 years old) randomly receiving one of three escalating doses of GRAd-COV2 or a placebo, then monitored over a 24-week period. 93% of subjects who received GRAd-COV2 developed anti-bodies.
Aug–Dec 2020, Rome
Inovio COVID-19 Vaccine (INO-4800)[85][86]
Inovio, CEPI, Korea National Institute of Health, International Vaccine Institute 		South Korea, United States DNA vaccine (plasmid delivered by electroporation) Phase III (7,517)
Randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center.[87]
Nov 2020 – Jan 2023, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, the Philippines, United States[b] 		Phase I–II (920)
Phase Ia (120): Open-label trial.
Phase Ib-IIa (160): Dose-Ranging Trial.[88]
Phase II (640): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-finding.[89]
April 2020 – Feb 2022, China (phase II), South Korea (phase Ib-IIa), United States
DS-5670[90]
Daiichi Sankyo[91] 		Japan RNA Phase II–III (5,028)[92]
Randomized, Active-comparator, Observer-blind.
Dec 2021 – Jul 2023, Japan 		Phase I–II (152)[93]
A Phase 1/2 Study to Assess the Safety, Immunogenicity and Recommended Dose of DS-5670a (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Japanese Healthy Adults and Elderly Subjects.
Mar 2021 – Jul 2022, Japan
GBP510
SK Bioscience Co. Ltd., GSK 		South Korea, United Kingdom Subunit (Recombinant protein nanoparticle with adjuvanted with AS03) Phase III (4,000)[94]
Randomized, active-controlled, observer-blind, parallel-group, multi-center.[95]
Aug 2021-Mar 2022, South Korea 		Phase I–II (580)[96][97]
Phase I-II (260-320): Placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blinded, dose-finding.
Jan–Aug 2021, South Korea
HGC019[98]
Gennova Biopharmaceuticals, HDT Biotech Corporation[99] 		India, United States RNA Phase II–III (4,400)[100]
A prospective, multicentre, randomized, active-controlled (with COVISHIELD), observer-blind study to evaluate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy adults.
Phase II (400)
Phase III (4,000)
Sep 2021 – Sep 2022, India 		Phase I–II (620)[101][102][103]
Randomized, phase I/II, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, parallel-group, crossover, multi-centre study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy adult subjects.
Phase I (120) open-label study in healthy 18-70 year-olds.
Phase II (500) observer-blind study in healthy 18-75 year-olds.
Apr 2021 – Oct 2021, India
KD-414
KM Biologics Co 		Japan Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase II–III (2,000)[104]
Multicenter, open-label, non-randomized.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2023, Japan 		Phase I–II (210)[105]
Randomized, double blind, placebo control, parallel group.[106]
Mar 2021 – Dec 2022, Japan
LYB001
Yantai Patronus Biotech Co., Ltd[107] 		China Virus-like particle[108] Phase II–III (1,900)[109]
Phase II: Randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled
Phase III: Single-armed, open-label expanded.
Jan 2022 – Mar 2023, Laos 		Phase I (100)[110]
Randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2021 – Feb 2022, Laos
AKS-452
Akston Biosciences, University Medical Center Groningen 		Netherlands Subunit Phase II–III (1,600)[111]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-centre, adaptive, seamless bridging.
Oct 2021–Dec 2022, India 		Phase I–II (112)[112]
Non-randomized, Single-center, open-label, combinatorial.
Apr–Sep 2021, Netherlands
AG0302-COVID‑19[113][114]
AnGes Inc.,[115] AMED 		Japan DNA vaccine (plasmid) Phase II–III (500)
Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled[116]
Nov 2020 – Apr 2021, Japan 		Phase I–II (30)
Randomized/non-randomized, single-center, two doses
Jun–Nov 2020, Osaka
202-CoV
Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Walvax Biotech 		China Subunit (Spike protein (CHO cell) 202-CoV with CpG / alum adjuvant) Phase II (1,056)[117]
Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled.
July–Dec 2021, China 		Phase I (144)[118]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled.
