Talk:Quantum state/Archive 1

Archive 1

Archive 2

"Quantum System" is undefined

The "quantum state" is defined in terms of the "quantum system", but when you follow that link, it takes you to the "Quantum Mechanics" article, which does not define "quantum system".

201.215.210.189 (talk) 21:59, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Unintelligible

What is the point of writing an article like this? What is the target audience? Possibly only the person(s) who wrote it and a few others. It needs to be carefully rewritten bearing in mind always how the reader might be struggling. I have a 1st degree in Maths and I am spending ages just trying to decipher the wording to get to the meaning behind it. Ambiguous, careless, unclear, even illogical. Hopeless. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.5.175.129 (talk) 00:53, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Too technical

The page is nice but it's a bit too technical for non-physics (like me!). Can it be rewritten with more user-friendliness, without perhaps sacrificing completeness?

It would really be nice to see some more on what quantumphysical characteristics of particles define their quantum states.

Technical point: The description of the quantum state as formal and non-physical, as against 'real' measurements, is highly debatable. In many accounts of quantum measurement the quantum state (density matrix) is the _only_ physical reality, the results of a measurement also being expressed in terms of a quantum state. Since everything in the Universe is quantum, including the measuring devices, the idea that the result of a measurement is somehow more 'real' can only be a shorthand for the particular type of quantum state which is produced by interactions with a measuring device and the environment.

The page as it stands gives only an old-fashioned Copenhagen-like account of measurement, which by itself is incomplete and unsatisfactory since it doesn't describe what constitutes a measurement and how the system interacts with what's measuring it.

Unfortunately quantum mechanics is the sort of subject where there is no simpler statement of meaning. Quantum states are mathematical formalities which are manipulated using (more) mathematics to gain information on real-world properties. They are not visualisable phenomena in themselves. As has been said, the reality of quantum mechanics is hotly debated and I don't think anyone has yet come up with a satisfactory answer. It's worth noting that 'quantum mechanics' in itself is not a complete theory; it works best when extended with Quantum Field Theory, which makes a little more sense though is even more complicated. 81.156.75.42 11:44, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Uncertainty principle

I'm no expert but I think this sentance "Doing this, we determine the initial position q and the initial momentum[1] p" seems to contradict the heisenberg uncertainty principle, that we cannot know the position AND momentum at the same time. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 138.251.252.7 (talk) 23:22, 12 May 2007 (UTC).

Huh?!

I dont know a quark about this theme, but I will like to. I think that after this sentence: "A quantum state is any possible state in which a quantum mechanical system can be.", should come a brief explanation about of those possible states or at least some examples. And then the rest: "A fully specified quantum state can be described by a state vector, a wavefunction, or a complete set of quantum numbers for a specific system."

I agree about the first sentence mentioned above: the opening sentence of the article seems tautologous, and it doesn't become clearer until one reaches the Superposition and Pure/Mixed sections.

Seems tautologous? I've seen billiard balls that weren't as circular as that sentence! "In quantum mechanics, a quantum state is any possible state in which a quantum mechanical system can be." Well, that clears it right up. Gee, thanks. And I suppose the science of physics is the branch of science that deals with physics.

I agree that this article is unclear. It certainly didn't give me the information I was looking for. Fresheneesz 02:28, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

This article is the most impenetrable I've ever seen on Wikipedia, and that's saying something.

The tautology in the opening sentence here is unfortunate, but mostly unavoidable. If any Wikipedian can come up with a precise, friendly definition of a quantum state, then I'd give them a hearty slap on the back, because the fact is that no such definition exists. Quantum mechanics is somewhat self-referential in that respect. A state is how something is. Two states are the same if there is no way to tell them apart via a measurement. That's about the sum of it. Between this and the fuzziness of the definition of 'measurement', you'll find that circular logic is just about unavoidable when dealing with the fundamentals of QM.

Mathematically, a quantum state is a unit vector in a complex Hilbert space. The question is: What do the elements of that vector represent? Each element has two parts (1) a description of a the state of a measurable parameter of the system and (2) an amplitude. There is little question about what the amplitude means. Its norm is the probability of finding the parameter in the described state when a device for measuring that parameter is used to make a measurement. Often, the measurable parameter is simply a classically defined particle attribute, such as its position or spin, but it can also be defined at a more grossly sensible level as, e.g., a detection recognized by photon detector number 3. My experience is limited here, inasmuch as I am not even a physicist, let alone a quantum physicist, but I think a definition along these lines could be improved by an expert who would take into account problems posed by conjugate pairs of attributes and vectors that define both continuous attributes (e.g., position) and discrete attributes (e.g. spin).

Heimdall2 (talk) 22:34, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Antimatter

Could someone who knows enough about it please add something about the quantum state necessary for antimatter and matter to annihilate with each other when they come into contact with one another? Thanks!

scienceman 23:18, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

IMHO that would be misplaced in this context, this page being a general description of states in quantum theory. Matter / antimatter states are a specific feature of quantum field theory (i.e. quantum theory + special relativity), and annihilation processes are in fact a question of scattering theory (or of the interaction of the system, if you like), not of the quantum state. See Antiparticle and PCT Theorem.

