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Safavids were Turkic!

The official state language of the Safavid Empire was Turkic. The Safavids built Esfahan. They were Azeri Turks. The court language was Turkic. Although anthropologically Azeris are Caucasians and very close to the Persians, their language is different. Countless Genetic tests by WESTERN scientists have proved that Azeris are not the same as Persians. Despite the same linguistic affiliation (belonging to the same family of langauges), Turkic people are spread from Siberia's Yakutia to as far as Europe.

  • Actually the above statement about Genetic tests does not tally with the Wiki article on the Azerbaijani People (See Genetics; section 2.4).
Extract from the article: A recent study of the genetic landscape of Iran was completed by a team of Cambridge geneticists led by Dr. Maziar Ashrafian Bonab (an Iranian Azarbaijani).[58] Bonab remarked that his group had done extensive DNA testing on different language groups, including Indo-European and non Indo-European speakers, in Iran.[59] The study found that the Azerbaijanis of Iran do not have a similar FSt and other genetic markers found in Anatolian and European Turks. However, the genetic Fst and other genetic traits like MRca and mtDNA of Iranian Azeris were identical to Persians in Iran. Kiumars

Dispute tag on "Ethnic and Linguistic controversy" section

There is NO controversy regarding the ethnicity of the Safavid dynasty beyond this, and related, wikipedia articles. Almost every heavyweight author/middle eastern specialist ive read states as clearly, completely without ambiguity, that they were of Turkish background. All the myriad references, sources and quotes proving this were put up on this talk page months ago when the debate was raging and, having put up major sources which were contested by nothing more than subjective interpretation of ambiguous statemetns from selected sources by Persian POV pushers i washed my hands of the article assuming that a decent state of affairs would naturally come to be - Alas POV and anti-History now permeate this article and atm it stands as an example of how fallible Wikipedia can be. siarach 17:29, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

"EI is superior to all other sources"
According to whom? One of the constants in the debates related to this article are the insistence of the pro-Persian faction that their, very limited number and usually taken out of context or subjectively interpreted - the Encyclopedia Iranica was the first pet source to be abused but seems now to have been supplanted by the Encylopedia of Islam, sources are superior to the far greater number of those which explicitly contradict their POV. siarach 00:28, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
"Turkish background" by which definition? The article clearly states that from Sheikh Junayd to Shah Ismail, all Safavid Sheikhs had Turcoman mothers. Is that the deffinition of "Turkish background"?! So why then are the Ghaznavids described as a "Turkic dynasty" although starting with Sultan Mahmoud of Ghazna, all Ghaznavid sultans had NON-Turkic mothers (Sultan Mahmoud's mother was a Persian noble from Zaranj)?! Is the language of a dynasty the deffinition for its background?! Then why are the Seljuqs described as "Turkic"?!
Fact is: the origin of the Safavids was EVIDENTLY Non-Turkic, starting with the Tati mystic Sheikh Safi al-Din and his marraige into the Kurdish Gilani clan. THIS is the beginning of the Safavids - both as a family and a mystic brotherhood.
Everything that comes after that has no importance ... The Safavids may had given up their original Iranian dialects in favour of vernacular Oghuz (the language of the Qoyunlu clans), but they have never acted as a "Turkish nationalist movement" (like the Qoyunlu), as a "Turkish kingdom" (like the Ottomans), or as any greater patrons of Turkic language or culture (they did not favour Turkish over Persian).
As for Bernard Lewis: he is not an expert on the Safavids, but an expert on Ottoman history. That's probably the reason why the editors or the Ei asked Prof. R. Savory (THE expert on Safavid history) to write the article about the Safavids, and not him.
Tājik 00:41, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
Need i really point out how utterly preposterous it is to suggest that an academic of Bernard Lewis standing would, either by ignorance or mistake, get something as important as the background, history and ethnicity of one of the most major dynasties in the history of the Middle East wrong? Hiding behind the very lame reasoning that he does not specialise in the Safavids is no excuse - if an incredibly specific, obscure question which only a select few experts in Iran would was what we were debating you might have a case but something as elementary as the ethnicity/background of a major dynasty? No, absolutely not. If the origin of the Safavids was EVIDENTLY non-Turkic then i would expect the MAJORITY of sources to state so rather than the MAJORITY stating that they were Turkic which is the reality. siarach 17:15, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
B. Lewis says that the Safavids were "Turks" ... that's fine with me. But others, such as R. Frye and R. Savory, do not call them Turks. Now YOU tell me why we should reject the opinion of Frye and Savory and favour that of B. Lewis?!
And do you mean with "majority"?! B. Lewis, and couple of books written by some no-names?! Fact is that the most authoritative work on Islamic history - the Encyclopaedia of Islam - describes them as a native Iranian dynasty from Persian Kurdistan and clearly differenciates them from Turkic, Arab, and Mongol invaders. The Iranian background of Sheikh Safi al-Din is mentioned in the Encyclopaedia Iranica; Sheikh Safi al-Din's Tati poems have linguistic importance in the study of the Ancient Azari language (that means that the Safawaids were already present in Azerbaijan BEFORE the Oghuz dominance).
Tājik 19:08, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
The shameless way in which you so laughably acclaim any and every source which you abuse to push your POV as "most authoritative" while decrying the huge number which explicitly contradict you as being of no-consequence is really laughable. Incidently the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Islam does state that the Safavids were of Turkic origin, so when you said so emphatically that it did not were you only pretending to have read it or were you lying outright? What sums up the ( sadly justified in this case ) lack of respect accorded Wikipedia by genuine academics was the reaction of the SOAS Near and Middle East lecturer, who specialises in Iran, when i told her of the pro-Persian, anti-historical, POV pushing going on on this article ; "Yes, im not surprised that anything on wikipedia is subject to abuse by those with some kind of ethnic or political motivation". No matter, if i wasnt busy irl id have compiled the myriad sources and quotes previously put forward stating the turkic basis of the Safavid dynasty and edited the article into a reasonably historically accurate state - i should be free to do so by the end of the week i hope. siarach 10:08, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
Hi, I just wanted to point out that the Encyclopaedia of Islam (which is published in the Netherlands by Brill and has no connection to Cambridge or any institution of the United Kingdom) mentioned by the other editor is not the same as the encyclopedia you're mentioning. I should also state that Wikipedia's policy of NPOV explicitly requires that any and all reliable sources be used within an article, and those sources, if reliable and authoritative, cannot be judged by individual editors. Which essentially means that the introduction of this article cannot state that the Safavids were of Turkic (or any) ethnicity. However, the current introduction, which states that they are an "Iranian" ethnicity, is perfectly acceptable. I fail to see what your dispute is or why you have a problem with that, but I would suggest that attacking other editors and using a hostile tone will definitely not get you anywhere. User:Metaspheres 10:01, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
As well, looking at the section which is in dispute, you are free to add your sources (without removing others, needless to say), though I will say that Bernard Lewis is indeed a controversial one. But you are well within your rights to do so within the limits of NPOV. User:Metaspheres 10:04, 30 November 2006 (UTC)


I would recommend a more attentive reading of the situation. For one thing there is no confusion over the Encyclopedia of Islam and the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Iran - Tajik made a statement, which was false, about the content of the latter in response to the insertion of a valid reference from that book. I really dont see how you can so clearly contradict yourself by first stating that the article cannot state that the Safavids were "of Turkic (or any) ethnicity" while immediately following with a total endorsement of the current statement which, in the view of the great majority of academic sources, incorrectly puts them forward as being of "native Iranian" ethnicity. So what exactly is your opinion? Is it or is it not acceptable to state the ethnicity of the dynasty ? (quite why it wouldnt be i have no idea). The cause of the dispute - the pushing of incorrect information/pov which flies in the face of acacemic consensus - is quite obvious even to those lacking in any intimate knowledge of the subject.
Wikipedia's policy of NPOV explicitly requires that any and all reliable sources be used within an article, and those sources, if reliable and authoritative, cannot be judged by individual editors. Spot on! The cause of the dispute is precisely that one editor has taken it upon themselves to interpret ( bear in mind Wikipedia:No original research ) their own limited select group of sources while removing any which contradict their interpretation.
If you had checked the edit history of the article you would be aware of the fact that no, nobody is free to add sources which contradict the views of Tajik as he immediately removes them and replaces them with his own so you would do well to direct any chiding regarding the removal of sources elsewhere. Bernard Lewis is controversial? Oh yes he is viewed as such in certain respects - NONE of which are relevant to this discussion or article. siarach 11:04, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

siarach 17:29, 23 November 2006; It is interesting you say that because almost every reputable source I have come across say the opposite and insist that Safavids were nationalist Persians! Starting from Kasravi (who actually was the first person mentioning it almost 30 years before anybody else in the whole world) to all non-pan-turkish scholars since then. Read this (4 pages) http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/safavidempire_1.shtml and this (3 pages) http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/reflections_safavid_history_historiography1.php

In 1927-8 Ahmad Kasravi led the way with the publication of three seminal articles entitled Nizhad va Tabar-i Safaviyya (`The genealogy of the Safavids'); Safaviyya sayyid nabuda and (`The Safavids were not sayyids'); and Baz ham Safaviyya (`The Safavids again')[17]. Kasravi disputed the validity of the `official' Safavid genealogy contained in the Safvat al-Safa and followed by most later Safavid chronicles[18], and argued convincingly that the ancestors of Shaykh Safi al-Din, who founded the Safavid Order (tariqa), were indigenous inhabitants of Iran (az bumiyan-i bastan-i iran budan) and were of pure Aryan stock (juz nizhad-i aryani nadashta and). Today, the consensus among Safavid historians is that the Safavid family hailed from Persian Kurdistan. Kasravi's important articles were published in the journal Ayandeh, which was not readily available in the West, and, despite the fact that they were republished as a pamphlet in 1944, in an expanded and revised form, they unfortunately continued to be overlooked by many historians. These included the Turkish scholar Zeki Velidi Togan who, working on the oldest available MSS. of the Safvat al-Safa, independently reached many of the same conclusions reached by Kasravi thirty years earlier[19]. At the same time, Togan tried to lay to rest the persistent claim by Turkish historians that Shah Isma'il I was a Turk, but this claim resurfaced from time to time in the writings of Turcophiles, such as David Ayalon[20], and was usually based on the fact that Isma'il spoke the Azari dialect of Turkish, which Toynbee calls one of "the vulgar tongues of camp and court"[21], and had written poems in Azari under the pen-name of Khata'i. Kiumars

Encyclopaedia Iranica and Encyclopaedia of Islam on the Safavids

Encyclopaedia Iranica:

  • "... The reign of Esmā'il is one of the most important in the history of Persia. The reasons for this are twofold: firstly, prior to his accession in 907/1501, Persia, since its conquest by the Arabs eight-and-a-half centuries earlier, had not existed as a separate entity but had been ruled by a succession of Arab caliphs, Turkish sultans, and Mongol khans. During the whole of this period, only under the Buyids (q.v.) did a substantial part of Persia come under Persian rule (334-447/945-1055) ..." (R.M. Savory, EIr, Online Edition, Link)

This quote makes clear that Shah Ismail was neither a Turk, nor an Arab or a Mongol. He is directly compared to the Buyids, the last ethnic Iranian dynasty to rule Persia before the Turkic domination.