July–Dec 2021, China
Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine
Vaxart 		United States Viral vector Phase II (896)[119]
Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2022, United States 		Phase I (83)[120][121]
Phase Ia (35): Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, first-in-Human.
Phase Ib (48): Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Sep 2020 – Aug 2021, United States
PTX-COVID19-B[122]
Providence Therapeutics 		Canada RNA Phase II (890)[123]
Randomized, double-dummy, observer-blind.
Aug 2021–Feb 2022, Canada 		Phase I (60)[122]
First-in-Human, Observer-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo Controlled.[124]
Jan–May 2021, Canada
Unnamed
Ningbo Rong’an Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 		China Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase II (600)[125]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2022, China 		Phase I (150)[126]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Aug – Oct 2021, China
Unnamed
Tsinghua University, Tianjin Medical University,[127] Walvax Biotech 		China Viral vector Phase II (360)[128]
Jul–Nov 2021, China 		Phase I (60)[129]
May–Jun 2021, China
INNA-051
Ena Respiratory 		Australia Viral vector Phase II (423)[130]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Mar  – Dec 2022, Australia 		Phase I (124)[131]
Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled.
Jun – Oct 2021, Australia
mRNA-1283
Moderna 		United States RNA Phase II (420)[132]
Randomized, stratified, observer-blind.
Dec 2021 – Jan 2023, United States 		Phase I (106)[133]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-ranging study.
Mar 2021 – Apr 2022, United States
Unnamed
Ihsan Gursel, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey 		Turkey Virus-like particle Phase II (330)[134]
Randomized, parallel dose assigned, double blind, multi center.
Jun – Sep 2021, Turkey 		Phase I (36)[135]
double-blinded, randomised, placebo controlled.
Mar – May 2021, Turkey
COH04S1
GeoVax, City of Hope Medical Center 		United States Viral vector Phase II (240)[136]
Multi-center, observer-blinded, EUA vaccine-controlled, randomized.
Aug 2021 – Jun 2023, California 		Phase I (129)[137]
Dose Escalation Study.
Dec 2020 – Nov 2022, California
ABNCoV2
Bavarian Nordic.[138] Radboud University Nijmegen 		Denmark, Netherlands Virus-like particle Phase II (210)[139][140]
Single center, sequential dose-escalation, open labelled trial.
Aug–Dec 2021, Germany 		Phase I (42)[141]
Single center, sequential dose-escalation, open labelled trial.
Mar–Dec 2021, Netherlands
SCB-2020S
Clover Biopharmaceuticals[142] 		China Subunit Phase I–II (150)[143]
Randomized, controlled, observer-blind.
Aug 2021 – Apr 2022, Australia 		Preclinical
SCTV01C
Sinocelltech 		China Subunit Phase I–II (1,712)[144][145][146]
540+420+752=1,712: multicenter, randomized, double-blinded trial.
Aug 2021 – Jun 2023, China 		Preclinical
NDV-HXP-S (ButanVac, COVIVAC, HXP-GPOVac, Patria)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals,[147] Butantan Institute, Laboratorio Avimex, National Council of Science and Technology, Mahidol University, University of Texas at Austin 		Brazil, Mexico, Thailand, United States, Vietnam Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector (expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, with or without the adjuvant CpG 1018)/Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase I–II (12,750)
Randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blind.
Mar 2021 – May 2022; Brazil (5,394), Mexico (Phase I: 90, Phase II: 396),[148] Thailand (460),[149] United States (Phase I: 35),[150] Vietnam (495)[151][152] 		Preclinical
Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
Stemirna Therapeutics Co. Ltd. 		China RNA Phase I–II (880)[153][154]
Phase I (240): Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Phase I/II (640): Open-label.