--B. Wolterding 12:00, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge with excited state, and Energy level

I think it would be a good idea to merge Energy level and excited state with this page. They are all very related concepts, and excited state in particular is a trivial subset of the quantum states - and could easily be a simple section on this page. Any comments? Fresheneesz 02:35, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

I might support making stationary state, energy level, excited state and ground state into the same article. (I think if you want to suggest any of those mergers, then you have to do all of them). On the other hand, I think it's too much to merge it into this article (quantum state). Rather, this article should have a section on stationary states, with a {{main|stationary state}} tag linking to the big article about eigenstates of the hamiltonian (strictly speaking, I think an energy level is an eigenvalue, not an eigenstate, so it's not a quantum state, right? so the proper article to link to is stationary state, not energy level). -lethe ^{talk +} 02:45, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Sounds like a good plan. I don't know when i'd get to doing that tho. I'll try to start a merge of some of those soon. Fresheneesz 06:00, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Looking at the articles, I've come to the opinion that energy level should not be merged. There is simply too much to say about calculation of energy levels. So I guess I'm left considering a merger of stationary state, excited state, and ground state. -lethe ^{talk +} 15:50, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

I merged ground level and stationary state, but I don't think there's a good way of merging excited state as well - unless its merged here (quantum state). I don't see a problem with merging those here, its not that much info. And, they all fall under the category of quantum states. Fresheneesz 02:27, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Please DO NOT merge energy level with quantum state. A quantum state is a distinct entitity, with a number of observables, only one of which is it's (eigen) energy. The energy level entry needs improvement, and should state something like the following: "Multiple states may have the same value of the energy, in which case they are called degenerate states." For example, there are four distinct n=2 states in hydrogen (one 2s, three 2p). In the absence of any external field, they are precisely degenerate. They form an energy level. However, they are quite clearly not the same quantum state, as they result in different values for other observables, such as the electron's angular momentum, or it's projection. Thus, and energy level can contain many quantum states and it is not appropriate to merge this topic with the quantum state topic. I propose we remove the suggestion to merge the energy level article with this one. Az7997 19:08, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

oppose merger - Quantum state is a specific universe of physics theory. Excited states exist in classical mechanics and thermodynamics. A merger would be nonsense. Anlace 03:07, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

• Oppose merger of Quantum state and Energy level. Quantum state is a somewhat theoretical article on Quantum mechanics, particularly electron quantum states. I have recently expanded the Energy level article to cover molecular orbitals, vibrational and rotational energy levels in molecules, and energy level transitions between electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy levels, and photon emission and absorption in a practical sort of way, as opposed to a rather theoretical physics discussion (well - matter of opinion). Upon briefly reviewing both articles, I think Quantum state and Energy level are now quite different articles, neither one being very short, and both covering their own material in their own sort of way without that much overlap. However, Ground state and Excited state are rather short and could be merged into Energy level, especially since Energy level pretty much covers their most important material anyway. I think I'll make a note of this potential merger of Ground state and Excited state into Energy level on the Talk:Energy level page also. H Padleckas (talk) 05:31, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Keep'em seperate

I'm not a total science person, but I know enough to know that they should probably be kept seperate. I think the beauty of wikipedia is to have as much detail as possible on different pages. As long as the topics are well-linked, the info is accessable.

65.211.131.10 21:24, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

oppose merger quantum state is a specific universe of physics theory. excited states exist in classical mechanics and thermosdynamics. a merger would be nonsense Anlace 03:06, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Background info added

I added a link to NASA to the excited state page to help make the information a little more user-friendly. That might also be a good base reference for anyone who wanted to make the wikipage more basic/complete.

Not clear

"All experimental predictions (?) are based on the quantum state of the system and the quantum operations acting on the state. ": it is not clear to me.Sangak 19:41, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

new first paragraph -

At the outset it could be made clear that this is a mathematical description using statistics to describe experimental results. It should not be confused with being an actual representation of anything real. 220.101.73.119 23:40, 10 March 2007 (UTC)bluehigh

There are a lot of other unclear places. For example, what is the status of an eigenstate. Why should they exist ? Are they only mathematical objects or there is a fundamental low of the nature that guarantee their existence ?

Conceptual introduction

It has been remarked that this article was very technical. I have tried to fix this by adding a "conceptual description" that includes only minimal technicalities. The drawback is that the article is now rather lengthy.

Maybe there are still some aspects missing (due to brevity). Maybe parts of that description might be moved to State (physics). Comments are appreciated.

Supposing that no one protests, I would also like to update the summary and part of the second section, which are now a bit out-of-sync with the new (first) one. I would also add some details to the last section "mathematical description"; just the reference to "GNS construction" is not quite what one would expect.

