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This page shows copies of the lead paragraph of The Buddha taken from revisions sampled every 12 months starting from its creation in November 2001 through 2021, then every month in the last year, and more frequently in the last month. (Top material such as short description, Infoboxes, lead images, hatnotes, and so on is excluded.)


2001

rev. 338333453 of 19:58, 1 November 2001: the original version of the article:

Founder of Buddhism who lived approximately 563-483 BCE. The Buddha was born Siddhartha Gautama (Sanskrit form, or Siddhatta Gotama, Prakrit form). He is also commonly known as Sakyamuni (The sage of the Sakya clan) and the Tathagata (untranslatable: roughly, "The thus-come one" or "The thus-gone one", and emphasizing the nature of a Buddha to go about in the world without "adding" or "subtracting" anything from his experience.)

2002

rev. 397378 of 07:38, 1 November 2002

Founder of Buddhism who lived approximately 563-483 BCE. The Buddha was born Siddhartha Gautama (Sanskrit form, or Siddhatta Gotama, Prakrit form). He is also commonly known as Shakyamuni (or Sakyamuni) (The sage of the Shakya/Sakya clan) and the Tathagata (untranslatable: roughly, "The thus-come one" or "The thus-gone one", and emphasizing the nature of a Buddha to go about in the world without "adding" or "subtracting" anything from his experience.)

2003

rev. 1776902 of 12:33, 24 October 2003

Gautama Buddha was an Indian spiritual leader who lived between approximately 563 BC and 483 BC. Born Siddhartha Gautama (Sanskrit, Siddhattha Gotama Pali -- the "wish-fulfiller"), he later became the Buddha (lit. Enlightened One). He is also commonly known as Shakyamuni or Sakyamuni (lit. "The sage of the Shakya clan") and as the Tathagata (lit. thus-gone one), emphasizing the nature of a Buddha to go about in the world without adding or subtracting anything from his experience.) Gautama was a contemporary of Mahavira.

2004

rev. 7124124 of 10:21, 5 November 2004‎

Gautama Buddha was an Indian spiritual leader who lived between approximately 563 BC and 483 BC. Born Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit; सिद्धार्थ गौतम in Devanagari script; Siddhattha Gotama Pali – descendent of Gotama whose aims are achieved/who is efficacious in achieving aims), he later became the Buddha (lit. Enlightened One or Awakened one). He is also commonly known as Shakyamuni or Sakyamuni (lit. "The sage of the Shakya clan") and as the Tathagata (lit. which may mean "thus-come-one" or "thus-gone-one"). Gautama was a contemporary of Mahavira.

2005

rev. 27229902 of 06:01, 3 November 2005‎

Gautama Buddha was a spiritual teacher believed to have lived between approximately 563 BCE and 483 BCE on the Indian subcontinent, in the Gangetic Plains area of modern Nepal and northern India. Born as Siddhartha Gautama (Sanskrit: "descendant of Gautama whose aims are achieved / who achieves aims effectively") he became "the Buddha" after embarking on a quest for spiritual meaning. He is universally recognised by Buddhists as the Supreme Buddha (literally Enlightened One or Awakened One) of our age. He is also commonly known as Shakyamuni or Sakyamuni ("sage of the Shakya clan") and as the Tathagata ("thus-come-one").

2006

rev. 85095273 of 19:42, 1 November 2006‎

Siddhārtha Gautama (Pāli सिद्धार्थ गौतम: Gotama Buddha) was a spiritual teacher from the ancient Indian subcontinent and the historical founder of Buddhism. He is universally recognised by Buddhists as the Supreme Buddha of our age. The time of his birth and death are not certain; most modern historians date his lifetime from 563 BCE to 483 BCE, though some alternative research may suggest a date about a century later than this.[1] [1] (cached copies only)

2007

rev. 168786354 of 19:09, 2 November 2007

Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from Ancient India and the founder of Buddhism.[2] He is generally recognized by Buddhists as the Supreme Buddha (Sammāsambuddha) of our age. The time of his birth and death are uncertain: a majority of 20th-century historians date his lifetime from circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but some more recent scholars have suggested dates around 410 or 400 BCE for his death. Some suggest even later dates.[3] These alternative chronologies, however, have not yet been accepted by all other historians.[4][5]

2008

rev. 249492640 of 21:26, 3 November 2008‎

Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from ancient India and the founder of Buddhism.[6] He is generally recognized by Buddhists as the Supreme Buddha (Sammāsambuddha) of our age. The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians date his lifetime from c. 563 BC to 483 BC; more recently, however, at a specialist symposium on this question,[7] the majority of those scholars who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BC for the Buddha's death, with others supporting earlier or later dates.