Mar 2021–Feb 2022, China (phase I), Lao (phase I/II) 		Preclinical
ARCT-021[155][156]
Arcturus Therapeutics, Duke–NUS Medical School 		United States, Singapore RNA Phase I–II (798)
Phase I/II (92): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled
Phase II (600): Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, multiregional, multicenter trial in healthy adults to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity.[157]
Phase IIa (106): Open label extension trial to assess the safety and long-term immunogenicity by giving single-dose vaccine to the participants from the parent study that received placebo or were seronegative at screening.[158]
Aug 2020 – Apr 2022, Singapore, United States (phase IIa) 		Preclinical
Unnamed
PT Bio Farma 		Indonesia Subunit Phase I–II (780)[159]
Observer-Blind, Randomized, Controlled.
Oct 2021 – Jan 2022, Indonesia 		Preclinical
VBI-2902[160]
Variation Biotechnologies 		United States Virus-like particle Phase I (141)[161]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-escalation, placebo-controlled
Mar 2021 – Nov 2022, Canada 		Preclinical
ICC Vaccine[162]
Novavax 		United States Subunit Phase I–II (640)[163]
Randomized, observer-blinded.
Sep 2021 – Mar 2022, Australia 		Preclinical
EuCorVac-19[164]
EuBiologics Co 		South Korea Subunit (spike protein using the recombinant protein technology and with an adjuvant) Phase I–II (280)
Dose-exploration, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled
Feb 2021 – Mar 2022, the Philippines (phase II), South Korea (phase I/II) 		Preclinical
PHH-1V
Hipra[165] 		Spain Subunit Phase I–II (286)[166][167]
Phase I/IIa (30): Randomized, controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalation.
Phase IIb (256): Randomized, controlled, observer-blinded.
Aug–Dec 2021, Spain (phase I/IIa), Vietnam (phase IIb) 		Preclinical
RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP
SpyBiotech 		United Kingdom Virus-like particle Phase I–II (280)[168]
Randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center.
Aug 2020 – ?, Australia 		Preclinical
AV-COVID-19
AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., Ministry of Health (Indonesia) 		United States, Indonesia Dendritic cell vaccine (autologous dendritic cells previously loaded ex vivo with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with or without GM-CSF) Phase I–II (202)[169][170]
Adaptive.
Dec 2020 – Feb 2022, Indonesia (phase I), United States (phase I/II) 		Preclinical
COVID-eVax
Takis Biotech 		Italy DNA Phase I–II (160)[171]
Multicenter, open label.
Phase I: First-in-human, dose escalation.
Phase II: single arm or two arms, randomized, dose expansion.
Feb–Sep 2021, Italy 		Preclinical
BBV154[172]
Bharat Biotech[173] 		India Adenovirus vector (intranasal) Phase I–II (375)[172][174]
Phase I (175): Randomized, double-blinded, multicenter.
Phase II (200): Randomized, double blind, multicenter.[175]
Mar 2021–?, India 		Preclinical
VB10.2129 and VB10.2210
Nykode Therapeutics[176][177] 		Norway DNA Phase I–II (160)[178][179]
Open Label, Dose Escalation.
Oct 2021–Jun 2022, Norway 		Preclinical
ChulaCov19
Chulalongkorn University 		Thailand RNA Phase I–II (72)[180]
Phase 1 (72): single-center, dose-escalation, first in human study in 2 age groups: 18-55 years-old and 56-75 years-old.
Phase 2: Multi-center, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity in healthy adults between 18-75 years old.
May-September 2021, Thailand 		Preclinical
COVID‑19/aAPC[181]
Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute[182] 		China Lentiviral vector (with minigene modifying aAPCs) Phase I (100)[181]
Single group, open-label study to evaluate safety and immunity.
Feb 2020 – Jul 2023, Shenzhen 		Preclinical
LV-SMENP-DC[183]
Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute[182] 		China Lentiviral vector (with minigene modifying DCs) Phase I–II (100)[183]
Single-group, open label, multi-center study to evaluate safety and efficacy.
Mar 2020 – Jul 2023, Shenzhen 		Preclinical
ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine (hAd5)
ImmunityBio 		United States Viral vector Phase I–II (540)[184][185][186][187][188]
Phase 1/2 Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Subcutaneously- and Orally- Administered Supplemental Spike & Nucleocapsid-targeted COVID-19 Vaccine to Enhance T Cell Based Immunogenicity in Participants Who Have Already Received Prime + Boost Vaccines Authorized For Emergency Use.