As for the origin of the Safavid family, the Encyclopaedia Iranica states (my comments are in [...]):

  • "... Azari [= Middle-Iranian language spoken in Azerbaijan before the Turkic conquest] lost ground [in Azerbaijan] at a faster pace than before, so that even the early Safavids, originally an Iranian-speaking clan (as evidenced by the quatrains of Shaikh Safi-al-Din, their eponymous ancestor, and by his biography), became Turkified and adopted Turkish as their vernacular ..." (Ehsan Yarshater, Book 1, p. 240, Link)

If language and preserved poetry are the only definitions of "ethnicity", as some in here claim, then I do not understand why the Ghaznavids and Seljuqs are considered "Turks", although their neither spoke tor supoorted Turkish.

  • "... The Ghaznavid sultans were ethnically Turkish, but the sources, all in Arabic or Persian, do not allow us to estimate the persistence of Turkish practices and ways of thought amongst them. ... Mas'ud I had a good knowledge of Arabic poetry and was a competent Persian chancery stylist (Bosworth, Ghaznavids, pp. 129-30) ... Persianisation of the state apparatus was accompanied by the Persianisation of high culture at the Ghaznavid court. ... The Ghaznavids thus present the phenomenon of a dynasty of Turkish slave origin which became culturally Persianized ..." (C.E. Bosworth, EIr, Online Edition, Link)

R.M. Savory - Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto - writes in another article:

  • " ... If one looks at the record of Iranian historians during the same period, the scene is similar: a rather barren landscape relieved by a few lofty peaks. In 1927-8 Ahmad Kasravi led the way with the publication of three seminal articles entitled Nizhad va Tabar-i Safaviyya (`The genealogy of the Safavids'); Safaviyya sayyid nabuda and (`The Safavids were not sayyids'); and Baz ham Safaviyya (`The Safavids again')[17]. Kasravi disputed the validity of the `official' Safavid genealogy contained in the Safvat al-Safa and followed by most later Safavid chronicles[18], and argued convincingly that the ancestors of Shaykh Safi al-Din, who founded the Safavid Order (tariqa), were indigenous inhabitants of Iran (az bumiyan-i bastan-i iran budan) and were of pure Aryan stock (juz nizhad-i aryani nadashta and). Today, the consensus among Safavid historians is that the Safavid family hailed from Persian Kurdistan. Kasravi's important articles were published in the journal Ayandeh, which was not readily available in the West, and, despite the fact that they were republished as a pamphlet in 1944, in an expanded and revised form, they unfortunately continued to be overlooked by many historians. These included the Turkish scholar Zeki Velidi Togan who, working on the oldest available MSS. of the Safvat al-Safa, independently reached many of the same conclusions reached by Kasravi thirty years earlier[19]. At the same time, Togan tried to lay to rest the persistent claim by Turkish historians that Shah Isma'il I was a Turk, but this claim resurfaced from time to time in the writings of Turcophiles, such as David Ayalon[20], and was usually based on the fact that Isma'il spoke the Azari dialect of Turkish, which Toynbee calls one of "the vulgar tongues of camp and court"[21], and had written poems in Azari under the pen-name of Khata'i. ..." R.M. Savory

And ths is what the Encyclopaedia of Islam says:

  • "... SAFAWIDS , a dynasty which ruled in Persia as sovereigns 907-1135/1501-1722, as fainéants 1142-8/1729-36, and thereafter, existed as pretenders to the throne up to 1186/1773. I. Dynastic, political and military history. The establishment of the Safawid state in 907/1501 by Shāh Ismāīl I [q.v.] (initially ruler of Ādharbāyjān only) marks an important turning-point in Persian history. In the first place, the Safawids restored Persian sovereignty over the whole of the area traditionally regarded as the heartlands of Persia for the first time since the Arab conquest of Persia eight and a half centuries previously. During the whole of that time, only once, during what Minorsky termed “the Iranian intermezzo” (334-447/945-1055), did a dynasty of Persian origin prevail over much of Iran [see BUWAYHIDS]; for the rest, Persia was ruled by a succession of Arab caliphs, and Turkish and Mongol sultans and khāns. ..." (Savory/Brujin/Newman/Welch/others, EI, Online Edition, PW protected)

Does that need any further explanation?!

I am sure that User:An Siarach disagrees ...

Tājik 18:46, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Why do some Farsi, or even Afghanis try to blur reality so that people think that the Safavid were somehow Persians!!

Sufi al-Din lived more than 150 years before Shah Ismail, and wherever there is anything about the Safavid or Shah Ismail there are loads of Fars, or sometimes non-Fars, who are jumping around saying that the Safavid were Fars (Persians) because there was this guy "Sufi al-Din" who was Persian. Even they say that, well, he wasn't Persian, actually he was Kurdish. Or maybe Luri, or something else, but definitely not Turkic. Well, maybe he wasn't the father of the grandfather of Shah Ismail, but the neighbour, who was not Persian, Kurd, Luri, or even Turkic, but rather Arabic?! Does anybody know this? But we know for sure that Shah Ismail was from Ardebil, he was a Turkic speaking Azerbaijani and his fellow soldiers were MOSTLY the same. His father, mother, and even grand father were most likely to have been Turkic too because simply he was from a Turkic tribe. The important thing is that they spoke Turkic and that was their native tongue and the Safavid kept their native tongue for a very long time even when they had their capital city (fearing the Ottoman Turks) in the center of Persian land Isfahan.

I am an Iranian Azeri and I honestly don't give a damn about the Safavid being Fars, Turk, Kurd or whatever. I think we would have all been better off without bullies and warlords such as Shah Ismail, though his poetry is nice. I admire Shah Ismail for his poetry but I don't give a damn about the Safavid. Historical facts show that the Safavid were Turkic essentially, but no-one is pure, everyone has mixes of other ethnicities or races too. Maybe there are just too many unemployed teenagers around here who have just finished Middle-Eastern manipulative textbooks and have become nationalistic all-the-sudden. I am a bit curious about Afghans editing Iranian history though!!

The facts is that the Turkic Safavid were fighting the Turkic Ottomans because of religion. That is pure stupidity and I have no pride about the Safavid. But distorting historical facts on this website is not good because we are just following the footsteps of our local Middle-Eastern ancestory who did not go by the truth but rather by the rule of bigotry or stupid tribal or nationalistic rivalry.

However I am also proud that so many, even Afghans (such as this Tajik guy) are trying to take pride in OUR (Azerbaijani) personalities ;) Bm79 07:20, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

