Talk:Trans woman/Definitions

This page is only for listing definitions of trans woman, transgender woman, and transsexual woman in reliable sources. All other definitions, or analyses by Wikipedia editors, belong elsewhere and will be removed if added.

The numbering within each section may be highly unstable. When discussing sources, prefer to reference them by name, or by copying the citation.

Academic publications

"is a woman..."

Academic sources which take the form "a trans woman is a woman who..." or "trans women are women who...".

1. "...a trans woman is a woman who was assigned the sex male at birth" (Cit: 57)

   Morgenroth, Thekla; Ryan, Michelle K. (May 6, 2020). "The Effects of Gender Trouble: An Integrative Theoretical Framework of the Perpetuation and Disruption of the Gender/Sex Binary". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 16 (6): 1113–1142. doi:10.1177/1745691620902442. ISSN 1745-6916. PMC 8564221. PMID 32375012.

2. "A woman who was assigned male at birth" (Cit: 45)

   Dimant, Oscar E.; Cook, Tiffany E.; Greene, Richard E.; Radix, Asa E. (December 1, 2019). "Experiences of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Medical Students and Physicians". Transgender Health. 4 (1): 209–216. doi:10.1089/trgh.2019.0021. ISSN 2688-4887. PMC 6757240. PMID 31552292.

3. "A transwoman is a woman who was assigned male at birth and identifies as a female" (Cit: 8)

   Patel, Khushbu; Lyon, Martha E.; Luu, Hung S. (January 2021). "Providing Inclusive Care for Transgender Patients: Capturing Sex and Gender in the Electronic Medical Record". The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine. 6 (1): 210–218. doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaa214.

4. "...while a transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth." (Cit: 3)

   Easterling, Lauren; Byram, Jessica (January 12, 2022). "Shifting language for shifting anatomy: Using inclusive anatomical language to support transgender and nonbinary identities". The Anatomical Record. 305 (4): 983–991. doi:10.1002/ar.24862. ISSN 1932-8486.

5. "A transgender (trans) woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth" (Cit: 62)

   Joint, R; Chen, Ze; Cameron, S (April 28, 2018). "Breast and reproductive cancers in the transgender population: a systematic review". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 125 (12): 1505–1512. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15258.

6. "A woman who was assigned male at birth." (Cit: 5)

   Kennedy, Jasper; Perchik, Jordan D.; Porter, Kristin K. (January 1, 2021). "Systematic Review of Transgender-Related Research in Radiology Over a Decade: There Is Work to Be Done". Journal of the American College of Radiology. 18 (1, Part A): 93–102. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2020.09.019. ISSN 1546-1440.

7. "Specifically, a “transgender woman” is a woman who was assigned the biological aspects of a male at birth..." (Cit: 3)

   Currie, Kelli Rodriguez (2021). "If You Build It," They/Them" Will Come: The Misgendering of Transgender Nonbinary Athletes Is Discrimination on the Basis of Sex". Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport. 31: 312.

8. "With this definition in mind, a transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth and who lives as a woman regardless of the intelligibility (or lack thereof) of their identity to cisgender individuals." (Cit: 1)

   Brown, Haley Marie (September 21, 2021). "The forgotten murders: Gendercide in the twenty-first century and the destruction of the transgender body". In Cox, John; Khoury, Amal; Minslow, Sarah (eds.). Denial: The Final Stage of Genocide. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003010708-11.

9. "...a woman who was assigned a male anatomical sex at birth..." (Cit: 129)

   Waisel, David B. (April 2013). "Vulnerable populations in healthcare". Current Opinion in Anesthesiology. 26 (2): 186–192. doi:10.1097/ACO.0b013e32835e8c17. ISSN 0952-7907.

10. "transgender woman (ie, a woman who was assigned male at birth)" (Cit: 118)

    Riggs, Damien W., Gavriel Y. Ansara, and Gareth J. Treharne. "An evidence‐based model for understanding the mental health experiences of transgender Australians." Australian Psychologist 50.1 (2015): 32-39.

11. "A trans women is a woman who was assigned male at birth" (Cit: 1)

    Sauerland, William. "Trans Singers Matter: Gender Inclusive Considerations for Choirs." Voiceprints 15.5 (2018): 95-105.

12. "... transgender woman (a woman who was assigned male sex at birth)" (Cit: 2)

    Zhang, Adary; Berrahou, Iman; Leonard, Stephanie A.; Main, Elliott K.; Obedin-Maliver, Juno (January 1, 2022). "Birth registration policies in the United States and their relevance to sexual and/or gender minority families: Identifying existing strengths and areas of improvement". Social Science & Medicine. 293: 114633. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114633. ISSN 0277-9536.

13. "...a trans woman (a woman who was assigned male at birth)" (Cit: 5)

    Laycock, H.; Bailey, C. R. (August 2, 2019). "The influence of first author sex on acceptance rates of submissions to Anaesthesia Cases". Anaesthesia. 74 (11): 1432–1438. doi:10.1111/anae.14797. ISSN 0003-2409.

14. "...a trans woman is a woman who was assigned a male sex at birth but identifies as female." (Cit: 8)

    Pienaar, Kiran; Murphy, Dean; Race, Kane; Lea, Toby (January 26, 2020). Sexualities and Intoxication: “To Be Intoxicated Is to Still Be Me, Just a Little Blurry”—Drugs, Enhancement and Transformation in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Cultures. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 139–163. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35284-4_7. ISBN 978-3-030-35284-4 – via Springer Link.

15. "A trans-woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth." (Cit: 0)

    Izzi, Mabel, and Ophelia Umunna. "Critical Examination Of LGBT Rights In Nigeria." Juridica 7.3 (2011): 28.