Oct 2020  – Sep 2021, South Africa, United States 		Preclinical
COVAC[189]
VIDO (University of Saskatchewan) 		Canada Subunit (spike protein + SWE adjuvant) Phase I (120)[189]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-escalation.[190][191]
Feb 2021 – Apr 2023, Brazil Halifax 		Preclinical
COVI-VAC (CDX-005)[192]
Codagenix Inc. 		United States Attenuated Phase I (48)[193]
First-in-human, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation
Dec 2020 – Jun 2021, United Kingdom 		Preclinical
CoV2 SAM (LNP)
GSK 		United Kingdom RNA Phase I (40)[194]
Open-label, dose escalation, non-randomized
Feb–Jun 2021, United States 		Preclinical
COVIGEN[195]
Bionet Asia, Technovalia, University of Sydney 		Australia, Thailand DNA Phase I (150)[196]
Double-blind, dose-ranging, randomised, placebo-controlled.
Feb 2021 – Jun 2022, Australia, Thailand 		Preclinical
MV-014-212[197]
Meissa Vaccine Inc. 		United States Attenuated Phase I (130)[198]
Randomized, double-blinded, multicenter.
Mar 2021 – Oct 2022, United States 		Preclinical
KBP-201
Kentucky Bioprocessing 		United States Subunit Phase I–II (180)[199]
First-in-human, observer-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group
Dec 2020 – May 2022, United States 		Preclinical
AdCLD-CoV19
Cellid Co 		South Korea Viral vector Phase I–II (150)[200]
Phase I: Dose Escalation, Single Center, Open.
Phase IIa: Multicenter, Randomized, Open.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2021, South Korea 		Preclinical
AdimrSC-2f
Adimmune Corporation 		Taiwan Subunit (Recombinant RBD +/− Aluminium) Phase I–II (310)[201][202]
Phase I (70): Randomized, single center, open-label, dose-finding.
Phase I/II (240): Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, dose-finding.
Aug 2020–Sep 2022, Indonesia (phase I/II), Taiwan (phase I) 		Preclinical
GLS-5310
GeneOne Life Science Inc. 		South Korea DNA Phase I–II (345)[203]
Multicenter, Randomized, Combined Phase I Dose-escalation and Phase IIa Double-blind.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2022, South Korea 		Preclinical
Covigenix VAX-001
Entos Pharmaceuticals Inc. 		Canada DNA Phase I–II (72)[204]
Placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blind, dose ranging adaptive.
Mar–Aug 2021, Canada 		Preclinical
NBP2001
SK Bioscience Co. Ltd. 		South Korea Subunit (Recombinant protein with adjuvanted with alum) Phase I (50)[205]
Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Dose-escalation.
Dec 2020 – Apr 2021, South Korea 		Preclinical
CoVAC-1
University of Tübingen 		Germany Subunit (Peptide) Phase I–II (104)[206][207]
Phase I (36): Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Dose-escalation.
Phase I/II (68): B-pVAC-SARS-CoV-2: Phase I/II Multicenter Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of Multi-peptide Vaccination to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Adults With Bcell/ Antibody Deficiency.
Nov 2020 – Feb 2022, Germany 		Preclinical
bacTRL-Spike
Symvivo 		Canada DNA Phase I (24)[208]
Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled.
Nov 2020 – Feb 2022, Australia 		Preclinical
ChAdV68-S (SAM-LNP-S)
NIAID, Gritstone Oncology 		United States Viral vector Phase I (150)[209]
Open-label, dose and age escalation, parallel design.
Mar 2021 – Sep 2022, United States 		Preclinical
SpFN COVID-19 vaccine
WRAIR's Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch (EIDB) 		United States Subunit Phase I (72)[210]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Apr 2021 – Oct 2022, United States 		Preclinical
MVA-SARS-2-S (MVA-SARS-2-ST)
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf 		Germany Viral vector Phase I–II (270)[211][212]
Phase I (30): Open, Single-center.