2009

rev. 323901577 of 15:19, 4 November 2009

Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher in the north eastern region of the Indian subcontinent who founded Buddhism.[8] In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (Sammāsambuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one." The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE; more recently, however, at a specialist symposium on this question,[9] the majority of those scholars who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death, with others supporting earlier or later dates.[10]

2010

rev. 394326301 of 05:25, 2 November 2010

Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from ancient India who founded Buddhism.[11] In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." [note 1] The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE,[12] but more recent opinion dates his death to between to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE.[13][14]

2011

rev. 459965520 of 13:25, 10 November 2011‎

Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[15] In most Buddhist traditions, he is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." [note 2] The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE,[16] but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE.[17][18] Based on some archeological findings and inscriptions, Buddha was born in Lumbini, modern Nepal[19][20] which is a UNESCO world heritage site.[19] Other archeological findings postulate that Buddha was born at Kapilavastu at Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh, India or Kapileswara, Orissa, India.[21][22][23][24][25] He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.[26][27]

2012

rev. 520923382 of 17:19, 1 November 2012‎

Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent [note 3], on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[33]

2013

rev. 579895596 of 17:58, 2 November 2013‎

Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama[note 4], Shakyamuni,[note 5], or simply the Buddha, was a sage[34] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[35] A native of the ancient Shakya republic in the Himalayan foothills,[36][note 6] Gautama Buddha taught primarily in northeastern India.

2014

rev. 632100114 of 04:21, 2 November 2014

Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama,[note 7] Shakyamuni,[note 8] or simply the Buddha, was a sage[34] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[web 3] He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in eastern India[note 9] sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.[28][note 10]

2015

rev. 688641856 of 05:08, 2 November 2015

Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni,[note 11] or simply the Buddha, was a sage[34] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[web 4] He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in northeastern India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.[28][note 10]

2016

rev. 747269899 of 12:41, 1 November 2016‎

Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni Buddha,[note 12] or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was an ascetic (śramaṇa) and sage,[34] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[web 5] He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the eastern part of Ancient India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.[28][note 10]

2017

rev. 80846487 of 00:59, 3 November 2017

Gautama Buddha (c. 563 BCE/480 BCE – c. 483 BCE/400 BCE), also known as Siddhārtha Gautama [sid̪ːʱɑːrt̪ʰə gəut̪əmə], Shakyamuni Buddha [ɕɑːkjəmun̪i bud̪ːʱə],[34] or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was an ascetic (śramaṇa) and sage,[34] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[38] He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the eastern part of ancient India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.[28][note 10]

2018

rev. 868847612 of 20:54, 14 November 2018

Gautama Buddha[note 13] (c. 563/480 – c. 483/400 BCE), also known as Siddhārtha Gautama,[note 14] Shakyamuni (i.e. "Sage of the Shakyas") Buddha,[34][note 15] or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was a monk (śramaṇa),[39][40] mendicant, and sage,[34] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[41] He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the northeastern part of ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[28][note 10]

2019

rev. 923977489 of 00:06, 1 November 2019

Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम Siddhārtha Gautama, c. 563/480 – c. 483/400 BCE)[note 16] or Siddhattha Gotama in Pali,[note 17] also called the Gautama Buddha,[note 18] the Shakyamuni Buddha ("Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas")[34][note 19] or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was a monk (śramaṇa),[42][43] mendicant, sage,[34] philosopher, teacher and religious leader on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[44] He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the northeastern part of ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[28][note 10]

2020

rev. 986726750 of 17:07, 2 November 2020

The Buddha (also known as Siddhartha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama)[note 20] was a philosopher, mendicant, meditator, spiritual teacher, and religious leader who lived in Ancient India (c. 5th to 4th century BCE).[45][46][28][note 10] He is revered as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism, and worshiped by most Buddhist schools as the Enlightened One who has transcended Karma and escaped the cycle of birth and rebirth.[47][48][49] He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay.[50] His teaching is based on his insight into duḥkha (typically translated as "suffering") and the end of dukkha – the state called Nibbāna or Nirvana.