16. "A woman who was assigned male at birth (may choose to transition from male to female)" (Cit: 0)

    Hool, Claire (October 2, 2019). "Ethics in Aesthetics: Navigating through the gender minefield". Journal of Aesthetic Nursing. 8 (8): 370–373. doi:10.12968/joan.2019.8.8.370. ISSN 2050-3717.

17. "For example, a woman who was assigned female at birth is a cisgender woman, while a woman assigned male at birth is a transgender woman." (Cit: 10)

    Sanders, Nathan, Pocholo Umbal, and Lex Konnelly. "Methods for increasing equity, diversity, and inclusion in linguistics pedagogy." Proceedings of the 2020 Meeting of the Canadian Linguistics Association. 2020.

18. "Broadly speaking, a trans woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth." (Cit: 15)

    Palkki, Joshua; Sauerland, William (December 12, 2018). "Considering Gender Complexity in Music Teacher Education". Journal of Music Teacher Education. 28 (3): 72–84. doi:10.1177/1057083718814582. ISSN 1057-0837.

19. "...a trans woman is a woman who was assigned a male sex at birth and identifies as female." (Cit: 24)

    Pienaar, Kiran; Murphy, Dean Anthony; Race, Kane; Lea, Toby (April 1, 2020). "Drugs as technologies of the self: Enhancement and transformation in LGBTQ cultures". International Journal of Drug Policy. 78: 102673. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102673. ISSN 0955-3959.

20. "A transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth..." (Cit: 0)

    Weppler, Brianna. "There’s No “Gender” in Team: Developing State Policies for the Inclusion of the Transgender Interscholastic Athlete." Touro Law Review 38.1 (2022).

21. "A trans woman, for example, is a woman who was assigned male at birth." (Cit: 9)

    Ashley, Florence. "Surgical informed consent and recognizing a perioperative duty to disclose in transgender health care." McGill JL & Health 13 (2019): 73.

22. "A trans woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth." (Cit: 4)

    Blincoe, Emily. "Sex markers on birth certificates: Replacing the medical model with self-identification." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 46.1 (2015): 57-83.

23. "For example, a transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth..." (Cit: 106)

    Medicine, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and; Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and; Population, Committee on; Populations, Committee on Understanding the Well-Being of Sexual and Gender Diverse (January 23, 2021). Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-68081-3 – via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

24. "...trans woman means 'woman assigned to the male sex at birth.'" (Cit: 82)

    Bettcher, Talia Mae (2013). "Trans women and the meaning of 'woman'". In Soble, Alan (ed.). The Philosophy of Sex: Contemporary Readings. Rowman & Littlefield – via PhilPapers.

25. "transgender woman (transfeminine, woman assigned male at birth)" (Cit: 1)

    Nuyen, Brian, et al. "The health burden of transfeminine facial gender dysphoria: an analysis of public perception." Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine 23.5 (2021): 350-356.

26. "trans women are women who were assigned male at birth"

    Rashid, Abdul; Afiqah, Siti Nur; Iguchi, Yufu (June 1, 2022). "Use of Hormones Among Trans Women in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: A Mixed Methods Study". Transgender Health. 7 (3). Mary Ann Liebert Inc: 242–249. doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0119. ISSN 2688-4887.

27. "Broadly speaking, a trans woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth."

    Sauerland, William (2022). Queering vocal pedagogy : a handbook for teaching trans and genderqueer singers and fostering gender-affirming spaces. Lanham. ISBN 978-1-5381-6666-6. OCLC 1290430966.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

28. "Transgender, or trans, means your gender identity does not align with the sex you were assigned at birth; for example, a trans woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth"

    Newton, David E. (2019). Gender inequality : a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, California. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-4408-7286-0. OCLC 1101568194.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

29. "trans women are women who were designated male at birth and identify as women"

    Kirby, Jane (2017). Fired up about reproductive rights. Toronto, Ontario Canada. ISBN 978-1-77113-209-1. OCLC 965746720.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

30. "I maintain that trans women are ontologically real women and in discussing this claim I weigh up whether trans women should be allowed to stand for, or represent, women in the political fight for women’s rights."

    Summersell, Jason (May 27, 2018). "Trans women are real women: a critical realist intersectional response to Pilgrim". Journal of Critical Realism. 17 (3): 329–336. doi:10.1080/14767430.2018.1493884. ISSN 1476-7430.

31. "Gender data should be self-identified, include nonbinary options, and recognize that trans women are women."

    Legg, Sonya; Wang, Caixia; Kappel, Ellen; Thompson, LuAnne (July 25, 2022). "Gender Equity in Oceanography (preprint)". Annual Review of Marine Science. 15 (1): 22. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-032322-100357. ISSN 1941-1405. Retrieved October 16, 2022.

"is a [person/an individual/someone who]..."

Academic sources which take the form "a trans woman is X" or "trans women are X", where X is a gender-neutral noun like "person", "individual", "someone", "adult", etc.

1. "A term to describe a person who was identified male at birth but who identifies and portrays her gender as female" (Cit: 37)

   Eckstrand, Kristen; Ehrenfeld, Jesse M. (February 17, 2016). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Healthcare: A Clinical Guide to Preventive, Primary, and Specialist Care. Springer. p. 463. ISBN 978-3-319-19752-4.

2. "A person assigned male at birth who identifies as a woman or in similar terms (eg, as a “trans woman” or “woman of transgender experience”)." (Cit: 784)

   Winter, Sam; Diamond, Milton; Green, Jamison; Karasic, Dan; Reed, Terry; Whittle, Stephen; Wylie, Kevan (July 23, 2016). "Transgender people: health at the margins of society". The Lancet. 388 (10042): 390–400. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 27323925.