Phase Ib/IIa (240): Multi-center, Randomized Controlled.
Oct 2020 – Mar 2022, Germany 		Preclinical
Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 vaccine
Kocak Farma 		Turkey Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase I (38)[213]
Phase 1 Study for the Determination of Safety and Immunogenicity of Different Strengths of Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine, Given Twice Intramuscularly to Healthy Volunteers, in a Placebo Controlled Study Design.
Mar–Jun 2021, Turkey 		Preclinical
CoV2-OGEN1
Syneos Health, US Specialty Formulations 		United States Subunit Phase I (45)[214]
First-In-Human
Jun–Dec 2021, New Zealand 		Preclinical
CoVepiT
OSE Immunotherapeutics 		France Subunit Phase I (48)[215][216]
Randomized, open label.
Apr–Sept 2021, France 		Preclinical
HDT-301[217] (QTP104)
HDT Biotech Corporation, Senai Cimatec, Quartis[218] 		Brazil, South Korea, United States RNA Phase I (189)[219][220]
Phase I (90+63+36): Randomized, open-label, dose-escalation.
Aug 2021–Jul 2023, Brazil, South Korea, United States 		Preclinical
SC-Ad6-1
Tetherex Pharmaceuticals 		United States Viral vector Phase I (40)[221]
First-In-Human, Open-label, Single Ascending Dose and Multidose.
Jun–Dec 2021, Australia 		Preclinical
Unnamed
Osman ERGANIS, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey 		Turkey Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase I (50)[222]
Phase I Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of the Protective Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine Developed Against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Participants, Administered as Two Injections Subcutaneously in Two Different Dosages.
Apr–Oct 2021, Turkey 		Preclinical
EXG-5003
Elixirgen Therapeutics, Fujita Health University 		Japan, United States RNA Phase I–II (60)[223]
First in Human, randomized, placebo-controlled.
Apr 2021 – Jan 2023, Japan 		Preclinical
IVX-411
Icosavax, Seqirus Inc. 		United States Virus-like particle Phase I–II (168)[224][225]
Phase I/II (84): Randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled.
Jun 2021–2022, Australia 		Preclinical
QazCoVac-P[226]
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems 		Kazakhstan Subunit Phase I–II (244)[227]
Phase I: Randomized, blind, placebo-controlled.
Phase II: Randomized, open phase.
Jun – Dec 2021, Kazakhstan 		Preclinical
LNP-nCOV saRNA-02
MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit 		Uganda RNA Phase I (42)[228]
A Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of LNP-nCOV saRNA-02, a Self-amplifying Ribonucleic Acid (saRNA) Vaccine, in SARS-CoV-2 Seronegative and Seropositive Uganda Population.
Sep 2021 – Jun 2022, Uganda 		Preclinical
Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1[229]
Baiya Phytopharm Co Ltd. 		Thailand Plant-based Subunit (RBD-Fc + adjuvant) Phase I (96)[230]
Randomized, open-label, dose-finding.
Sep–Dec 2021, Thailand 		Preclinical
CVXGA1
CyanVac LLC 		United States Viral vector Phase I (80)[231]
Open-label
July–Dec 2021, United States 		Preclinical
Unnamed
St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera of Russia at the Federal Medical Biological Agency 		Russia Subunit (Recombinant) Phase I–II (200)[232][233]
Jul–Aug 2021, Russia 		Preclinical
LVRNA009
Liverna Therapeutics Inc. 		China RNA Phase I (24)[234]
July–Nov 2021, China 		Preclinical
ARCT-165
Arcturus Therapeutics 		United States RNA Phase I–II (72)[235]
Randomized, observer-blind.
Aug 2021–Mar 2023, Singapore, United States 		Preclinical
BCD-250
Biocad 		Russia Viral vector Phase I–II (160)[236]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive, seamless phase I/II.