If you have problems to accept scholarly sources, then it's your problem. The reason I am interested in this article (and other Azerbaijani-related articles) is because I am a descendant of the Oghuz Bayat Qezelbashs who were once brought to Afghanistan by Nadir Shah Afshar.
All my changes are based on scholarly sources (as you can see above). The article is about the Safaid dynasty and family, and there is a consensus among scholars that this family was NOT of Turkic descent (as constantly claimed by Turks and Turcophiles), but - most likely - of Iranian Kurdish descent, strongly linked to the Kurdish Sufi-Zahediyah movement as well as Tati-nationalist movements against the Timurids and Il-Khans. What is known for sure is that Safi ud-Din Ardabeli, the origin of the dynasty, wrote poems in Tati and Persian, NOT in Turkish and NOT in Kurdish.
Ismail's father, Seikh Haydar Safavi, was half-Turcoman. He married the daughter of Uzun Hassan, who herself was half-Turcoman and half-Greek.
Noone denies the strong Turkification of the Safavid family (in fact, it is even mentioned in the article!), but claiming that they were "Turks" is most deffinitly wrong, especially in regard of the meaning of the word back then as well as today. The Safavids NEVER acted in the name of Turks in general, nor in the name of the Oghuz (unlike previous rulers, such as the Aq Qoyunlu).
As for the Seljuqs: just like the Safavids and later dynasties, such as the Qajars, the Seljuqs ruled as "kings of Iran". In fact, they even believed (or claimed) to be descendants of the Sassanids and gave their princes Sassanid names, such as Kay Khusrow, Kay Qubadh, or Kay Ka'us. The Qajars - themselvs members of the Oghuz Turcoman tribes of the Caucasus - continuied the Persianization' policies of the Safavids. Just take a look at this old bank-note from the Qajar period:
Qajar currency; note the Shāhanshāh-e Irān!
It clearly says: Shāhanshāh-e Irān. The Qajars were Turkic in origin, but they regarded themselvs Iranians and they also used the Persian language. This tradition was introduced by the Safavids - after more than 800 years of foreign rule in Persia!
So, before starting to insult others (see: WP:civil!), you should take a look at the sources given in the article. If you feel somehow insulted by these scholarly sources, then it's your problem, not that of Wikipedia.
And since you are so currious about the people you call Afghans, just check the article Demographics of Afghanistan to learn more about them.
Tājik 19:16, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
Dear Tajik, I am sure there is no way, and no serious reason to try to prove anything to you or to so many others who have their own POV. But you, and many others, because of having either a numerical superiority or probably more stubborn POV, have proven yourselves to make your POV into articles at Wikipedia. I shall still show how I still DO NOT understand why someone from Afghanistan come and edit articles about Iran, but that's my problem.
Then again I wish to say this, you would definitely like to distort issues so that you get your POV, OK. But if, for instance, I spoke Farsi and some guy from my ancestory 150 years ago was from Tabriz and spoke Azeri (ie, an Azeri) would that make me a Persian (Fars)? If we are talking about ethnicity, that is a different issue, but if we are establishing what an Iranian meas then that is another whole different subject. Safavids were indeed Turkic speaking people. They were Azerbaijanis. This is a fact. Then, of course, no one is pure or needs to be "pure" either ethnically or genetically. They must have had some Kurdish, Farsi, Greek or whatever in their blood. They did indeed re-built the lost Iran (they didn't call it Persia) and IF some Safavid said that he was a descendant of the Sassanids then he must have had really interesting audience back then, probably naive, but if it worked, then good for him. I stop my arguments here. Please people, editors or administrators, change "Turkmen" into Azeri when you are talking about Iranian Shia Turks, because Turkmen is a completely different thing. But then again, if distortion CAN prevail then Wikipedia is still imperfect and has got a long way of solving POV supremacy! Bm79 00:44, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
If someone from another country is interested in your country, then you should appriciate it. In case of Iran and Afghanistan, it's not even different histories or cultures - all the same.
What you fail to understand that this talk is not only a bout Sheikh Safi and Ismail, but also about countless other Safawis who lived in those 150 years in between. For example Sheikh Haydar and Sheikh Junayd, or their ancestors.
You also seem to have no knowledge of scholarly sources (in fact, you have not provided ANY reliable sources right now). And as I have said earlier: if you have any problems with scholars or scholarly opinions, it's your problem, not that of Wikipedia. Already your protest against the term "Turcoman" (which you wrongly interpret as Turkmen) shows that you are actually not an expert in this field. Tājik 02:14, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
I appreciate anyone being interested about MY country's history, but I do not appreciate others WRITING or trying to write the history of mt country accoridng to their own opinion. You said turcoman, which is not the term used by editors OFTEN (not all the time) when talking about Turkic tribes of Iranian ruling families. That is completely false. Turkmen means a whole different thing. Please read articles about the Qajar, this article about the Safavid, articles about Shah Ismail I and others and you will see the word "Turkmen" nt turcoman mentioned all over instead of Turkic, Turk or Azerbaijani, which would have been much more appropriate. I AM NOT AN EXPERT. Read wht I write and judge the content, but I did not say I am anexpert. It is written "Persian" when referring to Sheikh Safi which refers not to Iranian (if you click you see) but to the term ethnic Persian, which is not something scholars would agree with. There is no evidence that he was an ethnic Persian, but most probably a mixture. If someone's ethnicity is not very clear then it must be written as so, which has not been the case, because these articles that have alightest information about Azeris are continuously and intentionally manipulated and altered to make them look like Persian, one way or the other or to make them look like non-Azeri, by putting the term "Turkmen". Please take a look at the article about Qajar dynasty too, about Shah Ismail I and this article. Two words used in these articles I have noticed "Persian" when relating to Sheikh Safi and "Turkmen" when relating to Azerbaijanis are false. Bm79 16:29, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Serious Problem!! Most information about the Azeris are seriously and continuously manipulated.

Looking at any article about Iran's history or Iran's personalities there are editors out there that are continuously and intentionally creating misconceptions.

For example they put the word "Persian" (which if clicked takes the viewer to the ethnic Persians, not Iranians as a whole) before the name mystic Sheikh Safi al-Din, who WAS by no means "Persian" and could have been more likely to be partly or totally Kurdish, but not Persian. But there are so many out there that will revert in case it is removed.

They will often intentionally replace "Azeri" to "Turkmen" for suggesting the ethnicity of the Safavid or even the Qajar. I edited both and they were reversed by different persons, so I gave up, and the reversing had no reason, one wrote "false information." What is false information? The Safavid or the Qajar were TURKMEN???? The word Turkmen refers to the people of Turkmenistan. No Turkmen ever ruled over Iran. There is no proof for this. When you click on "Turkemn" it takes the viewer to the people of Turkmenistan. The editors intentionally replace Azeri in many cases with Turkmen in order to create confusion. The Safavid and the Qajar came from the teritories located by Azerbaijanis, the spoke Azeri language and there is ample evidence, and they were Shia, and there is ample evidence of these. But so many editors out there would like to create confusion, therefore reducing the value and accuracy of the articles. They are either paid to do so by the Iranian regime in order to create confusion or they are simple Persian (Fars) nationalists who have a lot of free time at their hands.

I edited what was related to Shah Ismail (the founder of the Safavid dynasty) and it was reversed too, twice, so I gave up. Shah Ismail's mother was from the Ak Koyunlu (Aq Qoyunlu) nobility, not Turkem. Again, Turkmen is about Turkmenistan, it has nothing to do with people living in north-west of Iran, where obviously the family of Shah Ismail lived. Then again in order to create confusion Ak Koyunlu was changed to Turkmen.

Falsity prospers at Wikipedia as long as there are enough editors out there to write what they wish to be factual and many of them are personally or politically motivated.

I also edited the article about "Iranian Azerbaijan" and it wad all reversed. The article is poor and mostly POV but that serves the POV of so many people who are here to uphold their POV violently and inconsistently.

I think these issues require Wikipedia administration to intervene and not allow changes until they are based on reliable proof or references.

Middle-Eastern people are not like Westerners, Middle-Easterners will not get along amiably to solve problems. Look at Iraq now! If there is no DICTATOR to tell them what to do and what not to do. And at Wikipedia issues regarding the Middle-East and its people (I am Azeri myself, so Middle-Easterner in fact) shall be more dictatorial, less open to individual manipulation, because inaccuracy or chaos will dominate. Bm79 15:04, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Bm79 15:04, 29 December 2006; with regard to your statement “Turkmen is about Turkmenistan, it has nothing to do with people living in north-west of Iran, where obviously the family of Shah Ismail lived”; for your information there are Turkmen in north of Iraq bordering Iran’s Azerbaijan and Kurdestan today. Kiumars

About the term "Persian" for Sheikh Safi al-Din

I would like to discuss about this word because sources do not say anything about "Persian". The article says "Its founder was the Persian[3]mystic Sheikh Safi al-Din (1252–1334), after whom it was named."

I clicked on the name and it was different: "Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardebili (of Ardebil) (1252-1334), eponym of the Safavid dynasty, was the spiritual heir and son in law of the great Sufi Murshid (Grand Master) Sheikh Zahed Gilani, of Lahijan in Gilan Province in northern Iran. He was of Persian[1] and Kurdish background. Sheikh Safi al-Din's mother tongue was the Iranian dialect of old Tati. He was a seventh-generation descendant of Firuz Shah Zarrin Kolah, a local Iranian dignitary."

So, how did Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardebili become PERSIAN???? Please bring arguments or edit! As far as I can understand we should wither take "Persian" out because neither Gilaki can mean Persian and neither Kurdish can mean Persian. If it's not about ethnicity but about the country of Persia then why write the word Persian there anyway because no-one ever argued that he was from the greater Persia/Iran of the time (though some people can say that it was split and unrecognised as a country at that time).

Sheick Safi's mother was an Azerbaijani who spoke Azerbaijan's old Tati language, which does not make her a Persian. And his father was from Gilan, who was of "Persian" and Kurdish background. So Sheikh Safi was half Azerbaijani (from mother) and half Kurdish-Persian. How did someone come to the conclusion that he was Persian?