3. "A person with a female gender identity and male assigned sex would be referred to as a 'transgender girl/woman,' 'transfemale,' or MTF (male to female)"(Cit: 41)

   Rosenthal, Stephen M. (December 31, 2016). "Transgender youth: current concepts". Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 21 (4). Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology: 185–192. doi:10.6065/apem.2016.21.4.185. ISSN 2287-1012. PMC 5290172. PMID 28164070.

4. "Transgender woman (also: trans woman, male-to female, transgender female): This refers to individuals assigned male at birth but who identify and live as women." (Cit: 1397)

   Hembree, Wylie C; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T; Gooren, Louis; Hannema, Sabine E; Meyer, Walter J; Murad, M Hassan; Rosenthal, Stephen M; Safer, Joshua D; Tangpricha, Vin; T’Sjoen, Guy G (September 13, 2017). "Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 102 (11): 3869–3903. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01658. ISSN 0021-972X.

5. "Transwoman – A transgender person assigned male sex at birth but whose gender identity is that of a woman (also known as MTF or woman)" (Cit: 10)

   Johnson, Kevin; Yarns, Brandon C.; Abrams, Janet M.; Calbridge, Lilith A.; Sewell, Daniel D. (February 7, 2018). "Gay and Gray Session: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Transgender Aging". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 26 (7): 719–738. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.01.208.

6. "Under this umbrella, a trans woman is a person who identifies as a woman and was assigned male at birth, while a trans man is a person who identifies as a man and was assigned female at birth." (Cit: 1)

   Ades, Veronica, ed. (2020). Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: A Complete Clinical Guide. Springer Nature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38345-9. ISBN 978-3-030-38344-2.

7. "trans women (people categorized as male at birth who later come to identify as women)" (Cit: 202)

   Jenkins, Katharine (January 1, 2016). "Amelioration and Inclusion: Gender Identity and the Concept of Woman". Ethics. 126 (2): 394–421. doi:10.1086/683535.

8. "trans women (individuals assigned male at birth who identify and present as women)"

   Aylward, Erin (2020). "Intergovernmental Organizations and Nongovernmental Organizations: The Development of an International Approach to LGBT Issues". In Michael J. Bosia; Sandra M. McEvoy; Momin Rahman (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673741.013.10. ISBN 9780190673772.

9. "Trans women are people who are transitioning (or who have transitioned) from a masculine to a feminine subjectivity, who conceive of themselves as feminine subjects, and who call themselves trans women as a political statement."

   Pérez-Bustos, Tania (2014). "Of Caring Practices in the Public Communication of Science: Seeing through Trans Women Scientists' Experiences". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 39 (4). University of Chicago Press: 857–866. doi:10.1086/675540. ISSN 0097-9740.

10. "Trans women are individuals who were assigned male at birth, but now identify as women. "

    Ussher, Jane M.; Hawkey, Alexandra; Perz, Janette; Liamputtong, Pranee; Sekar, Jessica; Marjadi, Brahmaputra; Schmied, Virginia; Dune, Tinashe; Brook, Eloise (August 12, 2020). "Crossing Boundaries and Fetishization: Experiences of Sexual Violence for Trans Women of Color". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 37 (5–6). SAGE Publications: NP3552–NP3584. doi:10.1177/0886260520949149. ISSN 0886-2605.

11. "Transgender females are people assigned male at birth, but who self-identify as female."

    T’Sjoen, Guy; Arcelus, Jon; Gooren, Louis; Klink, Daniel T; Tangpricha, Vin (October 10, 2018). "Endocrinology of Transgender Medicine". Endocrine Reviews. 40 (1). The Endocrine Society: 97–117. doi:10.1210/er.2018-00011. ISSN 0163-769X.

12. "Trans women are people who were assigned a male sex at birth and identify and live as women"

    White, Charles R.; Jenkins, Dusty D. (January 2, 2017). "College students' acceptance of trans women and trans men in gendered spaces: The role of physical appearance". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. 29 (1). Informa UK Limited: 41–67. doi:10.1080/10538720.2016.1261749. ISSN 1053-8720.

13. "Trans women are individuals who were assigned male sex at birth and currently identify as women"

    Wesson, Paul; Vittinghoff, Eric; Turner, Caitlin; Arayasirikul, Sean; McFarland, Willi; Wilson, Erin (2021). "Intercategorical and Intracategorical Experiences of Discrimination and HIV Prevalence Among Transgender Women in San Francisco, CA: A Quantitative Intersectionality Analysis". American Journal of Public Health. 111 (3). American Public Health Association: 446–456. doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.306055. ISSN 0090-0036.

14. "Transgender women or trans women are individuals who were assigned male at birth but who have gender identities as women."

    Goldman, Mindy; Butler‐Foster, Terrie; Lapierre, Don; O'Brien, Sheila F.; Devor, Aaron (April 28, 2020). "Trans people and blood donation". Transfusion. 60 (5). Wiley: 1084–1092. doi:10.1111/trf.15777. ISSN 0041-1132.

15. "Trans women are people who were identified at birth as male and were raised as boys, but the disjunction between their assigned sex and their identity lead them to decide to transition to live as women. "

    Renzetti, Claire M.; Campe, Margaret (November 27, 2020), Feminist Praxis and Gender Violence, Wiley, doi:10.1002/9781119314967.ch23

16. "Trans women are individuals who were assigned male at birth but who identify as women"

    * Vanaman, Matthew E.; A. Chapman, Hanah (2020). "Disgust and disgust-driven moral concerns predict support for restrictions on transgender bathroom access". Politics and the Life Sciences. 39 (2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 200–214. doi:10.1017/pls.2020.20. ISSN 0730-9384.

17. "Trans women are people who were assigned a male sex at birth, but identify as female. "

    * Erickson-Schroth, Laura (2015). "Psychological and Biological Influences on Gender Roles". Neuroscience in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6434-1_159-1. ISBN 978-1-4614-6434-1.