In my opinion, the "concept" template can be removed now. Any opinions? --B. Wolterding 15:41, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

i think the section you added is fine, although it could be more succinct, and gives sufficient reason to remove the "context" template, the problem with the intro pointed out by Steve below notwithstanding. the neglected state of the "mathematical formulation" section can probably be blamed on me. if it does get fleshed out, perhaps a good remark to include would be that, given an algebra of classical or quantum observables, a physical state is a positive linear functional on the algebra. Mct mht 05:47, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

The conceptual introduction is excellent. It provides an explanation of quantum states in relation to classical mechanics in a way that's very accessible to a layman (like myself). In fact, it's one of the best explanations of this type I've seen. And it's even structured properly: general aspects first, technical aspects later. It's extremely frustrating to see mathematical or physics wiki articles that begin with technical jargon. Well done. RabidDeity (talk) 01:23, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Inaccuracy in intro?

The intro states, "For example, in the case of a single particle in a one dimensional box, the state of a particle can be defined by a single quantum number related to the energy of this particle." A general quantum state is a superposition of every energy eigenstates, each with a potentially different complex coefficient, so the state characterized only by an infinite sequence of complex numbers, right? Or am I misunderstanding how the term "quantum state" is being used? --Steve 21:40, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

i think you're right. the article agrees with you, except in the intro. it's not clear to me what the quoted statement is saying. in fact, it's not clear at all what most of the introduction is saying. for instance, we have "A fully specified quantum state can be described by...a complete set of quantum numbers...". what does that mean? Mct mht 00:28, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

I agree, the introduction needs to be rewritten. In general the link between the physical concepts and the mathematical objects is not really well explained. I really need to add that "Mathematical formulation" section...

Now for the quantum numbers: What physicists mean here is a label for a basis in the Hilbert space. The link is as follows: Pure states correspond (more or less) to vectors in the Hilbert space. It usually suffices to consider a basis (often, the basis of eigenstates of the energy operator). Mathematicians would write the basis as something like $\{\psi _{j}\}$ with say an integer index $j$. Physicists just write $|j>$ instead of $\psi _{j}$ and call $j$ a "quantum number". If the energy operator does not have degenerate eigenvalues, you can take its eigenvalues as the label $j$ ("the energy as a quantum number"). If it does have degenerate eigenvalues, you need to add other labels to distinguish the basis vectors (example: the eigenvalues of the angular momentum operator), that leaves you with a "set of quantum numbers".

In short, the intro needs a rewrite and I didn't do that when I found the article and added the "conceptual introduction"... But maybe I should. --B. Wolterding 09:21, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

statements such as

the quantum state of a system is a set of numbers that fully describe a quantum system. ...These numbers are called the quantum numbers of the system.

and

A fully specified quantum state can be described by ... a complete set of quantum numbers for a specific system.

is really bad, imprecise, and highly misleading language. i'd be surprised if that's common physicist's jargon. if it is, i suggest it be not used in the article. Mct mht 02:25, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

I rewrote the lead paragraph now. Comments are appreciated. --B. Wolterding (talk) 17:08, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

I think it's on the right track, but I wish there was a better first summary sentence than "a complete description of the parameters of the experiment". When I read this I think, "okay, a quantum state is how much liquid helium I put into the dewar, what brand of monochrometer I'm using, etc.".

I'm thinking, maybe something along the lines of,

The quantum state of a system is a set of numbers that fully describes the quantum system. One typically imagines some experimental apparatus and procedure which "prepares" this quantum state. Quantum states can be statistically mixed, corresponding to a experiment involving a random change of the parameters. States obtained in this way are called mixed states, as opposed to pure states which cannot be described as a mixture of others. When performing a certain measurement on a quantum state, the result is in general described by a probability distribution, and the form that this distribution takes is completely determined by the quantum state and the observable describing the measurement. However, unlike in classical mechanics, even the measurement of pure quantum states is only determined probabilistically. This reflects a core difference between classical and quantum physics.

(The first two sentences, I wrote into this article.) Comments? --Steve (talk) 18:01, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

I think this is an improvement on what is there - I like it. I particularly like the statement about the apparatus and procedure that prepares the state. PhySusie (talk) 18:19, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

• Fine for me in principle, but I disagree with the "set of numbers". (Describing e.g. an $L^{2}$ function as a "set of numbers" seems like stressing the picture too far.) How about this one:

In quantum physics, the quantum state of a system is a mathematical object that fully describes the quantum system. One typically imagines some experimental apparatus and procedure which "prepares" this quantum state; the mathematical object then reflects the setup of the apparatus. (...)