Aug 2021–Aug 2022, Russia 		Preclinical
COVID-19-EDV
EnGeneIC 		Australia Viral vector Phase I (18)[237]
Open label, non-randomised, dose escalation.
Aug 2021–Jan 2022, Australia 		Preclinical
COVIDITY
Scancell 		United Kingdom DNA[238] Phase I (40)[239]
Open-label, two-arm.
Sep 2021–Apr 2022, South Africa 		Preclinical
SII Vaccine
Novavax 		United States Subunit Phase I–II (240)[240]
randomized, observer-blinded, open-label.
Oct–Nov 2021, Australia 		Preclinical
EG-COVID
Eyegene 		South Korea mRNA Phase I–II (120)[241][242][243]
Phase I/IIa: Multi-center, Open-label.
Feb 2022–May 2023, South Korea 		Preclinical
PIKA COVID-19 vaccine
Yisheng Biopharma 		China Subunit Phase I (45)[244]
Open-label, dose-escalation.
Sep–Nov 2021, New Zealand 		Preclinical
Ad5-triCoV/Mac
McMaster University, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) 		Canada Viral vector Phase I (30)[245]
Open-label.
Nov 2021–Jun 2023, Canada 		Preclinical
Unnamed
University of Hong Kong, Immuno Cure 3 Limited 		Hong Kong DNA Phase I (30)[246]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation.
Nov 2021–Jun 2022, Hong Kong 		Preclinical
MigVax-101
Oravax Medical[247][248][249] 		Israel Virus-like particle Phase I
Oct 2021–?, South Africa 		Preclinical
IN-B009
HK inno.N[250] 		South Korea Subunit (Recombinant protein) Phase I (40)[251]
Open-label, dose-escalation.
Sep 2021–Feb 2023, South Korea 		Preclinical
naNO-COVID
Emergex Vaccines 		United Kingdom Subunit Phase I (26)[252]
Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled, dose-finding.
Nov 2021–Sep 2022, Switzerland 		Preclinical
Betuvax-CoV-2
Human Stem Cells Institute 		Russia Subunit Phase I–II (170)[253][254]
Sep 2021–?, Russia 		Preclinical
Covi Vax[255]
National Research Centre 		Egypt Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase I (72)[256]
Randomized, open-labeled
Nov 2021–Feb 2023, Egypt 		Preclinical
VLPCOV-01
VLP Therapeutics 		United States mRNA Phase I (45)[257]
Randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, first-in-human.
Aug 2021–Jan 2023, Japan 		Preclinical
GRT-R910
Gritstone Oncology 		United States mRNA Phase I (120)[258]
A Phase 1 Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity, and Reactogenicity of a Self-Amplifying mRNA Prophylactic Vaccine Boost Against SARS-CoV-2 in Previously Vaccinated Healthy Elderly Adults.
Sep 2021–Nov 2022, United Kingdom 		Preclinical
Unnamed
DreamTec Limited 		Hong Kong Subunit Phase I (30)[259]
Development of a COVID19 Oral Vaccine Consisting of Bacillus Subtilis Spores Expressing and Displaying the Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein of SARS-COV2.
Apr–Dec 2021, Hong Kong 		Preclinical
Almansour-001
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ICON plc 		Ireland, Saudi Arabia DNA Phase I (30)[260]
Single center, randomized, observer blind, dosage finding.
Feb–Jul 2022, Ireland, Saudi Arabia 		Preclinical
Unnamed
North's Academy of Medical Science Medical biology institute 		North Korea Subunit (spike protein with Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) Phase I–II (?)[261]
Jul 2020, North Korea 		Preclinical
Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine
Vaccine and Biological Production Company No. 1 (Vabiotech) 		Vietnam Subunit Preclinical
Awaited for the conduct on Phase I trial.[262] 		?
INO-4802
Inovio 		United States DNA Preclinical
Awaited for the conduct on Phase I/II trials.[263] 		?