18. "Transgender women are individuals who were assigned the male gender at birth and later come to identify and live as a woman or transgender female."

    Koken, Juline A.; Bimbi, David S.; Parsons, Jeffrey T. (2009). "Experiences of familial acceptance–rejection among transwomen of color". Journal of Family Psychology. 23 (6). American Psychological Association (APA): 853–860. doi:10.1037/a0017198. ISSN 1939-1293.

19. "trans woman / A person usually assigned male at birth who has taken social, medical, or surgical steps to physically or socially feminize her gender expression or body. This term emphasizes chosen gender as opposed to assigned gender."

    Wright, Shultz, Jackson (2015). Trans/portraits : voices from transgender communities. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-61168-823-8. OCLC 968248579.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

20. "TRANSGENDER WOMEN or TRANS WOMEN or WOMEN OF TRANS EXPERIENCE are people who have gender identities as women and who were assigned male at birth. They may or may not have undergone any transition. MTF or Male-to-Female are older terms that are falling out of use."

    Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; de Vries, A. L. C.; Deutsch, M. B.; Ettner, R.; Fraser, L.; Goodman, M.; Green, J.; Hancock, A. B.; Johnson, T. W.; Karasic, D. H.; Knudson, G. A.; Leibowitz, S. F. (August 19, 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (sup1): 253. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN 2689-5269.

21. "transgender females (also called trans women) are individuals who self-identify as females but were assigned male gender at birth."

    Milionis, Charalampos; Ilias, Ioannis; Koukkou, Eftychia (May 27, 2022). "Progesterone in gender-affirming therapy of trans women". World Journal of Biological Chemistry. 13 (3). Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.: 66–71. doi:10.4331/wjbc.v13.i3.66. ISSN 1949-8454.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

22. "Trans women are individuals who are assigned as males at birth but whose gender identity is female. They identify psychologically and emotionally as women"

    "Trans women and aging: A qualitative study". ProQuest. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

23. "Transgender women, or trans women, are individuals who were assigned male sex at birth with the expectation they would have concordant gender identities (e.g., man) and masculine gender expression, yet have gender identities such as transgender woman or woman, and feminine gender expression"

    Klemmer, Cary L.; Arayasirikul, Sean; Raymond, Henry F. (March 11, 2018). "Transphobia-Based Violence, Depression, and Anxiety in Transgender Women: The Role of Body Satisfaction". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (5–6). SAGE Publications: 2633–2655. doi:10.1177/0886260518760015. ISSN 0886-2605.

24. "trans women are people who have been classed as men whilst having a female gender identity, and who often seek to change their social position so that they are classed as women."

    Jenkins, Katharine (September 6, 2018). "Toward an Account of Gender Identity". Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy. 5 (20201214). University of Michigan Library. doi:10.3998/ergo.12405314.0005.027. ISSN 2330-4014.

25. " Trans women are people who claim social and legal recognition as women, or trans-women, or male-to-female (MtF)"

    Dornelas, Rodrigo; Guedes-Granzotti, Raphaela Barroso; Souza, Alberto Silva; Jesus, Ane Keslly Batista de; Silva, Kelly da (2020). "Quality of life and voice: the vocal self-perception of transgender people". Audiology - Communication Research. 25. FapUNIFESP (SciELO). doi:10.1590/2317-6431-2019-2196. ISSN 2317-6431.

26. "Trans women are people who were assigned a male sex at birth, but identify as female."

    Erickson-Schroth, Laura (2015). "Psychological and Biological Influences on Gender Roles". Neuroscience in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6434-1_159-1. ISBN 978-1-4614-6434-1.

27. "Trans women are people who now identify as women."

    Arkles, Gabriel (April 16, 2012). "The Role of Lawyers in Trans Liberation: Building a Transformative Movement for Social Change". Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

28. "trans women are people who identify as female/woman or on the transfeminine spectrum but who were labelled male sex at birth"

    Canoy, Nico; Thapa, Subash; Hannes, Karin (2019). "Transgender persons' HIV care (dis)engagement: a qualitative evidence synthesis protocol from an ecological systems theory perspective". BMJ Open. 9 (1). BMJ: e025475. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025475. ISSN 2044-6055.

29. "trans women are people who remain as men at birth but identify themselves as female"

    Siburian, Henry Kristian; Hutabarat, Sumiaty Adelina (May 30, 2021). "Positive Legal Review and Social Construction of Transwomen/Transvestites Case Analysis in Medan". LEGAL BRIEF. 10 (2): 341–349. ISSN 2722-4643. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

30. "Trans women are people who now identify as women."

    Gehi, Pooja S. (2012). "Gendered (in) Security: Migration and Criminalization in the Security State". SSRN Electronic Journal. Elsevier BV. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2120847. ISSN 1556-5068.

31. "a transwoman is a person assigned male sex at birth but identifying as a woman"

    Giraldi, A. (2020). "Mental health and gender dysphoria – why does it matter?". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 141 (6). Wiley: 483–485. doi:10.1111/acps.13182. ISSN 0001-690X.

32. "Transwoman: A person assigned male at birth who identifies as female"

    Erasmus, Jaco (March 11, 2021). "Gender Dysphoria in Men". Comprehensive Men's Mental Health. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108646765.008.

33. "A person assigned male at birth who identifies as a woman or in similar terms (eg, as a “trans woman” or “woman of transgender experience”) "

    Knudson, Gail (2020). "Language and Terminology in Transgender Health". Gender Confirmation Surgery. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29093-1_4. ISBN 978-3-030-29092-4.