Also, I suggest "measurement of pure quantum states" -> "measurement results in pure quantum states" in the last sentence. --B. Wolterding (talk) 18:28, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

I like the "mathematical object that fully describes the quantum system" part - much nicer. The second recommendation though doesn't work grammatically. PhySusie (talk) 18:46, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Well, what I wanted to point out is just that not the measurements are probabilistic, but the measurement results. (A very minor point of course.) --B. Wolterding (talk) 15:40, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Ah! Now I see what you meant - I was reading the word 'results' as a verb and you were using it as a noun - lol - sorry. Maybe use 'the results of measurements of pure quantum states' instead - and its not a minor point, that is important to keep clear. Go for it! PhySusie (talk) 17:29, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

"In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical object that fully describes a Quantum system" Ok, I am a lay person and am not sure if I am understanding this correctly. Is a quantum state a mathematical object or a condition of nature? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tunepoet (talk • contribs) 05:05, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Accessible

I just read about 80% of this article. It is understandable and accessible. To those who worked to make this article accessible and understandable - Good job! Ti-30X (talk) 04:58, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

I agree. The article is very helpful for someone like myself who is more familiar with statistics and linear algebra than physics. Explaining often mentioned QS concepts in a language that I understand (v. the usual hand-waving with often misleading analogies and examples) gives me a good starting point for further study. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.88.4.187 (talk) 15:58, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

Quantum system

The link for "Quantum system" actually delivers the user to "physical system," and that article does not say anything about a quantum system as distinguished from a classical system. P0M (talk) 20:03, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Basis state

Basis state is red. It's probably more appropriate to explain it here than at basis (linear algebra). Briefly, the reader needs to know why a basis is needed (states are vectors), that the basis states compose non-basis states through linear combination, & the bra-ket notation for composing a state from the basis states. If my thinking's solid, the formula from particle number operator would work for all, with the ν parameter unnecessary. ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 13:54, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

"Clarification needed"...

• "Consider an experiment with a (non-quantum) particle of mass m = 1 that moves freely, and without friction, in one spatial direction. We put the particle at initial position q and start the experiment at time t = 0 by pushing the particle with some speed and in some direction. Doing this, we determine the initial momentum p of the particle. These initial conditions are what characterizes the state σ of the system, formally denoted as

$\sigma =(p,q)$

We say that we prepare the state of the system by fixing its initial conditions." <-- right - it seems that q is position and p is momentum, and these are continuous variables which can take any values, and σ is just the state, the 2-tuple containing p and q.

• "At a later time t > 0, we conduct measurements on the particle. The measurements we can perform on this simple system are essentially its position Q(t) at time t, its momentum P(t), and combinations of these. Here P(t) and Q(t) refer to the measurable quantities (observables) of the system as such, not the specific results they produce in a certain run of the experiment." <-- This is confusing. What are P and Q? Based in this description they are simply labels for position and momentum (at time t?) and not the continuous variables which are measured in an experiment, but then it says "measurable (observables) of the system", why?
• "However, knowing the state σ of the system, we can compute the value of the observables in the specific state, i.e. the results that our measurements will produce, depending on p and q." <-- Now this returns to p and q.

Does anyone know what the section tries to say?-- F = q(E + v × B) 17:20, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

There are a couple of ambiguities earlier in this article. I think they are simply English-writing ambiguities. If I fixed them wrong, then some deeper examination needs to be done.

As for

Here P(t) and Q(t) refer to the measurable quantities (observables) of the system as such, not the specific results they produce in a certain run of the experiment.

it appears to me that the intent of the writer was to speak from the standpoint of classical physics and maintain that there are real facts about the universe that include P at time t and Q at time t that (measurable =) can be measured—assuming that we do things right. Getting some reasonable approximation of "right" involves "specific results" in many "run[s] of the experiment."

At this point I have one foot on the dock and the other foot on the rowboat. Assuming that the above part is correct, then the rest of it would mean that future measurements can be predicted. But in that case it would seem to me that the sentence should have "'given as future observations of p and q", and not "depending on future observations of p and q.

I'm afraid the above guesswork is not very useful. It might result in correct sentences but obscure the intended, and more salient, meaning originally intended.P0M (talk) 18:43, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

I still don't understand what you mean by P and Q. So we are both confused? This should be notified at the wikiproject page which has been done now.-- F = q(E + v × B) 21:39, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

I personally do not mean anything by the two letters. However, I am guessing that they were intended to represent the real facts about the thing being measured. In other words, I am guessing that those capital letters refer to the realities that experimenters are trying to measure. But whoever wrote the sentences in question should be the one to help straighten things out.P0M (talk) 22:10, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Yes - that user should, but what is the chance (excuse probability/QM pun) of that occurring? All we can do is wait for someone from the wikiproject talk page to reply...-- F = q(E + v × B) 22:21, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

See http://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Quantum_state&direction=next&oldid=128407213

This formulation has been around for quite some time. If it doesn't mean anything useful to anybody now involved, maybe the best thing to do is to delete it.