Please dicuss, edit. Thank you! Bm79 04:10, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Tati is Persian. Again, I doubt you are Iranian. First you say there are no Turkomans in Iran, now you dont even know what the Tati language is (there are still Tati's to this day). Also, the term Azerbaijani as an ethnic term (however, the term Azerbaijani as a linguistic term is about 110 years old) is only 50 years old, so, either way, I dont see how you can call anyone born before that time period Azerbaijani, they were and we still are today Iranian...but today we are just Iranian Azerbaijanis. I guess this term is optional depending on the person and time.Azerbaijani 04:24, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
This is the last time I am writing anything to the member "Azerbaijani", I was referring to other members. Thank you! I am looking for other members and if you will be the only opposer then we will need to ask for admins to come in. And I will not respond to your uncivil attitude any more. Bm79 06:18, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
Tati is a Persian dialect, what more do you want? The only basis for your dispute is that you say that Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardebili spoke Tati and therefore could not have been Persian. But I'm telling you that Tati is Persian. I dont know what else you want here. I'm telling you that the reason for you argument in the first place is incorrect. Simple as that...Are you going to say that Tati isnt Persian? Tats still exist today. The Tati langauge is a Dialect of Persain, just as Dari and Tajiki are. I mean, I'm sorry if this upsets you but I dont know what more to say? Its a very similar language, except if I'm correct, its an older version of the Persian spoken in today in Iran.Azerbaijani 07:13, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
"Tāt" is a Turkic term that describes the Persian people. It has the same origin as "Tādjīk" (Taçikler) and the same meaning.
The Tati people are descendants of Persian settlers who live in Azerbaijan since the Sassanian era.
Safi ud-Din ibn Is'haq Ardabeli is perhaps the most important source for the Iranian Azeri language that is now distinct. Only the Tati language seems do have developed out of it, but the language itself disappeared when Turkic languages started to dominate the region during the reign of the White and Black Sheep Turcoman confederations. Safi ud-Din Ardabeli's dubayt collection in that language, and his own Persian translation are the main source for studying that language.
Thus, the term "Persian" is correct. Besides that, the sentense is referenced. The source is the Meyers Konversations-Lexikon which is the German eqivalent to the English Encyclopaedia Britannica. Tājik 14:44, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
Tajik, I am just getting started to learn how this community works and I must say that I had rushed to judge you before, but you seem a reasonable person and bring arguments, which is great. Thanks! I hope I did not upset you :) About the word "Persian" before the name, you see, the issue is that here what we understand from Persian (just click it) is Persians as an ethnicity. And you know very well that Sufi al-Din's ethnicity is not clear-cut by any means. Clicking on his name will just show this, who his parents were. Persian, as an ethnicity, refers to "Persians" as defined in the article about "Persians" and it does not refer to others, and definitely not Kurds. And you can say that even the Tajik are RELATED to Persians but according to the sources Tajik is Tajik and Persian is Persian (ethnicity I mean of course), though their language is very close, written extremely close, but talking not that much. Anyway, Sufi al-Din had a mixed ethnicity, so let's come to a term on how to write about his mixed ethnicity, or just forget about his ethnicity and leave it to the reader to find out by himself, becasue writing "Persian" gives the impression that Sufi al-Din Ardebili was an ethnic Persian, which is not the case, and you know this well. Bm79 17:40, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
Ethnicity is a sensitive issue, and I would even support the idea to remove ethnic lables from all of these articles. Honestly, noone back then cared whether the Safavids were Turks, Persians, or Arabs. What was important was their Shia faith, as a big contrast to everything else that ruled back then. The same goes to the Seljuqs (a powerful Sunni ruling dynasty as a big contrast to the - back then - Shia dominated political scene of the Islamic world), Ottomans, Mughals, and many others. Yet, certain people want this ethnic labeling, and thus, we should try to be as correct as possible.
According to sources (most of all the Silsilat al-Nasab Safawiyyah which was written at the Safavid court), Safi ud-Din was a Persian mystic from Gilan who claimed to be a descendant of a certain Firuzshah Zarrinkollah al-Kordi). What we know for sure is that his mother-tongue was neither Turkish nor Persian, but Old Tati. But he also wrote traslations of his poems in Persian, but not in Turkish or Kurdish, not even in Arabic. As for "Tajik": the Tajiks are not only related to the Persians of Iran, they are THE SAME people. They not only speak the same language, but also share the same history, culture, and national identity (going back to the Iranian epic, as preserved by Ferdousi). Only 200 years ago, the Persians of Iran were also known as "Tajik". It just only happens that the Turkish expression "Tajik" establihed itself in Central Asia, while in mainland Iran the term disappeared. The Persians of Western-Afghanistan call themselvs Farsi or Farsiwan, but not Tajik, although most sources classify them as Tajiks as well. Tājik 19:23, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
OK, some of what you say are not recognised by others, and I sincerely don't know about, as related to Tajik. I cannot say anything about that. But somebody writing poetry in Persian is not a characterisation of his ethnicity. The most important thing must either be his mother (native) tongue and/or who his parents were. And you know that none of them were clear persian. So we shall either remove Persian which does not refer to the language with which he wrote, but to his ethnicity, as we understand today. Back then ethnicity mattered but rligion was more important. People had prejudicies towadr ethnicities even back then. It is also known how much the Kizilbash quarreled with their kings about him appointing Persian to positions. So, let's resolve the word "Persian" and I do not care about ethnicity but I care about fairness :) Bm79 12:56, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
If we remove the word "Persian" from this article, then we also have to remove it from other articles. This also goes for the words "Turkish" and "Mongol" in many other articles, most of all for peoples such as the Seljuqs or Ottomans, or the Timurids and Mughals, who did not have a clear ethnicity either.
You see, in the article about Shah Ismail I., people want to lable him "Turk" because he wrote Turkic poetry (in addition to Persian and Arabic). Yet, in this article, the same people claim that "poetry does not define ethnicity". Where is the logic?! Either remove ethnic lables from ALL articles, or keep them the way they are now.
An alternative to the word "Persian" would be "Iranian", with a link to the Iranian peoples article.
Tājik 13:10, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
I am not talking for Bm79 but as far as I know Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Persian too (I am not so sure but his poetry was mainly Azerbaijani) but his native tongue was Azerbaijani Turkic. It depends on how you define ethnicity. You cannot define it on what language people wrote. I am writing English but I am not English. It depends on what language they spoke as their native language. Beside this it depends on the parentage. One thing is clear Sufi Ardebili was not a Persian becasue theories go that he has a mixture of Tat-Azerbaijani-Kurdish. So labelling him Persian is not according to the sources. Scorpionf007 17:21, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
It is attested by Shah Ismail's son, Sām Mirzā, that his father also wrote poetry in Persian. However, his Persian poems did not have the same effect on the Persian-speaking population as his Turkish poems on the Turkish nomads. The reason for this is very simple: at the time of Ismail, the Persian language had an already established literary tradition (Hafiz, Rumi, etc), and therefore Ismail's Sufi poetry was not anything special ... The Oghuz, however, did not have such a literary tradition. There were only a few Turkish writers. Ismail's poetry had thus a strong influce on the Turcoman nomads, while his Persian poems were lost. He wrote in very simple verses, and his poetry was easy to understand. He was among the very first Turkish poets, but his Persian poetry was no match for the established, more complex Persian poetry tradition. After all, he was still a child (12 years old!)! That's also the reason why the Safavid da'wā -from then on - concentrated itself on the Turcoman nomads and tried to convert them. It'S also improtant to note that a whole bunch of Turkish poems allegedly written by Ismail were the works of later Bektashi Sufis ... written some decades and centuries after his death (see Encyclopaedia Iranica for more information).
As for Safi ud-Din: if you do not like the label "Persian", then change it to "Iranian" with a link to Iranian peoples. That should solve the problem. Tājik 17:52, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
I see that someone else had some talk and some edit and Azerbaijani immediately made another personal attack, probably wanting to say that that member was ME. Anyway, let's ignore that! I am going to change it to "Iranian" and if somebody is against it he/she can see the discussed here. Thanks! Bm79 08:34, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Re: Edits