34. " ‘Transgender women’, sometimes referred to as ‘male-to-female’ (or ‘MTF’) are individuals who were assigned male sex at birth, but who identify as women or as transgender women"

    Sevelius, Jae (December 20, 2013). "Transgender Issues in HIV" (PDF). HIV Specialist. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

35. "Transgender person assigned male sex at birth but whose gender identity is that of a woman"

    Nasrulla, Insiya (2021). "Sexuality, Gender Dysphoria, and Paraphilic Disorders". Absolute Geriatric Psychiatry Review. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58663-8_16. ISBN 978-3-030-58662-1.

36. "a person assigned male at birth may identify and present as female (transwoman)"

    Wilson, D; Marais, A; Villiers, de; Addinall, R; Campbell, M M (January 6, 1990). "Transgender issues in South Africa, with particular reference to the Groote Schuur Hospital Transgender Unit". SAMJ: South African Medical Journal. 104 (6): 448–449. ISSN 0256-9574. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

37. "A person assigned male sex at birth, but who identifies with femininity to a greater extent than masculinity."

    McPherson, Tristan D.; Ramirez, Enrique; Ringness, Madeline; Ruestow, Peter; Marlow, Mariel; Fricchione, Marielle J. (July 17, 2020). "Mumps Cases Disproportionately Affecting Persons Living with HIV Infection and Men Who Have Sex with Men — Chicago, Illinois, 2018". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (28). Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office: 909–912. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6928a3. ISSN 0149-2195.

38. "Trans woman (MTF): A person who was assigned male at birth (AMAB) but who lives as a woman or identifies as female. "

    Shannon, Matthew (2022). "The labour market outcomes of transgender individuals". Labour Economics. 77. Elsevier BV: 102006. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102006. ISSN 0927-5371.

39. "Transgender woman—someone who was assigned the male sex at birth but currently identifies as a woman (also known as male-to-female)."

    Clifford, Theresa (2018). "Gender Diversity". Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing. 33 (2). Elsevier BV: 232–234. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2018.01.002. ISSN 1089-9472.

40. "Transgender—Describes a person whose gender identity and sex assigned at birth do not correspond based on traditional expectations; for example, a person assigned female sex at birth who identifies as a man; or a person assigned male sex at birth who identifies as a woman. "

    Flatt, Jason D; Cicero, Ethan C; Kittle, Krystal R; Brennan-Ing, Mark (July 3, 2021). "Recommendations for Advancing Research With Sexual and Gender Minority Older Adults". The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 77 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1–9. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab127. ISSN 1079-5014.

41. "trans women (male sex assigned at birth, female gender identity)"

    de Blok, Christel JM.; Dijkman, Benthe AM.; Wiepjes, Chantal M.; Konings, Inge RHM.; Dreijerink, Koen MA.; Barbé, Ellis; den Heijer, Martin (2021). "Frequency and outcomes of benign breast biopsies in trans women: A nationwide cohort study". The Breast. 57. Elsevier BV: 118–122. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2021.03.007. ISSN 0960-9776.

42. "A person assigned male at birth who identifies as a woman or in similar terms (eg, as a “trans woman” or “woman of transgender experience”)."

    Knudson, Gail; Winter, Sam; Baral, Stefan; Reisner, Sari; Wylie, Kevan (2020). "An Introduction to Gender Diversity". Comprehensive Care of the Transgender Patient. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-49642-1.00001-6.

43. "A trans-gender female is a person assigned male at birth who has a gender identity of a female"

    Segev-Becker, Anat; Israeli, Galit; Elkon-Tamir, Erella; Perl, Liat; Sekler, Opal; Amir, Hadar; Interator, Hagar; Dayan, Sharon Cohen; Chorna, Efrat; Weintrob, Naomi; Oren, Asaf (2020). "Children and Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria in Israel: Increasing Referral and Fertility Preservation Rates". Endocrine Practice. 26 (4). Elsevier BV: 423–428. doi:10.4158/ep-2019-0418. ISSN 1530-891X.

44. "A trans woman is someone who was assigned male at birth – in other words, doctors put the letter “M” on her birth certificate – but now she identifies as a woman or female."

    Lussenhop, Alexander (July 3, 2018). "Beyond the Male/female Binary: Gender Equity and Inclusion in Evaluation Surveys". Journal of Museum Education. 43 (3). Informa UK Limited: 194–207. doi:10.1080/10598650.2018.1484201. ISSN 1059-8650.

45. "A trans woman is someone who was labeled male at birth but experiences herself as a woman"

    Drake, Sunny (2016). "Transitioning the Theatre Industry". Canadian Theatre Review. 165. University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress): 55–59. doi:10.3138/ctr.165.011. ISSN 0315-0836.

46. "A trans woman is someone who was assigned male at birth but self-identifies as female and therefore transitions from male to female (MTF)."

    Henry, Declan (2017). Trans voices : becoming who you are. Philadelphia. ISBN 978-1-78450-520-2. OCLC 968675324.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

47. "Analogously, individuals assigned male gender at birth with a female identity sometimes call themselves transgender women, trans women, or women."

    Hall, Kathryn S. K.; Binik, Yitzchak M. (2020). Principles and practice of sex therapy. New York, NY. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-4625-4343-4. OCLC 1157091018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

48. "Individuals whose assigned sex at birth was male and who have changed, are changing, or wish to change their body and/or gender role to a more feminized body or gender role are often referred to as transgender women, transwomen, or trans women."

    Beto, Judith A. (2022). NUTRITION COUNSELING AND EDUCATION SKILLS a practical guide. [S.l.]: JONES & BARTLETT LEARNING. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-284-23854-9. OCLC 1341840442.

49. "Trans women are individuals assigned male at birth but who identify and live as women, commonly using the pronouns she, her or hers, and who may employ medical intervention to feminize their bodies"

    Armstrong, Heather L. (2021). Encyclopedia of sex and sexuality : understanding biology, psychology, and culture. Santa Barbara, California. p. 740. ISBN 978-1-61069-875-7. OCLC 1161996063.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

50. "Trans/transgender woman: Individuals assigned male at birth whose gender identity is female."