The statement was written in 2007 and the editor who wrote it has not been active since 2010. No use waiting...P0M (talk) 23:18, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

You raise a good point, and may be correct about deleting. Shall we?...-- F = q(E + v × B) 00:25, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

They appear to use confusing notation in the example, it seems they should have used P(0) and Q(0) for the initial state. They should have then explained that P(t) and Q(t) were functions for how these values change in time. In this particular case P(t) is the function for the momentum whilst Q(t) is the function of position in a classical treatment. Classically, the initial state, i.e the values of P(0) and Q(0) determines the future evolution of the system exactly. The line that reads not the specific results they produce in a certain run of the experiment. is incorrect; since the example is within classical physics P(t) and Q(t) do represent the specific results they produce in a certain run of the experiment presuming experimental error is eliminated. IRWolfie- (talk) 16:07, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

So sorry not to reply... I’ve been caught up in other pages and not even monitored this one. What you say is clear and correct. It seems the consensus is just to re-write the first couple of paragraphs in the first couple of sections? Trouble is I only know some, not all, of the real meanings and implications of quantum states inside-out (yet)... else it would have been done by now...-- F = q(E + v × B) 00:41, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

From what I have read, written by some of the greats in the field, I am not sure that there is a single understanding of what a "state" is. So I think you need not be too critical of your own writing. If we can get beyond the state of having something that "isn't even wrong," then we can hope to make progress.

It seems to me that some people regard the state as something that is really there and that experimenters are trying to describe accurately, but that for other the state is the abstraction that has some tentative relationship to reality, i.e., the state is a mathematical model or a "convenient fiction" and nothing more. I believe this difference in opinion (or interpretation) must apply to the whole article and not just to this one small part of it.P0M (talk) 01:16, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

An alternative to re-writing the paragraph would be to mention the classical analogue as required in the prose of the section that follows it. I wouldn't mind giving it a stab. IRWolfie- (talk) 11:33, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Sounds good to me.P0M (talk) 15:13, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

I gave the section a bit of a rewrite to clarify some things that seemed wrong or confusing. I removed references to the previous section, the section "The state of a physical system" could be removed as it can be accessed in the history. I will try, later (I'm in work), do some more edits on the section "Quantum states" to sum up any relevant points from the section "the state of a physical system". IRWolfie- (talk) 10:33, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Good effort! Though it may be better to change the description slightly along these lines: rather than say "we push on the particle with speed", its more accurate to say "an external agent moves the particle with a definite momentum (and hence speed)", since there is a more direct statement to momentum and is more formal. Then again, its supposed to be explained as plainly as possible for the average reader. Thanks for your help =) -- F = q(E + v × B) 22:18, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

So you deleted it... That’s probably the best move actually, but it did provide analogy with classical mechanics and climaxing with statistical mechanics, to some extent, and statistical mechanics is a good stepping stone towards QM. Anyway the problem of clarification is now over; "if in doubt: leave it out". -- F = q(E + v × B) 20:20, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

I'm still planning to go over it again and provide some form of analogy but I think in the interim it is best left out. IRWolfie- (talk) 11:58, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

A question about the lead section

Consider a system with just 1 hydrogen atom. The wave function for the electron only requires 3 quantum numbers $\{n,\ell ,m_{\ell }\}$. This wave function can give hydrogen's probability density in position space and momentum space. So, what other information about the position or momentum of the electron are not specified?--LaoChen (talk)06:17, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

Those three quantum numbers do not say what the electron's spin is. --Steve (talk) 13:22, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

Note that the talk page is for making improvements to the article. For questions about the physics, try the reference desk. IRWolfie- (talk) 14:40, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for your reply. However, I think the spin is inherent in the specification of been an electron. Is there an electron with spin 3/2? I think we should delete the first paragraph's last phrase about the position or momentum of the electron. I'll send the question to the reference desk to make sure the lead section shows the accurate physics. --LaoChen (talk)04:50, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Electrons have spin 1/2. I'm not sure what issue with the first paragraph that you are referring to. If you want more opinions related to the article try wikiproject physics. IRWolfie- (talk) 14:33, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

I propose to change the first paragraph of the lead section to as follows:

In quantum physics, quantum state refers to the state of a quantum system. It's specified by a state vector of a Hilbert space. The state vector theoretically contains all the interested information the most information possible about the quantum system. For example, the state vector of an electron within a hydrogen atom is given by its four quantum numbers $\{n,\ell ,m_{\ell },m_{s}\}$, and this specifies four properties (The principal quantum number: n, The azimuthal quantum number: ℓ, The magnetic quantum number: mℓ,The spin projection quantum number: ms ).

The changed statements are supported by referenced textbook. If nobody disagrees, I shall proceed to edit with the above modification.--LaoChen (talk)18:01, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

I would strongly suggest keeping the discussion in the lead to the non-spin quantum numbers, and explicitly mention that spin is being neglected there. Most texts introduce quantum states this way, and even for hydrogen the spin states are more complicated than you would want to go into in the lead. They could, however, be mentioned in full in the subsequent section on spin states. (To really treat it in full, you also need to specify the spin state for both the electron and the proton, rather than just the total spin). a13ean (talk) 15:44, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

A13ean, you are saying that the spin of the electron may be entangled with the spin of the proton. Well, that's true. But the position of the electron is also entangled with the position of the proton. (The proton is not infinitely heavy.) At a greater level of accuracy, both the position and spin of the electron are entangled with each other (spin-orbit coupling), and with the photon field (cf spontaneous emission) :-) So I am not convinced that mentioning the spin in that sentence is more of an oversimplification than mentioning the position in that sentence. I do think that spin should be mentioned in the first few sentences, as the main difference between the technical terms "quantum state" and "orbital" is that the former but not the latter considers spin.