Atabek: - This page is being nominated for Safavid topic. If you wish to discuss the Azari identity, you should go to the relevant page. Surena 17:42, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Agree in general, but then Iranian stock has nothing to do with Safavid topic either. If you agree, we will remove both references, if you disagree, let's keep them both for clarity. Thanks Atabek 17:55, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Sure to keep you happy is fine with me. My only concern is to convey facts. Surena 17:57, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
I have no problem keeping it the way, by why do you remove the whole thing? It says Azeris are Turks but are proud of Iranian identity. Do you deny that? Let's keep it the way it is. Atabek 17:59, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Make up your mind and don't change it again. Hopwever, Azaris are not Turk, they are Tukish speakers. Surena 18:04, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
I think the best rev. is by Tajik right now. Let's keep all refs as they are. As for Azeris being not Turk, do you want to deny Frey or Encyclopedia Iranica? Atabek 18:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Of Course - Richjard Frye is a historican. I rely on science when come to anthropology. Read Cambridge University DNA mapping of Azaris.Surena 18:11, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
OK, let's keep it at Surena's current rev. "With difference that they were of Iranian stock" implies that predecessors were not. I would get rid of Iranian stock wording. Because the fact that Azeri Turks are not of "Iranian stock" does not make them less Iranian. I think that's the major point many Iranians don't understand. This is not about race but about culture and people. Atabek 18:15, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Azaris are anything by Turk - Culturally, historically, and genetically the yare Iranian. However, being a Turkish speaker, doesn't make one to become a Turk, nor a Turk who speaks English, won’t become an English. Surena 18:18, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Respect your opinion, but disagree with it as Azeri person. Try to defend your own Rev that we came up to in agreement. Tajik keeps reverting it. This is not serious. Atabek 18:27, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
The current version contains stylistic, factual, and spelling mistakes. Its reference to Azeri people is totally misplaced, because this article is about the Safavid dynasty, not about the Azeri people. If you want to have the quote in the article, then place it in the "Ethnic and linguistic controversies" section, but NOT into the intro!
I suggest the following version:
Tājik 18:40, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Let's first agree on basic fact, which is also part of Encyclopedia Iranica reference. Safavid dyasty was found by Azeri Turks who were found of their Iranian heritage. Do you agree with this wording or not? Then let's move on to discuss Hindu Kush, Euphrates or Buyyids which have nothing to do with Safavid article. Atabek 18:44, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
I do not agree with the wording "Azeri Turks", because that's not correct. Although Iranica uses this expression in the one sentence you have quoted, it clearifies the complex situation in many other articles (I have already posted some of them further above, including a direct quote from Book 1, p. 240, written by Ehsan Yarshater). The Safavids were Turkic-speaking Azeris, but they were not "Turks" in the classical sense of the word, and they did not consider themselvs "Turks", as 500 years ago, the word "Turk" had a totally different meaning. When Shah Abbas came to power, the dynasty was virtually "Persianized" in all aspects, while the Azeri language remained one of the "house languages" of the Safavid family. Also read the work "Div Soltan" by prof. R. Savory (THE expert on Safavid history), which explains the animosity between "Turks" and "Tajiks" in the Safavid court, and how the Shahs tried to solve the problem. The current version - as it stands right now - is not acceptable. See also the article "Safavids" (also written by Roger Savory) in Encyclopaedia of Islam, THE standard reference work of Islamic studies and history! What makes Safavid rule so special is that the Safavids were NOT Turks. They were the first native dynasty to rule entire Persia since the Arab conquest. The ruled as "Shahs of Perisa" and as "defenders of Persian identity". They even exported this idiology to Mughal India, which served as the main center of Persian language and culture during that time. Tājik 18:50, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
The definition Azeri (or Azerbaijani) Turks is used by Swietochowski, Alstadt, Shaffer, Kazemzadeh, M. G. Smith, and you're bringing me one quote from Yarshater? Again, the fact that Azeris are Turks, does not deny their ties to Iran or their pride of it. But trying to take away their origin, is simply racism, which is useless for Iranian side, contributes to nothing but hate. You're only weakening your Iranian identity by claiming Safavis as Kurds or Armenian or anything else, because any reference that you make up 500 years after, when there are pages of Ismail's poetry in Azeri Turkic, will be laughed at. All you're doing is undermining the seriousness of Iranian references. No one is taking Ismail away from Iran, he was a king of Iran and proud to be Shia. But he was a Turk, admit it, live with it, and move on. It does not mean Turkey can claim him, but he was Azeri Turk as confirmed by majority of researchers. Atabek 19:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Actually contrary to of Iranica’s entry, recent historians such as Hillenbrand, and Canby believe that the Safavids were Talishi and Tati speakers (closely related to Kurds)’ and being the descends of Aq-Qoyunlu was propagated to attract Qizilbash Turks to fight for them. Surena 18:54, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Don't even go there :) If you want we can post there some poems of Shah Ismail in Azeri Turkic, and then you dare to find me one in Farsi. So why do you think "Kurdish" did not write in "Kurdish" or Persian? Ismail's father Heydar Safavi was son of Safi-al-Din, his mother was daughter of Uzun Hassan (AghQoyunlu) who definitely wasn't anything but Turkic.Atabek 19:01, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Iranica calls them "Azeri Turks". We cannot distort the source. Grandmaster 19:33, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Iranica also makes clear that they were NOT "Azeri Turks", with reference to Savory, Kasravi, and Togan! It clearly says:
  • "... Azari [= Middle-Iranian language spoken in Azerbaijan before the Turkic conquest] lost ground [in Azerbaijan] at a faster pace than before, so that even the early Safavids, originally an Iranian-speaking clan (as evidenced by the quatrains of Shaikh Safi-al-Din, their eponymous ancestor, and by his biography), became Turkified and adopted Turkish as their vernacular ..." (Ehsan Yarshater, Book 1, p. 240, Link)
  • " ... If one looks at the record of Iranian historians during the same period, the scene is similar: a rather barren landscape relieved by a few lofty peaks. In 1927-8 Ahmad Kasravi led the way with the publication of three seminal articles entitled Nizhad va Tabar-i Safaviyya (`The genealogy of the Safavids'); Safaviyya sayyid nabuda and (`The Safavids were not sayyids'); and Baz ham Safaviyya (`The Safavids again')[17]. Kasravi disputed the validity of the `official' Safavid genealogy contained in the Safvat al-Safa and followed by most later Safavid chronicles[18], and argued convincingly that the ancestors of Shaykh Safi al-Din, who founded the Safavid Order (tariqa), were indigenous inhabitants of Iran (az bumiyan-i bastan-i iran budan) and were of pure Aryan stock (juz nizhad-i aryani nadashta and). Today, the consensus among Safavid historians is that the Safavid family hailed from Persian Kurdistan. Kasravi's important articles were published in the journal Ayandeh, which was not readily available in the West, and, despite the fact that they were republished as a pamphlet in 1944, in an expanded and revised form, they unfortunately continued to be overlooked by many historians. These included the Turkish scholar Zeki Velidi Togan who, working on the oldest available MSS. of the Safvat al-Safa, independently reached many of the same conclusions reached by Kasravi thirty years earlier[19]. At the same time, Togan tried to lay to rest the persistent claim by Turkish historians that Shah Isma'il I was a Turk, but this claim resurfaced from time to time in the writings of Turcophiles, such as David Ayalon[20], and was usually based on the fact that Isma'il spoke the Azari dialect of Turkish, which Toynbee calls one of "the vulgar tongues of camp and court"[21], and had written poems in Azari under the pen-name of Khata'i. ..." R.M. Savory
  • "... SAFAWIDS , a dynasty which ruled in Persia as sovereigns 907-1135/1501-1722, as fainéants 1142-8/1729-36, and thereafter, existed as pretenders to the throne up to 1186/1773. I. Dynastic, political and military history. The establishment of the Safawid state in 907/1501 by Shāh Ismāīl I [q.v.] (initially ruler of Ādharbāyjān only) marks an important turning-point in Persian history. In the first place, the Safawids restored Persian sovereignty over the whole of the area traditionally regarded as the heartlands of Persia for the first time since the Arab conquest of Persia eight and a half centuries previously. During the whole of that time, only once, during what Minorsky termed “the Iranian intermezzo” (334-447/945-1055), did a dynasty of Persian origin prevail over much of Iran [see BUWAYHIDS]; for the rest, Persia was ruled by a succession of Arab caliphs, and Turkish and Mongol sultans and khāns. ..." (Savory/Brujin/Newman/Welch/others, EI, Online Edition, PW protected)
Encyclopaedia Iranica is clearly an authoritative source. But you cannot reject the Encyclopaedia of Islam (which is written by the same scholars). Tājik 19:49, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Tajik, what relevance does 16th century Safavid Dynasty have to 10-11th century Buwayyids? Can you explain this in scholarly terms, please. Thanks. Also why don't you highlight also important parts, see now my highlights in your references, looks much better now. Atabek 20:27, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Here's another quote from authoritative source:
The Shi'ite Safavids were of largely nomadic Turkish ethnic origins, but the long-term effect of their unification of Iran and fervent religious transformation was to spread a sense of Shi'ite Persian identity, emanating from Shah Abbas' capital, Isfahan. Aga Muhammad who founded the Afghan Qajar dynasty in 1796, was also of Turkic origins; but Persian society and culture stagnated under their rule, which allowed the country to fall increasingly under British and Russian economic and political hegemony until the Constitutionalist movement of 1905-6.
Anthony D. Smith. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. ISBN: 0631161694
I cited many more previously. Grandmaster 20:01, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
"Afghan Qajar dynasty"?! Yeah ... extremely authoritative ... Tājik 20:12, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Well, you have to define authoritative source. How come Encyclopedia Iranica all of a sudden became unauthoritative? I thought you loved quoting it left and right on every page? Why it's not admissible now? Atabek 20:29, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
Didn't I just say "Encyclopaedia Iranica is clearly an authoritative source"?! Atabek - with all due respect - you can't read! You proved that a few hours ago when you reverted my changes without even reading the text, claiming that "I had deleted sources".
Iranica is an authoritative source, but it is NOT superior to Encyclopaedia of Islam. In case of the Safavids, Iranica dooes not have a "Safavids" article (you may know that the Iranica is not complete yet!). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, however, does have a "Safavids" article, and it is written by Prof. Roger Savory, THE expert on Safavids history, and one of the very few Western scholars who have dedicated their lives to Safavids and Azerbaijani studies. He has written several works on the Safavids, some of them still being standard reference works. And the Encyclopaedia of Islam - with reference to Kasravi, Togan (a Turkish scholar), and Ehsan Yarshater (!!) - makes clear that the Safavids were NOT Turks. They had adopted the Turkish language due to strong Turcoman influnce (the same way Turkic dynasties in the past, such as the Seljuqs, had adopted Persian), but they had not lost their Non-Turkic identity. They came to power as an "Iranian dynasty" - in total contrast to previous Arabic, Mongol, or Turkic rulers. They revived ancient Persian royal and military titles. And they exported this culture to Mughal India. Tājik 20:38, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Tajik, it does not matter what they lost or what they gained under which rulers. It matters that Safavids came to power with help of Qizilbash, which was a Turkic tribe. Ismail's mother, Halima Begum, was half-Turk and half-pontic Greek. Ismail himself wrote in Turkic (not Kurdish, not Taati, not Talysh, but Azeri Turkic!) under a pen-name of Khatai. His first kingdom proclaimed was not Iran, but Azerbaijan. You want a reference, here is one for you:

Shah Ismayil defeated the Aq Qoyunlu leaders Alvand and Murad, the former at Sharur in 1501, the latter near Hamadan in 1503; he was crowned Shah of Adharbayjan in July 1501 in Tabriz, where he proclaimed the Shia Ithna-ashriya creed as the state religion (Richard Tapper. "Shahsevan in Safavid Persia", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1974, p. 324

This absolutely innocent reference was removed by your compatriot "Azerbaijani" repeatedly when I tried to insert it. Now you want to say that Buawayyids 5 centuries earlier somehow have relevance to Safavis, and the quote above does not?? And stop your "you can't read" quotes, it very much resembles at least one other user. So let's not go there, and try to limit ourselves to the topic ONLY. Again, such discussions are fruitless, because you're driven by POV. If you respect references, let's respect all of them, whether or not they say or do not say what you like. History is not written by a single man. Atabek 22:49, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Shah Ismail wrote poems in Persian and Turkish, but only his Turkish poems have survived. Just check the Iranica source you have quoted above. It was attested by his son, Sam Mirza, that he also wrote poems in Persian. However, his poems did not have the same effect on the learned Persian tradition as they had on the still nomadic Turcoman population of the Caucasus (Ismail was still 12 years old!!!).
If "language defines ethnicity", then the Seljuqs were clearly "Persians", because they ruled as kings of Persia, spoke Persian amongst themselvs, gave their children ancient Persian names, and patronized Persian culture, literature, and arts.
As you can see in the article Seljuqs, it's written in the intro that they were "originally of Oghuz Turkic descent" ... so why can't you accept the same truth for THIS article?!
Besides that, where does your source say that the Safavids were "Azeri Turks"?!
Do you want me to quote another excellent source? Here:
  • "... [as consequence of Oghuz Turkic domination in the Caucasus, beginning the twelfth century] the Iranian population of Ādharbāyjān and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became Turkophone while the characteristic features of Ādharbāyjānī Turkish, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, reflect the non-Turkish origin of the Turkicised population. ..." - Vladimir Minorsky, in Encyclopaedia of Islam ("Ādharbāyjān", in Encyclopædia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006)
And if you say that "we should respect all sources", then EVEN YOU should admitt that the current version is POV! Tājik 23:03, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Tajik, I provided you with source that says they were Azeri Turks, it's the one from Frey/Iranica, which Iranians love quoting, and all of a sudden start removing now or trying to find excuses, reword it! I provided you with another one, that shows he first proclaimed himself Shah of Azerbaijan, again, removed by your Iranian compatriots. Now can you, please, explain, what is this racist POV for, and what do you gain from abusing the history this way? Is it such a big deal to admit when half of scientific world insists, and every Iranian from school knows, that Safavi, Afshar and Qajar kings were of Turkic origin, period! They spoke Turkic, period! Does it matter that one of their grandmas or grandpas spoke some other language? Principally, NO, because it's not going to make Ismail write more in Persian than he did (and he wrote NOT when he was 12, he wrote to Ottoman Sultan when he was closer to Chaldiran battle). All three mentioned Turkic dynasties tried to help to build your country after all, why are you so POV racist on this issue? Let me bring you some quote, that may make you as Iranian to rethink challenged chauvinist stances against Turkic references, from the same Tapper:

The question of the origin, history and distinctiveness of these tribes is not a genetic matter. A systematic physical anthropological study of the Shahsevan and other Turkic groups of North and West Persia would probably, in my view, confirm that these groups are racially similar not only to each other and to the population of modern Turkey, but also to the 'indigenous' population (Kurds and others) of modern Persia. They are also probably distinct from other 'eastern Turkic' groups of Central Asia, to whom they are, however, culturally related. This anomaly arises largely from two processes: Turkic culture has dominated much of south-west Asia since its introduction there, while its bearers have intermarried with the indigenous non-Turkic populations.

