Tboli sunbird
| Tboli sunbird | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male | |
| |
| Female | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Nectariniidae |
| Genus: | Aethopyga |
| Species: | A. tibolii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Aethopyga tibolii Kennedy, Gonzales & Miranda, 1997
| |
The Tboli sunbird (Aethopyga tibolii) is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae. It is endemic to the Philippines found only in the mountains of south Mindanao. Its natural habitat is tropical moist montane forest starting from 800 meters above sea level. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Apo sunbird.
Taxonomy
[edit]The Tboli sunbird was formally described in 1997 by Robert Kennedy and collaborators based on a specimen collected in mossy forest at an elevation of 1,321 m (4,334 ft), near Mount Busa in the south of the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. They considered it to be a subspecies of the Apo sunbird and coined the trinomial name Aethopyga boltoni tibolii where the epithet tiboli is named after the Tboli people who inhabit southern Mindanao.[1] The Tboli sunbird is now treated as a separate species based on the differences in plumage and vocalizations as well as the divergence of the mitochondrial DNA.[2][3]
Description
[edit]Ebird describes it as a "A small, localized bird of montane forest in southern Mindanao. Has a long, curved bill, a gray head, yellow underparts and rump, an olive back and wings, and a white-tipped tail. Male has a narrow pale yellow throat stripe from the bill to the chest bordered with dark gray, a greenish-blue tail, and an orange patch in front of the shoulder. Female has a pale gray throat and a faintly streaked chest. Similar to Gray-hooded Sunbird, but Tboli has a yellow rather than white belly. Voice similar to Apo Sunbird’s, including a rapid pulsing series of “chip!” notes and a high-pitched upslurred “chuuuuuit!”” [4]
Ecology and behavior
[edit]This species is presumed to feed primarily on nectar but will also supplement its diet with insects especially when it is nesting. This species is found singly, in pairs and forms mixed species flocks with other forest birds.[5][6]
Not much information about this species' ecology has been published aside the paper released when it was described as a subspecies in 1997. The Apo sunbird is better studied and it is highly likely to have the same breeding habits. Apo sunbirds have been recorded breeding in January to July. Its nest was described as built of moss, spider eggs and insect cases.[7]
Habitat and conservation status
[edit]The Apo sunbird is a bird local to the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It can be found in mountainous areas in the southern parts of the island on Mount Matutum and Mount Busa in the provinces of South Cotabato and Sarangani[8] Its natural habitat is in montane rainforest above 800 meters above sea leve which is significantly lower than the boltoni and malindangensis Apo sunbirds which are found above 1,500 meters above sea level.[7]
The Tboli sunbird has not yet been recognized as its own species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The Apo sunbird is listed as least concern but was formerly near threatened. Despite its limited range, it is said to be locally common.
As it occurs in rugged and inaccessible mountains, this has allowed a large portion of its habitat to remain intact. However, there it is still affected by habitat loss through deforestation, mining, land conversion and slash-and-burn - just not to the same extent as lowland forest. It is found in the protected areas of Lake Holon and Mount Matutum but actual protection from deforestation is still lax.
References
[edit]- ^ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
- ^ Hosner, P.A.; Nyári, Á.S.; Moyle, R.G. (2013). "Water barriers and intra-island isolation contribute to diversification in the insular Aethopyga sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)". Journal of Biogeography. 40 (6): 1094–1106. doi:10.1111/jbi.12074.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
- ^ "Apo Sunbird - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ "Our Beautiful World: Sunbirds, Genus Aethopyga". www.vulkaner.no. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ "Apo Sunbird (Aethopyga boltoni) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ a b Cheke, R.; Mann, C.; Kirwan, G.M. (2020). Billerman, S.M.; Keeney, B.K. (eds.). "Tboli Sunbird (Aethopyga tibolii), version 2.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
- ^ Cheke, Robert; Mann, Clive; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020). "Apo Sunbird (Aethopyga boltoni), version 2.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.moasun1.02.