LaoChen, I think what you wrote is pretty good, except that it implies that all possible states are specified by the four quantum numbers. But in reality, it is quite possible for an electron to be in a superposition of 1s and 3p or whatever. :-) (I know that this problem was already in the article for a long time, it's not your fault.) This could be fixed with a small wording change. --Steve (talk) 22:46, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

Just word that it's for an eigenstate. IRWolfie- (talk) 23:28, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

If we give an example in the first paragraph, it ought to be a simple and well-thought-of example, otherwise, we would spend a lot of time covering all the strange cases. Thus, I propose to change the first paragraph of the lead section to as follows:

In quantum physics, quantum state refers to the state of a quantum system. It's specified by a state vector of a Hilbert space. The state vector theoretically contains the most information possible about the quantum system. For example, when dealing with the energy spectrum of the electron in a hydrogen atom, the relevant state vector is given by the principal quantum number $\{n\}$. For a more complicated case, consider Bohm formulation of EPR experiment, where the state vector $\left|\psi \right\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigg (}\left|\uparrow \downarrow \right\rangle -\left|\downarrow \uparrow \right\rangle {\bigg )}$ involves superposition of joint spin states for 2 different particles.

There are chiefly two very different interpretations when dealing with the concept of state vector. One is the statistical interpretation advocated by Albert Einstein. It theorizes that quantum state tries to provide as much as possible the statistical properties of an ensemble of similarly prepared systems. However, sometimes, it can not give a complete description of the system. The other interpretation is exemplified by the Copenhagen interpretation and championed by eminent physicists Erwin Schrödinger and Niels Bohr, among others. It proclaims that quantum state can completely describe the quantum system under examination.

Please comment. Hopefully, the article's lead section can be improved further, thanks!--LaoChen (talk)06:23, 3 November 2012

Each vector in one particular basis for the bound states of one proton and one electron (if one ignores the location and motion of their center of mass) can be associated with a five-tuple:

• the principal quantum number
• the azimuthal quantum number
• the magnetic quantum number
• the electron's spin quantum number, and
• the proton's spin quantum number.

How does one extend this to a complete basis which would include unbound states? JRSpriggs (talk) 07:08, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

These seem like very interesting content. Perhaps we can have a section just for the bound states and unbound states of the hydrogen atom. Hopefully, someone familiar with atomic physics can provide more content.--LaoChen (talk)19:22, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

If everyone agrees to the proposed changes, let me give it a try then.--LaoChen (talk)05:26, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Minor formatting problem

Near the beginning there are two sentences beginning with a bold-face A. The text shouldn't take this form, but I can't see where the problem lies. "A pure state and A mixed state..." It looks like something might not have been terminated earlier. Strange behavior. Can anyone fix it?P0M (talk) 04:49, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

I have tried to make the lead section clearer and more consistent in physics. Since the lead section tries to run over a lot of ground for the abstract concept which is a lot different from the classical concept, there may still be a few fine points that I have missed. I am not sure which two sentences are giving you problems. It would be nice if they can be fixed.--LaoChen (talk)07:04, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

Strong implicit interpretation assumptions

The validity of statements like "even pure states show statistical behaviour" depends very much on the assumed interpretation of the "measurement problem" in quantum mechanics. Statements of this kind can only be justified once the framework of ensemble interpretation (or similar) is adopted. A typical textbook which follows this interpretation is "Modern Quantum Mechanics" by Sakurai (who even talks about such strange things as "pure ensembles"). Unfortunately, from the point of view of people who believe that the state can contain complete information about the system (and solve the "measurement problem" by other means, e.g., decoherence), this statement is very wrong. It is the measurement setups which "show statistical behavior", not states.

I suggest that the article should significantly expand on the concept of "state" in a sense that it is a description of a system which disregards previous history of the system, perhaps making a connection to Markov processes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.118.41.225 (talk) 00:10, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

"the above example is pure"? no!

Maybe 'the above example' is ill defined but the given wave function, a bell basis state, is maximally mixed and thus the opposite of pure. The state vector of a hydrogen energy spectrum is pure though, so maybe that is what is referred to. (by Physics Grad Stud) 145.107.69.79 (talk) 12:57, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

"Mixed states" and "entangled states" are not the same notions. A Bell state is pure and maximally entangled. Mct mht (talk) 09:03, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

Thanks! I really need to get my definitions straight. 145.107.68.226 (talk) 14:28, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

wave functions are also representations of quantum states

The lead says that the quantum state has to be a vector, but as far as I'm aware that's just one way to encode a quantum state. Wave functions are also used to represent quantum states. Am I wrong about this? --Nanite (talk) 10:04, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

Wave functions are vectors in a Hilbert space. --Bob K31416 (talk) 17:07, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

Do eigenstates exist for every observable?