2021

rev. 105321279 of 15:50, 2 November 2021

Gautama Buddha, popularly known as the Buddha or Lord Buddha (also known as Siddhattha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama[note 21] or Buddha Shakyamuni), was a Śramaṇa who lived in ancient India (c. 6th to 5th century BCE or c. 5th to 4th century BCE).[45][46][28][note 10] He is regarded as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism, and revered by most Buddhist schools as a savior,[51] the Enlightened One who rediscovered an ancient path to release clinging and craving and escape the cycle of birth and rebirth. He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay.[50] His teaching is based on his insight into the arising of duḥkha (the unsatisfactoriness of clinging to impermanent states and things) and the ending of duhkha—the state called Nibbāna or Nirvana (extinguishing of the three fires).

December 2021

rev. 1058788982 of 16:41, 5 December 2021

Gautama Buddha, popularly known as the Buddha or Lord Buddha (also known as Siddhattha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama[note 22] or Buddha Shakyamuni), was an ascetic, a religious leader and teacher who lived in ancient India (c. 6th to 5th century BCE or c. 5th to 4th century BCE).[45][46][28][note 10] He is regarded as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism, and revered by Buddhists as an enlightened being,[52] who rediscovered an ancient path to freedom from ignorance, craving and the cycle of rebirth and suffering. He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay.[50] His teaching is based on his insight into the arising of suffering or dissatisfaction and its ending—the state called Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing).

2022

January 2022

rev. 1063515852 of 13:42, 3 January 2022

Gautama Buddha, popularly known as the Buddha (also known as Siddhattha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama[note 23] or Shakyamuni), was an ascetic, a religious leader and teacher who lived in ancient India (c. 6th to 5th century BCE or c. 5th to 4th century BCE).[45][46][28][note 10] He is regarded as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism, and revered by Buddhists as an enlightened being,[53] who rediscovered an ancient path to freedom from ignorance, craving and the cycle of rebirth and suffering. He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay.[50] His teaching is based on his insight into the arising of suffering or dissatisfaction and its ending—the state called Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing).

February 2022

rev. 1069313418 of 17:32, 1 February 2022

Gautama Buddha, popularly known as the Buddha (also known as Siddhattha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama[note 24] or Shakyamuni), was an ascetic, a religious leader and teacher who lived in ancient India (c. 6th to 5th century BCE or c. 5th to 4th century BCE).[45][46][28][note 10] He is regarded as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism, and revered by Buddhists as an enlightened being,[54] who rediscovered an ancient path to freedom from ignorance, craving and the cycle of rebirth and suffering. He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay.[50] His teaching is based on his insight into the arising of suffering or dissatisfaction and its ending—the state called Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing).

March 2022

rev. 1075825222 of 22:04, 7 March 2022

Gautama Buddha, popularly known as the Buddha (also known as Siddhattha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama[note 25] or Shakyamuni), was an ascetic, a religious leader and teacher who lived in ancient India (c. 6th to 5th century BCE or c. 5th to 4th century BCE).[45][46][28][note 10] He is regarded as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism, and revered by Buddhists as an enlightened being,[55] who rediscovered an ancient path to freedom from ignorance, craving and the cycle of rebirth and suffering. He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay.[50] His teaching is based on his insight into the arising of suffering or dissatisfaction and its ending—the state called Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing).

April 2022

rev. 1080640166 of 14:00, 2 April 2022

Gautama Buddha, popularly known as the Buddha (also known as Siddhattha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama[note 26] or Shakyamuni), was an ascetic, a religious leader and teacher who lived in ancient India (c. 6th to 5th century BCE or c. 5th to 4th century BCE).[45][46][28][note 10] He is regarded as the founder of the world religion of Buddhism, and revered by Buddhists as an enlightened being,[56] who rediscovered an ancient path to freedom from ignorance, craving and the cycle of rebirth and suffering. He taught for around 45 years and built a large following, both monastic and lay.[50] His teaching is based on his insight into the arising of suffering or dissatisfaction and its ending—the state called Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing).

May 2022

rev. 1085599530 of 11:22, 1 May 2022

Gautama Buddha or (Pali) Gotama Buddha[57] (also the Historical Buddha;[57] Siddhārtha Gautama or (Pali) Siddhattha Gotama;[note 27][58] Shakyamuni or (Pali) Sakkamuni;[59] and (the) Buddha[60][61]) was an ascetic and a religious teacher of South Asia who lived in the latter half of the first millennium BCE.[45][46][28][note 10] He is the founder of Buddhism and revered by Buddhists as an enlightened being[62] whose teachings sought a path to freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering. Born in Lumbini in what is today Nepal in the clan of Shakya, he spent the majority of his adult life in what is today India, attaining enlightment in Bodhgaya, preaching his first sermon on the Four Noble Truths in Sarnath, where also the Buddhist sangha or community came to life, and attaining death in the form of Nirvana in Kushinagar.