(Richard Tapper. "Shahsevan in Safavid Persia", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1974, p. 322)

Nor is this question a genealogical matter. Few named tribal groups in the area preserve even functional genealogies of any depth, and unilineal descent groups of more than a few hundred people are rare. Throughout the millenium of their presence in South-West Asia, as their "racial purity" became diluted by intermarriage with local populations, the Turkic tribal groups have been subjected by various rulers to systematic policies of breakdown, dispersal, regroupment and resettlement. (Richard Tapper. "Shahsevan in Safavid Persia", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1974, p. 323)

Now what is that you want to prove? Does it matter that Azeri, who created kingdom on territory of Azerbaijan, called it Azerbaijan, spoke Turkic, wrote poems in it is called Azeri or Azeri Turk or Azeri Taati or Azeri Dari? Does this change in any way his language or culture? And how does Ismail being Azeri Turk make you less Iranian or Persian or take the origin away from you. Why so much POV, blocking, meaningless arguments, just for trying to get you to accept a single fact - that Ismail considered himself Azeri TURK! But he did build a kingdom called IRAN! Be proud of it.Atabek 00:47, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I am not trying to change ANYTHINg. Even Frye says:
  • "... The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers, several pockets of whom still exist in the region. ..."
This is taken from the same source you have provided. It's just one sentence earlier! Why did you just pick up one part of that and totally reject the other part?!
What makes the Safavids so unique in Iran's history is that they did not forget or reject their Iranian origins DESPITE having adopted a Turkic language. And by the way: it's not "my country" ... I was born and raised in Afghanistan to a mixed family of Kizilbash-Tajiks, Iraqi-Arabs, and Ghilzai-Pashtuns.
And do not accuse me of being racist. It is mostly you people who flood all kinds of articles with POV. You people had been given authoritative sources (Iranica, Britannica, EI, etc) proving that the Seljuqs were Persian in language and identity. Why do you not show good faith and edit the article Seljuqs?!
This article was totally NPOV until you once again started the edit-war with your POV-pushing. Richard Frye makes it very clear that Azeris - although being called "Turks" - are not Turks at all. Roger M. Savory, THE EXPERT on Safavid history (since you are NO expert on this toppic, and since you are just an amatuer trying to push for your nationalistic POV have no idea of systematic Iranian- and Oriental studies, you probably have no idea who this man is) does not even mention a "Turkish origin".
The Safavids themselvs mentioned in their own biographies that they were NOT Turks.
The problem with you Turkish nationalists is that you have double standards. When it comes to Seljuqs, Ghaznavids, Mughals (who were Mongols and not Turks), etc, you all claim that "language does not define ethnicity". So many sources have been provided in here, clearly proving that the Seljuqs (considered the founder of modern Turky and Azerbaijan), were Persian in language and identity.
But when it comes to the Safavids - the dynasty that reignited the Persian identity, united Persia after centuries of Arab and Turkic rule, and revived ancient national traditions - you all get back to the nonsense that "only because the founder of the dynasty wrote poems in Persian, ALL the Safavids were ethnic Oghuz Turks". This is pure nonsense. Sultan Suleyman of the Ottoman Empire wrote an entire divan in Persian language ... does that make him an "ethnic Persian"?! Have you EVER seen anyone claiming that the "Ottomans were Persians, because their Sultans wrote poems in Persian"?!
Just check history ... when Ismail started to write poems, he was not even 15 years old! That'S also the reason why his poems had no effect on the Persian-speaking world: he was no match for the established poetry of Rumi, Hafiz, and Saadi. But the Turcomans of the Caucasus did not have any literary tradition. That's why Ismail's poetry became so popular. Ismail Safavi is considered the founder of Azeri-Turkish literature - in the 15th century! That's more than 500 years after Rudaki and Firdousi! This is the only reason why his Persian poetry was lost and had no effect on the Persian-speaking world. Your claim that "Ismail considered himself a Turk" is totally hilarious and pointless, because you have no proves at all. And keeping in mind that Ismail tried to insult the Ottoman Sultan by reminding him of his Turcoman Beykiq origin (see Ismail's letters to the Ottoman sultan), it doesn't seem logical that he considered himself a "Turk". When the Kizilbash murdered their Persian leader, the Shah put some of them to death, signalizing his support for the "Tajik" fraction (see: Roger M. Savory in Islamic Studies: Journal of the Central Institute of Islamic Research, "The significance of the political murder of Mirza Salman", Karachi, 1964). Do you have ANY proofs for your claims?! Tājik 01:09, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
Prof. Roger M. Savory (Professor Emeritus University of Toronto, 16 March 1995; The Annual Noruz Lecture Series: 16 March 1995, Foundation for Iranian Studies Washington, D.C.):
  • "... The establishment of the Safavid state in 1501, like the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century, and the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, marks a turning point in the history of Iran. First, the whole of the area historically considered as constituting the heartlands of Iran, was reunited under the rule of a Persian king for the first time since the Arab conquest and islamicization of Iran. For most of the eight and half centuries that followed that conquest, Iran was ruled by a succession of Arab caliphs, and Turkish and Mongol sultans and khans. The only exception was what Minorsky called the "Iranian intermezzo", the period from 945-1055 A.D., when a dynasty of Persian origin, the Buyids, exercised authority over a large part of Iran. ..." [1]
Encyclopaedia Iranica (in the article Esma'il Safawi):
  • "... The reign of Esmā'il is one of the most important in the history of Persia. The reasons for this are twofold: firstly, prior to his accession in 907/1501, Persia, since its conquest by the Arabs eight-and-a-half centuries earlier, had not existed as a separate entity but had been ruled by a succession of Arab caliphs, Turkish sultans, and Mongol khans. During the whole of this period, only under the Buyids (q.v.) did a substantial part of Persia come under Persian rule (334-447/945-1055). ... When the Safavids came to power, they rested their authority inter alia on the divine right of kings traditionally claimed by Persian monarchs. ... Although his son Sām Mīrzā as well as some later authors assert that Esmā'il composed poems both in Turkish and Persian, only a few specimens of his Persian verse have survived ..." [2]
In the MAIN ARTICLE "Esma'il Safawi", Iranica is fully supporting Roger M. Savory's position: that the Safavids represented the FIRST native PERSIAN dynasty after 800 years of Arab and Turkic rule. That means that both Savory (THE EXPERT on Safavid history) and Iranica, as well as Richard Frye, agree that the Safavids were NOT Turks. Tājik 01:46, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Debate of Turk and Safavi