I’d wonder if Mr. L. E. Ballentine really said that “for every observable there are states that determine its value exactly” (outside a finite-dimensional context) and had his textbook printed on paper afterwards. If he did, then he should be disqualified because only an operator with a non-empty point spectrum has eigenvectors. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 11:58, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

It's unclear to me what's wrong with the statement, since it seems equivalent to how observables are defined. a13ean (talk) 18:43, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Lolwut? Consider a particle on the line, or on the circle, or in a box. Which quantum state “determines exactly” the value of the position operator? Incnis Mrsi (talk) 21:42, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Perhaps you didn't read the statement carefully enough? I think you know how to project a Dirac function on the base kets (but if not you can read about it here). Also, let's remember the talk page is for discussing the content of the article, not chatting on the topic. If you think there's a fundamental flaw in a highly cited RMP review, why don't you find a reliable source that disagrees with the above (rather weakly phrased imho) statement? a13ean (talk) 16:33, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

So what? James Cresser with his δ intervals virtually explicates a homebrew idea similar to the continuous spectrum, and finally (after 13.67) concludes that they… do not represent physical states of a particle. Is a “non-normalizable state” a quantum state? Or it is a supplementary construction? At last, can anybody say what exactly did L. E. Ballentine write? Incnis Mrsi (talk) 22:11, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

I can confidently say that this statement in the intro ("Even in quantum mechanics, for every observable, there are states that determine its value exactly") is erroneous, or at least ambiguous. Does the statement mean "determine value of an observable to an arbitrary accuracy"? If so, it is very clearly wrong. It could mean, however, that it is possible to represent all possible values of the observable exactly in a mathematical sense, (e.g. as an exact solution to a PDE such as Schrodinger's equation). This second sense is, in principle, correct. However, the nuance should be made clear, and it should also be mentioned that in practice, such an "exact" solution is achievable via certain routes (e.g. Hartree-Fock) but often not feasible due to computational workload, especially for large systems. In this case, methods such as density functional theory are used, wherein the "mathematically exact" sense of the ambiguous statement also becomes false (DFT represents the electrostatic potential of a quantum system exactly but only approximates exchange/correlation interactions).

Statistical vs. mixed

The discussion in sec. 2.7 presenting "statistical" and "mixed" as related concepts appears misleading. "Statistical" relates to ensembles, or at least to a partial knowledge about the details of the state of the system (as in fact noted earlier in sec. 1.1). Non-pure (mixed) state can reflect a fundamental quantum-mechanical uncertainty: the entire system can be KNOWN to be in a particular well-defined pure state, yet its subsystem is in a mixed state. Yes, the same density matrix formalism can be used to describe statistical uncertainty, but this does not mean that the nature of a mixed state must be statistical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.104.156.25 (talk) 00:07, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

Good faith edit was undone without talk page explanation

Here a good faith edit was undone without comment on this talk page.Chjoaygame (talk) 00:02, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Checking policy on this, I find at Wikipedia:Editing policy:

"Adding information to Wikipedia

Wikipedia is here to provide information to people; generally speaking, the more information it can provide (subject to certain defined limitations on its scope), the better it is. Please boldly add information to Wikipedia, either by creating new articles or adding to existing articles, and exercise particular caution when considering removing information. However, it is Wikipedia policy that information in Wikipedia should be verifiable and must not be original research. You are invited to show that information is verifiable by referencing reliable sources. Unsourced information may be challenged and removed, because on Wikipedia a lack of information is better than misleading or false information—Wikipedia's reputation as an encyclopedia depends on the information in articles being verifiable and reliable. To avoid such challenges, the best practice is to provide an "inline citation" at the time the information is added (see: WP:Citing sources for instructions on how to do this, or ask for assistance on the article talk page)."Chjoaygame (talk) 00:42, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

On further checking policy, I find this edit to the policy page. Dated 02:11, 331 August 2014, it changes the wording "With large proposed deletions or replacements" to "major change". That makes it a major change, because the context is that changes are of three kinds, addition, deletion, or replacement. I found this comment about it on the relevant talk page. The comment reads

"== Tightened the wording of WP:CAUTIOUS ==

I guess I will take the policy's own advice, per WP:BOLD, and mention this change here.[1] I don't think, however, that I've changed any substantial underlying priciples of this policy as a whole. -- Kendrick7^talk 02:20, 31 August 2014 (UTC)"

Assuming that Wikipedia policy is more or less consistent, the above quote about Adding information to Wikipedia is of the addition kind. The phrase 'major change' might be considered ambiguous. The just above talk page comment about the edit says it was not intended as a change to substantial underlying principles. I read that as meaning that the warnings about "caution" apply to "large proposed deletions or replacements", as they did prior to the "tightened wording". I assume that Wikipedia policy is consistent, more or less.

