Tatsumi Naofumi

Tatsumi Naofumi
Tatsumi Naofumi
	Tatsumi Naofumi in his later years
Native name	立見尚文
Born	August 21, 1845; Edo, Japan
Died	March 6, 1907 (aged 61); Tokyo, Japan
Allegiance	Tokugawa shogunate (1867–1871); Empire of Japan (1877–1907);
Service / branch	Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service	1867–1871, 1877–1907
Rank	General
Commands	Shinsenryodan, IJA 8th Division
Battles / wars	Boshin War; Satsuma Rebellion; First Sino-Japanese War; Russo-Japanese War;

Baron Tatsumi Naofumi (立見尚文, 21 August 1845 – 6 March 1907) was a samurai from the Kuwana Domain in the Bakumatsu period Tokugawa shogunate and later a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Meiji period.^[1]

Biography

Early life

Tatsumi was born in Edo as the third son of a retainer of Kuwana Domain name Machida Dendaiyu. He was later adopted by his uncle, a fellow retainer named Tatsumi Sakujuro Takashi, whose surname he took. He was also known as Tatsumi Kanzaburō (立見鑑三郎) in his youth. At age five, the young Tatsumi went to Kuwana with his adoptive father, and at age 8 entered the domain school, Rikkyokan, studying literature and martial arts, and receiving a commendation for academic excellence at age 15. Soon after, Matsudaira Sadaaki became daimyō of Kuwana, and Tatsumi became his page, with a 180 koku stipend. Together with Matsudaira Sadaaki, he left for Edo in 1861, where was permitted to attend the elite Shogunate school at Shoheiko, and where he was hailed as a prodigy.

Soldier in the Boshin War

When Matsudaira Sadaaki was appointed as Kyoto Shoshidai, Tatsumi followed him to Kyoto, where he served as a liaison with other domains. It was in this role that he met many of the men who would later become famous in the Meiji period, including Katsura Kogorō, Ōkubo Toshimichi, and Saigō Takamori. Before long, though, he was transferred back to Edo and entered the Tokugawa bakufu's French-trained infantry. His French military instructors were said to have remarked, "Tatsumi is a genius of a soldier." He later served in the Bakufu's 3rd Infantry Regiment.

The first battle of the Boshin War, the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, occurred while he was in Edo. When Matsudaira Sadaaki returned, Tatsumi advocated continued military opposition to the Satchō Alliance army. Tatsumi and the Kuwana retainers remaining in Edo followed Matsudaira Sadaaki to Echigo Province by sea, where they hoped to establish themselves in the former Shogunal territory of Kashiwazaki. Tatsumi organized the remaining Kuwana forces into three units—the Raijintai, the Jinputai, and the Chinintai. Elections were held to determine the commanders of each unit, and Tatsumi became commander of the Raijintai, and his elder brother Machida Ronoshin became commander of the Jinputai. Through well-coordinated guerilla tactics, Tatsumi managed to fight his way to Kashiwazaki. Joining up with Matsudaira Sadaaki in Kashiwazaki, he continued to fight against the new Meiji government's army, first independently, and then in concert with the Nagaoka Domain. However, when Nagaoka was defeated, the Kuwana forces retreated further north, to Aizu Domain, ruled by Matsudaira Sadaaki's birth brother, Matsudaira Katamori. Tatsumi fought in the Aizu campaign, and led the Kuwana forces even north on Matsudaira Sadaaki's orders to join the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei, surrendering in Shōnai Domain (present-day Yamagata Prefecture) some time later.

Under the Meiji government

Following the end of the Boshin War, Tatsumi was placed in confinement in January 1871, and changed his given name to Naofumi. However, he was soon pardoned by the new government, and returned to Kuwana Domain as a junior councilor after pleading his loyalty to Emperor Meiji. He accepted a post as a prosecutor at the Ministry of Justice from April 1873 and was promoted steadily until he reached the position of chief prosecutor at the Tokyo District Court in May 1877.

However, the following month, in response to the Satsuma Rebellion, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army and was given the rank of major. He served as chief-of-staff of the Shinsenryodan, a unit composed of former Kuwana samurai and members of the Shinsengumi. He commanded the IJA 10th Infantry Regiment and later the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment during the Satsuma Rebellion. Afterwards, in February 1879 he was appointed commandant of the Osaka Garrison. In July 1880, he became chief-of-staff of the Imperial Guard. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in February 1884 and in May 1885 was commander of the Guards 3rd Infantry. From August 1886 to December 1887, he was aide-de-camp to Prince Komatsu Akihito, and accompanied him overseas on diplomatic missions to England, France, Germany and Russia, as well as the Ottoman Empire. He was promoted to colonel in November 1887. After his return to Japan, he was chief-of-staff of the IJA 3rd Division from March 1889.

Tatsumi was promoted to major general in June 1894 and was assigned command of the IJA 10th Infantry Brigade. During the First Sino-Japanese War he was distinguished by his role in the 1894 Battle of Pyongyang.^[1] After the end of the war, He was ennobled with the rank of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system in August 1895.After the war, he was briefly commandant of the Army Staff College, and was then head of the Japanese military bureau within the Government-General of Taiwan from April 1896.

He was promoted to lieutenant general in October 1898 and was placed in command of the newly formed IJA 8th Division. The infamous Hakkōda Mountains incident in which 199 of 210 members of its 5th Infantry Regiment froze to death in Hakkōda Mountains during training exercise occurred during his command. Tatsumi subsequently led the division into combat during the Russo-Japanese War.^[2] Two of the principal battles of his military career were at Sandepu and Mukden in 1905.^[1] He was promoted to full general in May 1906, but retired two months later and died the following March.

Decorations

1892 – Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class ^[3]
1895 – Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class ^[4]
1895 – Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class ^[4]
1897 – Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class ^[5]
1904 – Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure ^[6]
1906 – Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun^[7]
1906 – Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class ^[7]

References

Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt, Curt Johnson, David L. Bongard. (1992). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062700155; OCLC 243724947
Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
Fukagawa, Hideki (1981). (陸海軍将官人事総覧 (陸軍篇)) Army and Navy General Personnel Directory (Army). Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo. ISBN 4829500026.
Hata, Ikuhiko (2005). (日本陸海軍総合事典) Japanese Army and Navy General Encyclopedia. Tokyo: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 4130301357.

External links

Kuwana city page about Tatsumi^{[permanent dead link]}
Information on the late-Edo key figures in Kuwana Archived 2016-04-28 at the Wayback Machine

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Dupuy, Trevor N. et al. (1992). Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, p. 732.
^ Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
^ 『官報』第2828号「叙任及辞令」November 30, 1892
^ ^a ^b 『官報』第3644号「叙任及辞令」August 21, 1895
^ 『官報』第4323号「叙任及辞令」November 27, 1897
^ 『官報』第6426号「叙任及辞令」November 30, 1904
^ ^a ^b 『官報』号外「叙任及辞令December 30, 1906

[depuy732-1] Dupuy, Trevor N. et al. (1992). Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, p. 732.

[2] Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.

[3] 『官報』第2828号「叙任及辞令」November 30, 1892

[『官報』第3644号「叙任及辞令」August_21,_1895-4] 『官報』第3644号「叙任及辞令」August 21, 1895

[5] 『官報』第4323号「叙任及辞令」November 27, 1897

[6] 『官報』第6426号「叙任及辞令」November 30, 1904

[『官報』号外「叙任及辞令December_30,_1906-7] 『官報』号外「叙任及辞令December 30, 1906

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