June 2022

rev. 109164639 of 14:18, 5 June 2022

Gautama Buddha[57] (a.k.a. Siddhārtha Gautama or (Pali) Siddhattha Gotama;[note 28][58] Shakyamuni or (Pali) Sakkamuni;[59] and The Buddha[60][61]) was an ascetic and spiritual teacher of Nepal and South Asia who lived during the latter half of the first millennium BCE.[45][46][28][note 10] He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as an awakened being[63] whose teachings present and explain a path to freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering.

July 2022

rev. 1096010076 of 18:27, 1 July 2022‎

Gautama Buddha[note 29] (also Siddhārtha Gautama, Siddhattha Gotama;[note 30] Shakyamuni, Sakkamuni;[note 31] and The Buddha[note 32]) was an ascetic and spiritual teacher of South Asia who lived during the latter half of the first millennium BCE.[45][46][28][note 10] He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being[64][65][note 33] who taught a path to Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing), freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering.

August 2022

rev. 1101785508 of 20:20, 1 August 2022‎

Gautama Buddha[note 29] (also Siddhārtha Gautama, Siddhattha Gotama;[note 30] Shakyamuni, Sakkamuni;[note 31] and The Buddha[note 32]) was an ascetic and spiritual teacher of South Asia who lived during the latter half of the first millennium BCE.[45][46][28][note 10] He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being[64][65][note 33] who taught a path to Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing), freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering.

September 2022

rev. 1109364513 of 12:22, 9 September 2022

Gautama Buddha[note 29] (also Siddhārtha Gautama, Siddhattha Gotama;[note 30] Shakyamuni, Sakkamuni;[note 31] and The Buddha[note 32]) was an ascetic and spiritual teacher of ancient India who lived during the 6th or 5th century BCE.[45][46][28][note 10] He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being[64][65][note 33] who taught a path to Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing), freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering.

October 2022

rev. 1113838976 of 13:48, 3 October 2022

Gautama Buddha[note 29] (also Siddhārtha Gautama, Siddhattha Gotama;[note 30] Shakyamuni, Sakkamuni;[note 31] and The Buddha[note 32]) was an ascetic and spiritual teacher of ancient India who lived during the 6th or 5th century BCE.[45][46][28][note 10] He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being[64][65][note 33] who taught a path to Nirvana (lit. vanishing or extinguishing), freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering.


November 2022

November 1

rev. 1119440373 of 16:14, 1 November 2022

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha in English language sources,[a] was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE.[45][46][28][b] He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as a fully awakened being[64][65][c] who taught a path to Nirvana,[d] that is, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering.

November 2

rev. 1119521101 of 00:56, 2 November 2022

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha[c][a] was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE[45][46][28][b] and founded Buddhism.

November 3

rev. 1119742563 of 04:52, 3 November 2022

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha[a][c] was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE[45][46][28][b] and founded Buddhism.

November 4

rev. 1120038095‎ of 19:25, 4 November 2022

Siddhartha Gautama (5th cent. BCE[45][46][28][b]), most commonly referred to as the Buddha,[a][c] was a South Asian renunciate[66] who founded Buddhism.

November 11

rev. 1121225048‎ of 05:26, 11 November 2022

Siddhartha Gautama (5th cent. BCE),[b] most commonly referred to as the Buddha,[a][c] was a South Asian renunciate[66] who founded Buddhism.

November 13

rev. 1121665239 of 13:40, 13 November 2022

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha[c][a] was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE[45][46][28][b] and founded Buddhism.

November 25

rev. 1123817372 of 21:30, 25 November 2022

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha[c][a] was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE[45][46][28][b] and founded Buddhism.