Guys. What timeline are we talking about? Around the time of Esmail I, the Safavid family was turkified in language, but that does not necessarily mean the dynasty was of Turkic origin. A good source from Iranica says they were originally of Kurdish origin: [3]. I believe Frye mentions this as well in one of his books, but I'll double check. Also note another source from Iranica which says the main stage of turkification of Azerbaijan was during the Safavid era when many of the turkomen tribes from Anatolia migrated there. Not to take anything away from Dr. Frye, but Savory is the top expert on Safavid history in the world and his words hold a lot of weight on Safavids than do Frye's (with regards to Safavids). Also he refers directly to an ancient chronicle and one of the ancestors of the Shaikh is Kurd Sanjani... To say Esmayil the first considered himself an Azeri Turk is actually incorrect as the dynasty was trying to make itself of Seyyed (Arabic) origin so that their rule is more legitimized amongst the shi'ite population. He had some Persian poems and more Azeri-Turkish poems mainly on religious themes for his followers, but himself was of mixed ancestry and the Safavids were trying to make themselves legitimate as Seyyeds. Note when Ismail took over Tabriz, he considers himself as heroes of shahnameh. I do not think any sort of Turkic ethnic nationalism was part of Safavids. (Note their biggest enemies were Ottoman Turks and Uzbeks). So Ismail I did not care about ethnicity. Also I do not think this the article that discusses the origins of Azeris but according to Iranica:The language itself provides eloquent proof. Azeri, not unlike Uzbek (see above), lost the vocal harmony typical of Turkish languages. It is a Turkish language learned and spoken by Iranian peasants. [4]. Also we have statements in NW Iranic language from Shaikh Safi ad-din Ardabili. Given the fact that Frye refers to the Azari (Iranian language) by Yarshater, and also the article by Savory in Iranica is specific to Safavids, there is two possibilities. Either Frye is contradicting savory (in this case savory's article is more specific towards Safavids whereas Frye's is not and also savory is far more greater expert on Safavids whereas Frye is more of an expert in many non-Safavid areas) or we are reading him wrong. Frye says: The Azeri Turks are Shi¿ites and were founders of the Safavid dynasty.. But he also says in the same article as tajik mentioned: This could easily allude to the turkomen troops of the Safavids who were founders of the dynasty. Esmail was of mixed origin (Georgian, Turkomen, Iranic..) etc. But the founder of the Safavid order, Shaikh Safi ad-din was a native Iranian who interestingly enough was also Sunni Shafi'i.[5] and I quote the article unambigously: the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family. There is of course a minor difference between dynasty and family. Safavids were originally an Indo-Iranian speaking family, but became turkified and hence during the time that the Safavid dynasty was found, they were by language Azeri-Turks which according to Frye are mainly of Iranian origin (turkified Iranians). Thus the family was of Kurdish origin and actually took pride in being descendants of Shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili (where they got their name Safaviyeh from), but by the time the dynasty was formed, the safavid family was shi'ite and Azeri Turkish by tongue. Thus Shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili is by no way some obscure ancestors but he was what the Safavids considered to be their main ancestor and where they got their name from. This I think is the key to the dispute and does not contradict Dr. Frye, Dr. Yarshater and Dr. Savory. And I think the quote by Dr. Yarshater is also another key: originally an Iranian-speaking clan (as evidenced by the quatrains of Shaikh Safi-al-Din, their eponymous ancestor, and by his biography), became Turkified and adopted Turkish as their vernacular . --alidoostzadeh 02:00, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Dear Ali, thank you for this valuable material and analysis, which I view as balanced attempt to strike an agreement and welcome such. Let me make some points clear. My point was not to investigate the ethnic origin of Safavid family, but to merely mention that Azeri Turks (somewhat of a commonly accepted modern definition of identity) were the ones who found the Safavid dynasty. I do prefer this definition of Frye, for a simple reason, for a modern reader of Wikipedia, there is no such identity as Taati or Adhari Pahlavi speaker of Ardabil. But there is a well defined and commonly accepted term of Iranian Azeri Turk, which Ismail's followers and founders, and Ismail himself to some extent were, in modern definition of this term.
As my writing may seem somewhat dry without references, let me first start off with words of Shah Ismail Khatai: "Khataida natiq oldi, Turkistanin piri oldi" -- Godhead came to speech in the person of Khatai, who became the pir of the Turks of Azarbayjan (Vladimir Minorsky quoting his Ahl-i Haqq friends in "The Poetry of Shah Ismail", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 10. No. 4, 1942, p. 1006a) Going further on, "It's a remarkable fact that while Sultan Selim and Shah Ismail both possessed poetic talents, the former wrote almost exclusively in Persian, and the latter, under the pen-name of Khatai, almost exclusively in Turkish" (E.G. Browne, A History of Persian Literature in Modern Times, 1924, p. 12). Minorsky further analyzes why Ismail wrote in Turkish, saying: "The preference shown by the founder of the Safavid dynasty for a Turkish dialence, which as an instrument of poetical expression stood no comparison to the melodious, easy-flowing, and highly polished Persian has much deeper roots. As a poet, Selim appeals to the inner circle of his intimates. Ismail has in view a much larger auditory of his supporters" (V. Minorsky, op. cit., p. 1007a). Although Shah Ismail's ancestors often had a recourse to the Iranian patois of neighborhood of Ardabil (B. Miller sought to explore the connection of this "Adhari" dialect to modern Talyshi in works of Ahmad Kasravi), Shah Ismail must have been bi-lingual from birth (and here Minorsky brings another interesting quote: "The admixture of Chaghatay forms in Ismail's poetry would indicate that he did not feel any one definitive dialect as his own, but this admixture must have a purely literary origin", p 1008a). The language of the divan is a Southern Turkish (Turcoman) dialect directly associated with the so called "Azarbayjan Turkish", as spoken in in North-Western Persia and North-Eastern Transcaucasia. Ismail uses words and forms which are unknown to present day speech, but his Turkish shows traces of decomposition due to the influence of Iranian milieu (V. Minorsky, op. cit.).
Going right along, this maybe a bit remote from topic of Safavis in particular, but it's concerning for me that some Iranian friends are very allergic to every use of the word "Turk" in any kind of discussion. Sufficient to look at several Wiki sites being Rv'ed back-and-forth because of a single expression "Turk". The objective here is to claim Azeris as Iranian, hence Azerbaijan (including Transcaucasian) as a rightful domain of a greater instance of Iran. While I don't consider this particularly inferior, I think Azerbaijan enriched a lot from Iran and its culture, nevertheless, there is a clear attempt to purge any Turkic trace of our origin for the final merger into larger Iranian domain. Let me make some points clear in this regard: "A series of European maps from the 17th and 18th centuries, for example, placed the Iranian lands generally between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Breaking from the Ptolematic tradition, these maps labeled the Iranian domains collectively as "Persia", reflecting the political unity of Iran under the Safavids. These designs in a sense helped to "legitimate" Iran's claims to those provinces, despite the errors and self-serving motivations of the cartographers (Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet. "Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2. International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, May 1997, p. 207). "Iranian nationalists considered the land mass between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf - as the heartland of the Iranian state (or Iran-zamin), though they did often nurture expansionist fantasies of extending their boundaries to "Rum" and beyond. The historical precedent of defining certain regions or domains as "Iranian", or "Kurdish" or "Armenian" endured and played an important role in the creation of nation-states, many of which correspond to regions existing in medieval and modern maps and texts. However invented these abstractions were in their inception, they are to be distinguished from those "imagined communities" not represented by territories" (Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet, open cit, p. 208). Atabek 06:47, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
Ali, the article by Frye is very recent, from 2006 I think, so it is most updated. There are many Soviet-era articles that would state the same, I'm just too lazy to find them and post them. When you mention that, "Note when Ismail took over Tabriz, he considers himself as heroes of shahnameh" -- if you imply that a Turkic person cannot be proud or love Shahnameh, you are not correct. Let's not forget whom did the Shahnameh end up written for and paid by -- Sultan Ghaznevi, a Turk (paternal side). Plus you frequently mention how Turkic people such as Seljuks quickly got "Persianized" or otherwise Iranianized, adopted Persian language as second native, wrote poetry and works in it, etc. So loving Shahnameh is nothing out of the ordinary. Turkic people are actually not as obsessed about racial issues as other nations.
You also wrote, "I do not think any sort of Turkic ethnic nationalism was part of Safavids. (Note their biggest enemies were Ottoman Turks and Uzbeks" -- that's also typical -- brothers fight all the time, like khans in Azerbaijan and in Iran, like Slavic principalities, Greek city-states, like Mongols with another Mongol, Teymurleng. Such examples abound. Also, of course Shah Ismail's mother's father was the great Uzun Hasan. So whether there was a Kurdish (others say Talysh, yet others Tat, etc) ancestor in Ismail's lineage (well, in his great grandfather's), it's probably more dilluted than the Greek blood that he also had from his grandmother. Plus, you yourself have reminded me several times that Gen. Yahya Safavi, the Commander of Revolutionary Guards, is Azerbaijani. So why is this contemporary descendant of Safavids an Azerbaijani, whilst his famous ancestor for some reason Kurd (or Talysh, or Tat)? Azerbaijanis and Kurds are similar and are brotherly, but are they the same? --AdilBaguirov 07:39, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
Adil and Atabek, the Iranica article is actually very recent also: [6] as I just discovered it recently and had it been there before, user tajik would have put it in this article. As I said it is written by the worlds foremost Safavid expert and so it it should be included. Ghaznavids did not really have a Turkish identity and they created a fake shajareh (family tree) linking them to Sassanids as did Seljuqids and etc. That is another issue. General Yahya Safavi I believe is from Azerbaijan (from what I have heared).. else there are people with the last name safavi (nawab safavi who killed kasravi) from other parts of Iran and was not Azerbaijani. Indeed many people of Qajar descent now speak Persian, since Qajars spread out all over. Shah Ismai'l named his sons: Saam, Iraj, Tahmaasp..(shahnameh names) and thus had a strong Persian component to his culture as well. Note none of the Safavids really had a Turkic name and had they been really conscious about ethnicity, they would have chosen some. Shah Esmail, Abbas, etc. were 99.9% Shi'i first and if they saw a Shi'i Arab they would embrace him and if Shah Esmai'l saw a Sunni Turk, God knows best. To bring the point that Shah Ismail I did not care about Turkish nationalism (such a concept really did not exist), his first massacare was in Tabriz where he ordered everyone to either convert to Shi'ism or die and his troops even killed pregnant sunni women.. Although I am not sure when Tabriz acquired Azeri-Turkic language (not in the Ilkhanid era according to recent manuscripts), still similar massacares of sunnis took place. (these are documented although not relavent, but just to show he really did not care about anything except Shi'ism). And the Ottomans really did not care about Turkish nationalism either as we know the word Turk at the times of Ottomans was not positive and also they killed lots of their own shi'ites. Atabek , the translation: "Khataida natiq oldi, Turkistanin piri oldi" -- Godhead came to speech in the person of Khatai, who became the pir of the Turks of Azarbayjan. I do not see Azerbaijan there but Turkistanin which usually in Persian, Arabic, Turkish means Central Asia (it could simply say has followers in wide lands). It is true Shah Esmail's mothers father was Uzun hassan and mother's mother was Georgian I believe (or Greek). But the discussion is not about Shah Esmail, but the Safaviyeh (whose name comes from Shaikh Safi ad-din). I think we need to stick to all three Iranica sources, Shaykh Safi-ad din (Kurdish in origin), Safavids became Turkified (Yarshater) and hence they became Azeri (because of language) Frye. None of these contradicts any of the Iranica article. Shah's Esmail's mother tongue was most likely Azerbaijani Turkish or perhaps Greek or Georgian, but the tongue of Shaykh Safi ad-din was not. There were some smaller Talysh and Kurdish troops amongst the Safavids, but the Bulk of course were Turkomens of Anatolia (Ghezelbash) who spoke Azerbaijani. Atabek on the issue of modern Iranian nationalism and perhaps supra-nationalism, it is not relavent to this article, but each country has it's own ultranationalist(I refer you to Greywolf types also that author is wrong since the term Persia for Iran was used in Arabic literature way before europeans). I think we should focus on the Iranica articles and other sources, but I'll be happy to discuss others matter more via e-mail, but I do not want to go off on a tanget since I think the current lock of the article is easily resolable. Also no one denined that Shah Esmail has Azeri poetry (alongside with Persian). Shaykh Safi ad-din has taati poetry(keh vinam zendegani chon karita, beh del dardeh zharam tan bi-davaayam), some sayings which are really Kurdish (goo harif jaata (Kurdish Haata)) and etc. Either way when it comes to Safavids, Savory is the world's number one authority, yet what he says about Safavids in his book (they became turcophones), does not contradict what Fry says (Azeri Turks, but previous sentence mentions Iranian turcophones as alluded to by Tajik). I suggest the first sentence be r.v.'d back to the original compromised version of long time ago and then the quotes by Frye, Yarshater and Savory can be stated. This way no one can really claim to a POV and delete others POV. Indeed I believe I have harmanized the three quotes.. As per Adil's comment, I believe Kurds, Azerbaijanis, Talysh, Persians pretty much through much interactions have too many overlaps and in history Persians have became Azeris (many families for example migrated from Ashtiyan to Tabriz) and Kurds have become Azeris(Safavid dynasty) and Azeris have become Persians (many Qajars who now speak Persian). This is because of the Islamic religion(and sects within), where 99% of ordinary people did not give a hoot really about ethnicity just like the Safavids would embrace Arabs of Lebanon and bring them to Iran because they were Shi'ites and yet would fight the Ottomans and Uzbeks tooth and nail. --alidoostzadeh 08:11, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
Dear Ali, your last statement is indeed very true. At the end of the day, all are children of Adam and Eve, and Noah, and in case of Turkic and Iranian people's, Central Asia is the homeland.