    McGoldrick, Monica; Hardy, Kenneth V. (2019). Re-visioning family therapy : addressing diversity in clinical practice. New York, NY. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4625-3973-4. OCLC 1099790463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

51. "transgender women (individuals assigned male who identify as female)"

    Alexy, Allison; Cook, Emma E. (2019). Intimate Japan : ethnographies of closeness and conflict. Honolulu. p. 168. ISBN 0-8248-7668-7. OCLC 1090813941.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

52. "Transgender woman (also: trans woman, male-to female, transgender female): This refers to individuals assigned male at birth but who identify and live as women."

    Sperling, M.; Majzoub, Joseph A.; Menon, Ram Kumar; Stratakis, Constantine A. (2021). Sperling pediatric endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA. p. 696. ISBN 978-0-323-62521-0. OCLC 1180970132.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

53. "Transsexual (TS) women are individuals assigned male genders at birth, but who transition to or assume female/woman/feminine gender identities and expressions in order to be congruent with their subconscious sex."

    Wright, Eric R.; Carnes, Neal (2016). Understanding the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States : the role of syndemics in the production of health disparities. Switzerland. p. 101. ISBN 3-319-34004-2. OCLC 955138315.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

54. "Trans women are people who were identified at birth as male and were raised as boys, but the disjunction between their assigned sex and their identity lead them to decide to transition to live as women."

    Naples, Nancy A. (2021). Companion to feminist studies. Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 978-1-119-31495-0. OCLC 1159653855.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

55. "Transgender or trans women are persons who were given a sex assignment as male at birth, and in childhood or later they identified as female."

    Van Wormer, Katherine S.; Bartollas, Clemens (2022). Women and the criminal justice system : gender, race, and class. New York. ISBN 978-1-032-00388-7. OCLC 1262668986.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

56. "a male-to- female [MTF] transsexual woman [Trans woman] is someone who was labelled male at birth but has a female gender identity, and therefore transitions to live completely and permanently as a woman"

    Bhatt, Mithilesh Narayan (2022). Queer crimes & criminal justice. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-1-000-60176-3. OCLC 1303889882.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

57. "A trans woman is a person who identifies as a woman and who lives in a female role, but who was assigned male at birth."

    RICHARDS, CHRISTINA (2019). TRANS AND SEXUALITY : an existentially-informed enquiry with implications for counselling ... psychology. [Place of publication not identified]: TAYLOR & FRANCIS. ISBN 0-367-19718-9. OCLC 1083136545.

"is a male..."

Academic sources which define trans women using "male" ("biological male", etc.) as a noun:

1. "a male-to-female (MTF) transsexual, i.e., a “trans woman,” is a genetic male consistent on all five biological definitions who identifies or thinks of herself as a female, and has “taken social, medical, or surgical steps to physically or socially feminize her gender expression or body” (Shultz 2015: 200–201).'" (Cit: 109)

   Poston Jr., Dudley L. (2019). Handbook of Population. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-030-10910-3. OCLC 1103562108.

2. "In contrast to Professor Sharpe, we maintain that transwomen are males who are trans, and transmen are females who are trans; transwomen are a subset of the male sex class and transmen are a subset of the female sex class."

   Asteriti, Alessandra; Bull, Rebecca (January 8, 2020). "Gender Self-Declaration and Women's Rights: How Self Identification Undermines Women's Rights and Will Lead to an Increase in Harms: A Reply to Alex Sharpe, 'Will Gender Self-Declaration Undermine Women's Rights and Lead to an Increase in Harms?' (2020) 83(3) MLR 539". The Modern Law Review. Retrieved October 8, 2022.

3. "Transwoman is a male who feels she is a female inside This person feels like a female and is a biologically male person who identifies as a female. Transwoman feel they should correctly referred to as female."

   Goldman, Linda (2008). Coming Out, Coming In Nurturing the Well-Being and Inclusion of Gay Youth in Mainstream Society. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9780415958240.

4. "transwoman: Biological male who identifies as female."

   Berg, Wendie A.; Leung, Jessica W. T. (2019). Diagnostic imaging. Breast. Philadelphia, PA. p. 862. ISBN 978-0-323-54814-4. OCLC 1231987709.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

5. "A trans man is a biological female who has transitioned to male; a trans woman is a biological male who has transitioned to female."

   Thompson, Tamara (2015). Transgender people. Farmington Hills, Mich. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7377-7191-6. OCLC 885224701.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Other / Unspecified

Sources which do none of the above, either through active voice (as in "A trans woman identifies as..."), or an ambiguous demonstrative pronoun ("Trans women are those who..."):

1. "A transgender female or transwoman identifies her gender as female, but was biologically considered a male at birth." (Cit: 3)

   Silton, Nava R. (February 2, 2017). Family Dynamics and Romantic Relationships in a Changing Society. IGI Global. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-5225-2405-2.

2. "Transgender women (TGW), sometimes referred to as transwomen or trans, self-identify their gender as female or other though they were assigned male at birth"

   Aung, Ye Kyaw; Thet, May Me; Gustafson, Kiira; Oo, Sandar; Paudel, Mahesh; Thein, Si Thu (April 15, 2022). "Identities and HIV-Related Risk Behaviors Among Transgender Women in Myanmar: Perspectives from Transgender Women and Service Providers". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 51 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1967–1976. doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02247-7. ISSN 0004-0002.

3. "Trans women are those who were assigned male at birth and identify as women or feminine"

   Strübel, Jessica; Sabik, Natalie J.; Tylka, Tracy L. (2020). "Body image and depressive symptoms among transgender and cisgender adults: Examining a model integrating the tripartite influence model and objectification theory". Body Image. 35. Elsevier BV: 53–62. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.004. ISSN 1740-1445.