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See also

Notes and references

Notes
Note: many of the notes are used as named references which are not defined in the lead, and therefore appear as empty notes below.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference name_the_buddha was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference dating was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference Bodhi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference "Nirvana was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Citations
  1. ^ The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article
  2. ^ http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/buddha/home_set.html
  3. ^ The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article
  4. ^ Hans Wolfgang Schumann (2003). The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism, p. xv. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 8120818172.
  5. ^ Alex Wayman (1993) Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays, pp 37-58. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
  6. ^ Buddha
  7. ^ The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article
  8. ^ The Buddha
  9. ^ L. S. Cousins (1996), "The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (3)6(1): 57–63.
  10. ^ "As is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, ..., necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE." Paul Dundas, The Jains, 2nd edition, (Routledge, 2001), p. 24.
  11. ^ "The Buddha, His Life and Teachings". Buddhanet.net. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
  12. ^ L. S. Cousins (1996), "The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (3)6(1): 57–63.
  13. ^ See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha (2003) Edited by A. K. Narain. B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. ISBN 81-7646-353-1.
  14. ^ “If, as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, ..., necessitates a redating of the Buddha’s death to between 411 and 400 BCE....: Paul Dundas, The Jains, 2nd edition, (Routledge, 2001), p. 24.
  15. ^ Boeree, George. "An Introduction to Buddhism". Shippensburg University. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
  16. ^ L. S. Cousins (1996), "The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (3)6(1): 57–63.
  17. ^ See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha (2003) Edited by A. K. Narain. B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. ISBN 81-7646-353-1.
  18. ^ "If, as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, ..., necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE...." —Paul Dundas, The Jains, 2nd edition, (Routledge, 2001), p. 24.
  19. ^ a b "Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  20. ^ http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/
  21. ^ "Kapilavastu". Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  22. ^ http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2204/stories/20050225001008800.htm
  23. ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/16spec.htm
  24. ^ http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2008/03/buddha-born-in-orissa-scholars.html
  25. ^ http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/jounalvol1/pdf/orhj-3.pdf
  26. ^ Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 45
  27. ^ Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 41
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Warder 2000, p. 45. Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEWarder200045" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  29. ^ a b Walsh 1995, p. 20.
  30. ^ a b Mahāpātra 1977.
  31. ^ a b Tripathy & year unknown.
  32. ^ a b Nakamura 1980, p. 18.
  33. ^ Boeree, George. "An Introduction to Buddhism". Shippensburg University. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Baroni 2002, p. 230.
  35. ^ Boeree, George. "An Introduction to Buddhism". Shippensburg University. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
  36. ^ warder 2000, p. 45.
  37. ^ "Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  38. ^ Boeree, C George. "An Introduction to Buddhism". Shippensburg University. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  39. ^ Dhirasekera, Jotiya. Buddhist monastic discipline. Buddhist Cultural Centre, 2007.
  40. ^ Shults, Brett. "A Note on Śramaṇa in Vedic Texts." Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 10 (2016).
  41. ^ Boeree, C George. "An Introduction to Buddhism". Shippensburg University. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  42. ^ Dhirasekera, Jotiya. Buddhist monastic discipline. Buddhist Cultural Centre, 2007.
  43. ^ Shults, Brett. "A Note on Śramaṇa in Vedic Texts." Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 10 (2016).
  44. ^ Boeree, C George. "An Introduction to Buddhism". Shippensburg University. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Gethin (1998), pp. 5, 9, 10, 14.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Strong (2001), p. 1.
  47. ^ Boeree, C George. "An Introduction to Buddhism". Shippensburg University. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  48. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  49. ^ Thompson, Evan (2020). Why I am Not a Buddhist. Yale University Press. p. 28. This Zen version of Buddhist exceptionalism is specious. Faith in a transcendent being isn't a universal feature of religion. Zen has ritual, scripture, liturgy, monastics, and priests. Moreover, "one's true self" and "the truth of existence," in the senses intended, are religious notions. They are soteriological, concerned with liberation and salvation. They involve a sense of transcendence, an orientation to something that goes beyond ordinary experience. Zen is unquestionably religious.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Strong (2001), p. 131.
  51. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  52. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  53. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  54. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  55. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  56. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  57. ^ a b c Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S., eds. (2014), "Gautama", The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, p. 316, ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3,  Gautama. (P. Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common
  58. ^ a b Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S., eds. (2014), "Siddhārtha", The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, p. 817, ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3,  Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA.
  59. ^ a b Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S., eds. (2014), "Śākyamuni", The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, p. 741, ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3,  Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs.
  60. ^ a b Keown, Damien (ed.), "Buddha (Skt; Pali)", A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, p. 42, ISBN 0-19-860560-9,  This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature Cite error: The named reference "oxford-keown-buddha" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  61. ^ a b "Buddha, n.", Oxford English Dictionary (3 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2013,  (subscription required) Also with the: (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, northeastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment. Cite error: The named reference "oed-Buddha" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  62. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  63. ^ de Bary, William (1969). The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan (February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. ISBN 0-394-71696-5. In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of savior, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc.
  64. ^ a b c d e Buswell (2003), p. 82.
  65. ^ a b c d e Gethin (1998), p. 8.
  66. ^ a b Ray 1999, p. 65-67.


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