Bangavax (Bancovid)[264][265]
Globe Biotech Ltd. of Bangladesh 		Bangladesh RNA Preclinical
Awaiting for approval from Bangladesh government to conduct the first clinical trial.[266] 		?
Unnamed
Indian Immunologicals, Griffith University[267] 		Australia, India Attenuated Preclinical ?
EPV-CoV-19[268]
EpiVax 		United States Subunit (T cell epitope-based protein) Preclinical ?
Unnamed
Intravacc[269] 		Netherlands Subunit Preclinical ?
CureVac–GSK COVID-19 vaccine[270]
CureVac, GSK 		Germany, United Kingdom RNA Preclinical ?
DYAI-100[271] Sorrento Therapeutics, Dyadic International, Inc.[272] United States Subunit Preclinical ?
Unnamed[273]
Ministry of Health (Malaysia), Malaysia Institute of Medical Research Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia 		Malaysia RNA Preclinical ?
CureVac COVID-19 vaccine (CVnCoV)
CureVac, CEPI 		Germany RNA (unmodified RNA)[274] Terminated (44,433)[275][276][277][278][279]
Phase 2b/3 (39,693): Multicenter efficacy and safety trial in adults.
Phase 3 (2,360+180+1,200+1,000=4,740): Randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, some observer-blinded, some open-labeled.
Nov 2020 – Jun 2022, Argentina, Belgium, Colombia, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Spain[280] 		Phase I–II (944)[281][282]
Phase I (284): Partially blind, controlled, dose-escalation to evaluate safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity.
Phase IIa (660):Partially observer-blind, multicenter, controlled, dose-confirmation.
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, Belgium (phase I), Germany (phase I), Panama (phase IIa), Peru (phase IIa)
Emergency (2)
CORVax12
OncoSec Medical, Providence Health & Services 		United States DNA Terminated (36)[285]
Open-label, non-randomized, parallel assignment study to evaluate the safety of prime & boost doses with/without the combination of electroporated IL-12p70 plasmid in 2 age groups: 18-50 years-old and > 50 years-old.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2021, United States 		Preclinical
Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine (MRT5500)[286]
Sanofi Pasteur and Translate Bio 		France, United States RNA Terminated (415)[287]
Interventional, randomized, parallel-group, sequential study consisting of a sentinel cohort followed by the full enrollment cohort. The sentinel cohort is an open-label, step-wise, dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety of 3 dose levels with 2 vaccinations. The full enrollment cohort is a quadruple-blinded study of safety and immunogenicity in 2 age groups, with half receiving a single injection, and the other half receiving 2 injections.
Mar 2021 – Sep 2021, Honduras, United States, Australia 		Preclinical
AdCOVID
Altimmune Inc. 		United States Viral vector Terminated (180)[288][289]
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, first-in-Human.
Feb 2021 – Feb 2022, United States 		Preclinical
LNP-nCoVsaRNA[290]
MRC clinical trials unit at Imperial College London 		United Kingdom RNA Terminated (105)
Randomized trial, with dose escalation study (15) and expanded safety study (at least 200)
Jun 2020 – Jul 2021, United Kingdom 		?
TMV-083
Institut Pasteur 		France Viral vector Terminated (90)[291]
Randomized, Placebo-controlled.
Aug 2020 – Jun 2021, Belgium, France 		?
SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp/V451[292][293][unreliable source?]
UQ, Syneos Health, CEPI, Seqirus 		Australia Subunit (molecular clamp stabilized spike protein with MF59) Terminated (120)
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging.
False positive HIV test found among participants.
Jul–Oct 2020, Brisbane 		?
V590[294] and V591/MV-SARS-CoV-2[295] Merck & Co. (Themis BIOscience), Institut Pasteur, University of Pittsburgh's Center for Vaccine Research (CVR), CEPI United States, France Vesicular stomatitis virus vector[296] / Measles virus vector[297][unreliable source?] Terminated
In phase I, immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines.[298]
  1. ^ Latest Phase with published results.
  2. ^ Phase I–IIa in South Korea in parallel with Phase II–III in the US

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