4. "Transgender women or trans women are those who now self-identify as women who were identified by others as male at birth."

   Arkles, Gabriel (August 7, 2018). "Correcting Race and Gender: Prison Regulation of Social Hierarchy Through Dress". NYU Law Review. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

5. "Trans women are those who were assigned male at birth on the basis of genital appearance but who later identify themselves as female."

   Jones, Bethany Alice; Haycraft, Emma; Murjan, Sarah; Arcelus, Jon (November 30, 2015). "Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in trans people: A systematic review of the literature". International Review of Psychiatry. 28 (1). Informa UK Limited: 81–94. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1089217. ISSN 0954-0261.

6. "Trans women are those who identify as women or primarily feminine, and trans men are those who identify as men or primarily masculine.

   TRANSforming JUSTICE – Summary Report One: Legal Problems Facing Trans People in Ontario. HALCO (Report). July 6, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.

7. "a transgender woman was assigned male at birth but identifies as a woman."

   Nazarian, Matthew; Bluebond-Langner, Rachel; Smereka, Paul; Zhao, Lee; Ream, Justin; Hindman, Nicole (2021). "Spectrum of imaging findings in gender-affirming genital surgery: Intraoperative photographs, normal post-operative anatomy, and common complications". Clinical Imaging. 69. Elsevier BV: 63–71. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.06.039. ISSN 0899-7071.

Schools/professional organizations

"is a woman..."

1. "A woman or girl assigned a male sex at birth."

   "Foundational Concepts and Affirming Terminology Related to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Sex Development". Harvard Medical School – Sexual and Gender Minority Health Equity Group. May 5, 2020.

2. "A transgender woman is a woman (lives as a woman, identifies as a woman) and was assigned male at birth."

   "Trans 101". UC Davis LGBTQIA Resource Center. February 6, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

3. "Trans Woman – A woman who was assigned male (or intersex) at birth and identifies as a trans woman."

   "Michigan State University, Gender and Sexuality Campus Center, Glossary". gscc.msu.edu. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

4. "A transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth and has a female gender identity."

   "10 Tips for Working with Transgender Patients from the Transgender Law Center" (PDF). Wright State University. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

5. "Trans Woman - A woman who was assigned male at birth. Signifies that she is a woman while still affirming her transgender history."

   "Muskingum University LGBTQ+ Glossary" (PDF). Muskingum University. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

6. "trans woman a woman who was assigned male at birth"

   "Coming out as trans". www.bath.ac.uk. University of Bath. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

7. "Transgender woman: Often shortened to Trans woman. A woman who was assigned male at birth. Some trans women may also use MTF (Male to Female) or M2F (Male to Female) to describe their identity."

   "LGBTQIA+ GLOSSARY". rcsgd.sa.ucsb.edu. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

8. "Trans man or trans woman – noun : A transgender man who was assigned female at birth, or a woman who was assigned male at birth. Not all trans people adopt this identity label and prefer to refer to themselves simply as a “woman” or “man.”"

   "LGBTQIA+ Terminology 101". NATA. National Athletic Trainers' Association. February 28, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

9. "Transgender Woman/Trans Woman: A woman who was assigned male sex at birth."

   "Guidelines for Quality Care of Transgender Patients" (PDF). University of California, Riverside, Student Health Services. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

"is a [person/an individual/someone who]..."

1. "MTF: Male-to-female transgender person. Sometimes known as a transgender woman. Someone assigned the male gender at birth who identifies on the female spectrum."

   Smith, Linell. "Glossary of Transgender Terms". Johns Hopkins Medicine.

2. "For example, the term 'trans woman' is used for an individual whose sex at birth was assigned male and whose gender identity is female."

   "What you need to know about being transgender". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

3. "MtF – A person who was assigned a male sex at birth and whose gender identity is girl/woman."

   "Language of Gender". Gender Spectrum. (Linked by the Princeton Gender + Sexuality Resource Center)

4. "MTF Individuals: Male-to-female transsexual people, transsexual women, or transwomen – individuals assigned male at birth who identify as female."

   Beemyn, Genny. "Transgender Terminology" (PDF). Cornell University. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.

5. "A person whose sex assigned at birth was male, but who identifies as a woman (see MTF)."

   American Psychological Association (2015). "Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people" (PDF). American Psychologist. 70 (9): 832–864. doi:10.1037/a0039906. ISSN 1935-990X.

6. "Trans woman: A woman who was assigned male at birth."

   "Penn State Student Affairs: Gender Diversity Terminology". studentaffairs.psu.edu. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

7. "a person assigned male identifying as a girl is a transgender woman"

   "Policy For Action 2/2019 – What It Means To Suffer In Silence: Challenges To Mental Health Access Among LGBT People". Galen Centre. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

8. "A male-to-female/MTF trans woman is someone who was labelled male at birth but has a female gender identity and transitions to live permanently as a woman."

   "Policing Hate Crime against LGBTI persons: Training for a Professional Police Response". Council of Europe Publishing. Retrieved October 14, 2022.

9. "Conversely, people who were assigned male, but identify and live as female and alter or wish to alter their bodies through medical intervention to more closely resemble their gender identity are known as transsexual women or transwomen (also known as male-to-female or MTF)."

   "Transgender People, Gender Identity and Gender Expression". www.apa.org. Retrieved October 16, 2022.

Government agencies

"is a woman..."

1. "Trans woman: A woman who was assigned male at birth."

   "Gender glossary". Smart Sex Resource. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

2. "Transgender woman: a woman who was assigned male at birth."

   "Gender Identity and Expression Procedure - PR-0212" (PDF). State of Oregon, Employment Department.