Meanwhile, we can't compare long diwans of Ismail in Azerbaijani Turki to one short poem in Tati of his great-grandfather (or is he great-great-grandfather?) and a few expressions in Kurdish. One of the reasons that less poetry in Persian has been preserved is probably due to the inferiority of the writings in Persian, since Azerbaijani Turki was more native to Ismail. Considering how picky Persians are about their language, and how much fun they are having in Iran making jokes about Azerbaijanis speaking Persian, this is not a very far-fetched hypothesis. We've been through this many times -- Kurds and Tats, and in general, Iranian-speaking and of Iranian-origin tribes and peoples represented a large segment of populace -- taxpayers, soldiers, administrators, farmers, etc., -- and anyone with leadership aspirations needs to be able to bond with them. That's why we have written megabytes in a foreign language, too, and I hope no one would go, 500 years from now, and declare that Adil Baguirov is an Anglo-Saxon-Slavic-Semite, since he wrote in English and has a Semitic name, with a Russian or Slavic suffix, and likewise with Ali Doostzadeh, who is an American (English)-Arab-Persian. You sometimes over-emphasize the whole issue of names -- whilst it was and is still an important issue for people, we can't say that since so and so had names from Shahnameh, then they were Persian or at least Iranian. For some reason the name Othello is not entirely uncommon in Azerbaijan, as Napoleon in Armenia. Or what about Meloris for Georgians -- Marx-Engels-Lenin-October-Revolution-Iosif-Stalin, by the first letters of the name (after Stalin died, the name quickly changed to Melor)? Meanwhile, I've heard for years that Gen. Safavi is Azerbaijani. Also, let's not forget that Iranian tribes are not aboriginal to the Caucasus and Atropatena/Media area, and came later -- some say in 2nd millenium, others put it much later, at about 7th century BC. The aboriginals, or at least the predecessors, are the Caucasian tribes, origin of whom is unknown. Some of them were assimilated by Turkic and Iranian tribes. That's why Azerbaijanis look different from Persians (obviously there are many similarities, and we are not talking about some radical differences). But even the turn-of-century Brokgauz and Efron in one of the articles I cited for you (or the one you cited to me) had a line about Azerbaijanis being bigger than the rest of the population of Persia. The 1911 Britannica also says that Azerbaijanis make excellent soldiers and 1/3 of Iranian army are them -- why? Can people really acquire such physical traits by linguistics? So all it takes and just switching from "native" Persian to Turki and that's it, one is a totally different man? Probably there are other reasons involved -- different and complex ethnogenesis. Savory's article doesn't state a date, nor does it show recent bibliography. And again, having one Kurd who was a great-great-great-great-grandfather to Shah Ismail does not make the latter a Kurd. Having Kurdish roots is one, but being Kurdish is another. Also, some claim he was Talysh -- in fact, I think that's what you and Tajik told me some months ago when we had a similar discussion. And Tats in Azerbaijan claim Safavid's were Tats. At the same time, Kurds were always fierce and great warriors, and this fact must have been valued tremendeously by Turkic generals like Ismail or his Qizilbash. And if Turkic people know one thing, it's the fight. Learning a local language to be able to appeal to a broader base of supporters, recruits and soldiers is important to any strateg. Especially considering that the other side, Ottomans, has Kurds too, and they should be appealed to switch sides. When these things are at stake, one can change any geneology and declare themselves Marcian -- no wonder we are still confused about Shirvanshah's, who named themselves after Shahnameh, but appear to have been Arabs who were Persianized. Or were native Tats. Or Persians if at the time there were no Tats. --AdilBaguirov 09:05, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Adil the Shaykh has at least 11 Do baytis (44 lines of Tati) and it is in their official biography. Three full sentences in Tati in at least two different contemporary sources. The Shaykh himself did not have any military movement and his sufi order (Safaviyeh) was peaceful. He was a Shafi'ite Muslim (like virtually all Sunni Kurds) whereas Turkish Sunnis have been almost exclusively Hanafite. Without going off on a tanget, the sources mentioned by Savory make it clear he was Kurdish as his ancestor Firooz Shah Zarin Kolah is also Al-Kurd Sanjani. This has been discussed by the Turkish scholar Zekki Valad Togan(see the notes by Savor) and Savory also references him amongst his sources and others have reached the same conclusion. Actually it is Frye article that doesn't state a source and also in the previous sentence it says Azerbaijanis are mainly turkified Iranians. Without getting into details of that discussion, Savory's article is sourced and it is sufficient for it to be from Iranica and from Roger Savory (the foremost Safavid expert) although he has listed references. That makes it sourced, specially since his words on Safavids carries more weight than Frye although as I said it does not contradict Frye either taking into account Yarshater and Frye. Thus the Safavid sufic order started with a Kurd and was of Kurdish origin although it was Turkified (mentioned by Dr. Yarshater). This information needs to be in the article, since the dynasty called its self Safaviyeh and hence Shaykh Safi-ad-din was not just one of their ancestors from the fatherline (and he married the daugher of Shaykh Zahed Gilani), but also the spiritual founder of the Safavid sufic order making him very significant in the equation. That is what exactly Savory means when he says the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family, since the origin of the family is tied together with the Safavid order.
As per Azerbaijanis, physically they are similar to Persian speakers of Gilan, Qazvin, Tats, Kurds and other Iranic speakers in the NW (same geographical region) and perhaps slightly different than the Iranians of the south of Iran with much different temprature and climate and also the much wider availability of meat and dairy product (the best yogurt and milk in the world probably) from Azerbaijan. Mazandaranis and Lurs are probably the largest Iranians physically as almost all wrestlers from Iran are from these two. Azerbaijanis themselves of course have variety as any large group in Iran does. Also the reason a good portion of the soldiers have been Azerbaijanis is due mainly to nomadic tribal organizations of Azeri tribes Ghezelbaash, Shahsevan, Afshar and etc. who were the military backbone of the Safavid Shahs (until the time of Abbas I) and also the later Qajars who used many of the same tribes. The city people contributed less to the military efforts. While Kurdish tribes were mainly Sunni. Usually the villages and tribes in many areas of Iran were Lurs, Kurds and Azeris..etc. Tribes wether they be Lur (very close to Persian), Kurd or Azeri were used in the military. Also I never claimed Shaykh Safi ad-din was Talysh, but his do-baytis are understandable to Talysh, Tats(note that Tati here is not the Tati that is spoken in Azerbaijan republic by some people, but it is like the Tati of Qazvin and Iranian Azerbaijan) and Kurds. I'll leave it to more than qualified scholars like Savory to write about the Safavids origin. Also as I mentioned the Safavids did not really care about ethnic loyalties as they based their appeal on Shi'ism.
Going back to the discussion. I am asking all readers to read my proposal since it is fair to everyone and also it is natural policy. It is not supporting any theory, but it is saying that the sources of Iranica should all be listed. Thus State all three Iranica sources, put the first sentence back to the neutral POV as it was agreed upon with many users in the past. There is absolutely no reason to reject some Iranica sources and accept others and note my proposal is fairer to other users, since if it comes between Savory and Frye, Savory easily has the upperhand when it comes to matters relavent to Safavids and his article is also specifically about Safavid biography. --alidoostzadeh 13:37, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
Ali, just a comment -- when you refer to Frye that he said that Azerbaijanis are mainly Turkified Iranians, here's what he actually wrote: "The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers, several pockets of whom still exist in the region. ..." Being mostly Iranian-speakers and Iranian is two different things. And of course mainly doesn't mean all or nearly all. Also, it is not correct, as majority of Caucasus, as well as where Manna and Urartu were located, were mostly of Caucasian stock, not Iranian. So quite the contrary, the bulk of today's Azerbaijanis primary heritage was Caucasian, which was Iranified or Persianized later, and then got Turkified (this chronology is according to the generally accepted contemporary reconstruction of history). Thus, to sum up, serious scholars would never state that Azerbaijanis were originally Iranian -- that's simply contrary to all the evidence that has been literally dug up from ground from Mingechaur and Gabala to Yerevan and Naxcivan. The people of the greater region were mostly of Caucasian and other non-Iranian origin. Hence, when serious scholars write about Iranian roots of modern Azerbaijanis, they simply start their count from a certain period of history. Likewise then, all pro-Turkic scholars can start counting from 5-11th centuries. And of course, the whole premise of gigantic tribes and nations being "something-speaking" in BCs and early ADs is highly contentious as not much evidence remains, and clearly, some nations likes to write more than others. --AdilBaguirov 17:00, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
Adil of course the Manna (although having few Iranic names were majority non-Iranian) and so were Urartu. But Urartu's main center was Eastern Turkey and Manna was a small kingdom around Urmia and the Medes basically Iranified them as you mentioned. And of course nations and groups change their language and culture. But at the same time, before Turkification, the Azerbaijan region of Iran and good portion of the caucus (just juding by Iranian names such as Paytarakan, Darband, Ganjah, Shervan..) were Iranian speakers and these people did not disapper, they just became fused with the Turks who were the ruling elite. In the end, probably all of our ancestors were caveman anyways. A good view of the issues is probably the many countries of the American continent which clearly have native population, but have become Spanish. The Iranian roots of Azerbaijanis of course is not just about change of language or etc. It is about Nowruz, the fire-temples, the name of Azerbaijan, cultures supported by Shervanshahs and Seljuqs, the many topynoms and thus the influence is strong. Whereas for example it is almost impossible say to find any trace of Urartu culture. --alidoostzadeh 03:13, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
  1. ^ http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3004a.html
  2. ^ E. Yarshater, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Book 1, p. 240, (LINK)
  3. ^ Roger M. Savory, Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Safawids", Online Edition, 2005
  4. ^ Roger M. Savory, "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia", in Isl., 1965
  5. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Vol. XII, p. 873, original German edition, " Persien (Geschichte des neupersischen Reichs)", (LINK)
  6. ^ Hillenbrand R., Islamic art and Architecture, London (1999), p228 – ISBN: 0-500-20305-9
  7. ^ ’’ibid’’, p228.
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