"is a [person/an individual/someone who]..."

1. "A person assigned male at birth who identifes as female."

   "HIV and Transgender People: Terminology". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 13, 2022.

2. "Transgender woman": "This category includes persons whose sex assigned at birth was reported as male and whose current gender was reported as female. It also includes persons whose current gender was indicated as transwoman."

   "Classification of cisgender and transgender - TF - Transgender woman". Statistics Canada. November 2, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

3. "The term transgender woman typically is used to refer to someone who was assigned the male sex at birth but who identifies as a female."

   U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: "Fact Sheet: Bathroom Access Rights for Transgender Employees under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964"

   "Fact sheet: bathroom access rights for transgender employees under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" (PDF). U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. OCLC 1264228342.

4. "We use 'trans woman' for someone who was registered male at birth and now identifies as a woman"

   "Sex, gender and sexuality". National Health Service Digital service manual. September 2021.

Other / Unspecified

1. "a transgender woman may be assigned male at birth, but transition to living as a woman consistent with her gender identity"

   US Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

   "A Guide to Restroom Access for Transgender Workers" (PDF). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. June 1, 2015.

Other organizations

"is a woman..."

1. "A trans woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth. Some trans women prefer to simply be referred to as women, whereas others feel being trans is an important part of their gender label."

   "Terminology Glossary" (PDF). Transgender Victoria. May 2018.

2. "A trans woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth."

   "Gender identity for beginners: a guide to being a great trans ally". Amnesty International UK. March 31, 2020.

3. "A trans woman is someone who is a woman, or has a present experience of womanhood, and who was presumed to be male at birth. This can include trans women, trans feminine people, and more."

   "What is trans?". TransHub. Retrieved August 21, 2022.

4. "Transgender Woman: A woman who was assigned male at birth may use this term to describe herself. She may shorten it to trans woman. (Note: trans woman, not "transwoman.") Some may prefer to simply be called women, without any modifier. Use the term the person uses to describe their gender."

   "GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender Terms". GLAAD. February 22, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.

5. "A transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth"

   "Key Definitions/Terminology" (PDF). ACLU/ACLU Fund of Michigan.

6. "trans woman: a woman who was assigned male at birth."

   Fraser, Sara (July 23, 2022). "From cisgender to 2-spirit, here's the LGBTQ vocabulary you need to know now". CBC News. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

"is a [person/an individual/someone who]..."

1. "A person whose sex assigned at birth was male but whose gender identity is female."

   "What Are Appropriate Labels & Terms For Transgender People?". Planned Parenthood.

2. "A transgender person whose gender identity is girl/woman/female may use these terms to describe themselves. Some will use the term woman.

   "LGBTQIA+ Glossary of Terms for Health Care Team". Fenway Health – LGBTQIA+ Health Education Center. February 3, 2020.

3. "Transgender Girl – Children assigned male at birth who identify themselves as girls"

   Supporting & Caring for Transgender Children, Human Rights Campaign, September 2016

4. "MtF: an abbreviation for male-to-female. It refers to a transgender person who was assigned male at birth, and whose gender identity is that of a woman. This person would also be known as a transwoman."

   "LGBTIQ2S Glossary of Terms" (PDF). Egale Canada Human Rights Trust.

5. "Transgender woman: A term used to describe someone who is assigned male at birth but identifies and lives as a woman. This may be shortened to trans woman"

   "List of LGBTQ+ terms". Stonewall. May 28, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

6. "Transgender woman/transwoman/transfeminine individual - Person with a feminine gender identity who was designated a male sex at birth"

   Forcier, Michelle; Olson-Kennedy, Johanna (May 10, 2022). "Gender development and clinical presentation of gender diversity in children and adolescents". UpToDate.

7. "Trans women are people who were assigned male at birth (their birth gender was registered as male) who identify as female"

   "Trans-Inclusive Workplaces Guide". TGEU. May 9, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2022.

Other / Unspecified

1. "A transgender woman lives as a woman today, but was thought to be male when she was born"

   "Frequently Asked Questions about Transgender People". National Center for Transgender Equality. July 19, 2016.

2. "‘trans women’ are those born with male appearance but identifying as women."

   "Terminology" (PDF). GIRES – Gender Identity Research & Education Society. 2018.

3. "Transgender Female or Transwoman: A transgender female or transwoman identifies her gender as female, but was biologically considered a male at birth."

   Information Management Association, ed. (2019). Gender and Diversity. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-6912-1. ISBN 978-1-5225-6912-1.

Dictionaries

"is a woman..."

1. "a transgender woman : a woman who was identified as male at birth"

   "trans woman". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.

2. "a transgender or transsexual woman"

   "transwoman". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins.

"is a [person/an individual/someone who]..."

1. "A person whose birth sex was male but who lives and identifies as a woman; a transgender woman."

   "trans woman". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d.

2. "an adult who was assigned male at birth but whose gender identity is female."

   "trans woman". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.

3. "A transgender person who identifies as a woman."

   "trans woman". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. 2016.

4. "transwoman, n. – A male-to-female transgender or transsexual person."

   "transwoman". Oxford English Dictionary. March 2022.

Non-academic publications

1. "Trans women are women who were assigned male at birth and identify as women."

   Kirby, Jane (February 26, 2018). Fired Up about Reproductive Rights. Between the Lines Books. ISBN 978-1-77113-210-7.

2. "those assigned male at birth but living as a woman may call themselves a 'transgender woman'"

   "A guide to transgender terms". BBC News. June 3, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2022.

3. "Transgender describes someone whose gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth (this can also be shortened to “trans”). For example, a transgender woman is someone who was listed as male at birth but whose gender identity is female."

   "A guide to the words we use in our gender coverage". The Washington Post. April 1, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.