The edit that was undone was of the kind 'adding information', which is covered by explicit policy advice to be bold, not of the 'deletion' or 'replacement' kind, for which caution is urged.Chjoaygame (talk) 01:38, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Looking in more detail. My own personal rule for undoing good faith edits is that by default, such an undo is supported by a careful explanation by the undoer on the talk page. I don't recall where I got that from. If an edit is grossly faulty, then I may depart from that default, and just give a fair comment in my edit summary.

In more detail of policy (I don't want to be a Wikilawyer) I find on the page Wikipedia:Revert only when necessary:

"==Acceptable reversions==

The main purpose of reversion is to undo vandalism. If you see an edit that you're sure was intended by its author to damage Wikipedia, and it does, there is no need for further consideration. Just revert it.

In the case of a good faith edit, a reversion is appropriate when the reverter believes that the edit makes the article clearly worse and there is no element of the edit that is an improvement. This is often true of small edits.

Whenever you believe that the author of an edit was simply misinformed, or didn't think an edit through, go ahead and revert. If that editor (or anyone else) re-reverts, you'll know it's more than that and can be more conservative in deciding whether to revert it again.

Another kind of acceptable reversion is an incidental one. A Wikipedia editor is not expected to investigate the history of an article to find out if an edit being considered is a reversion of some prior edit. The rule against reversions applies only to cases where the reverter is aware that the edit is a reversion of another edit.

==Unacceptable reversions==

There are a number of things that sometimes motivate an editor to revert, but shouldn't.

Don't revert an edit because it is unnecessary — because it does not improve the article. For a reversion to be appropriate, the reverted edit must actually make the article worse. Wikipedia does not have a bias toward the status quo (except in cases of fully developed disputes, while they are being resolved). In fact, Wikipedia has a bias toward change, as a means of maximizing quality by maximizing participation.

Even if you find an article was slightly better before an edit, in an area where opinions could differ, you should not revert that edit, especially if you are the author of the prior text. The reason for this is that authors and others with past involvement in an article have a natural prejudice in favor of the status quo, so your finding that the article was better before might just be a result of that. Also, Wikipedia likes to encourage editing.

Don't revert a large edit because much of it is bad and you don't have time to rewrite the whole thing. Instead, find even a little bit of the edit that is not objectionable and undo the rest. (To do this, you can use the "undo" button, then type back in what you want to keep). As long as you keep one significant element of the edit, it is not a reversion. If a supporter of the reverted edit wants to save more of it, she can re-edit in smaller pieces and the article can converge on a consensus version that way.

Never revert an edit because it was made via an improper process. Reversion is not a proper tool for punishing an editor or retaliating or exacting vengeance. No edit, reversion or not, should be made for the purpose of teaching another editor a lesson or keeping an editor from enjoying the fruits of his crimes.

==Alternatives to reverting==

The first and foremost alternative to reverting when you find you disagree with an edit is to find a third version of the text that incorporates at least some of the elements of the prior text and the current text. Sometimes that's as easy as making the article state that there is controversy about something.

You might discuss an edit on the talk page before reverting. But note that Wikipedia does not in general require advance approval of edits, and reversions are no exception. If you believe you have an case of an acceptable reversion, you are invited to make that edit unilaterally and if there is disagreement, you'll find out from subsequent edits. (But note the special rules for avoiding edit wars).

You could also discuss an edit directly with the editor who made it, on that editor's talk page, and request that the editor modify his own work. Or convince you that it's best as it stands.

My reading of the above leads me to think that it was improper that my edit was undone without the undoer giving reasons on this talk page; an edit summary was not enough.Chjoaygame (talk) 07:03, 8 January 2015 (UTC)Chjoaygame (talk) 07:06, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

I reverted the edit because I found it largely incomprehensible. In addition to the last three paragraphs being entirely uncited, I really can't tell what particular points you are trying to convey. I understand that there may be an issue with language barriers, so perhaps you can explain here what you are trying to add to the article, and maybe we can work together to draft a better version? Thanks a13ean (talk) 20:07, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Hmm.Chjoaygame (talk) 03:16, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

How should this article define the term 'quantum state'?

I find an unsigned IP edit to this talk page here. To make it easier to discuss it, I copy it here:

"The tautology in the opening sentence here is unfortunate, but mostly unavoidable. If any Wikipedian can come up with a precise, friendly definition of a quantum state, then I'd give them a hearty slap on the back, because the fact is that no such definition exists. Quantum mechanics is somewhat self-referential in that respect. A state is how something is. Two states are the same if there is no way to tell them apart via a measurement. That's about the sum of it. Between this and the fuzziness of the definition of 'measurement', you'll find that circular logic is just about unavoidable when dealing with the fundamentals of QM."

The logical structure of the article has, in my opinion, not improved since that comment.

In ordinary language, that comment is right in saying "A state is how something is." The rest of the comment is more or less about the term of art 'quantum state', not about ordinary language. By default in Wikipedia, ordinary language has priority. The Copenhagen interpretation, insofar as it expresses the views of Niels Bohr, insists that physics must be reported on the primary foundation of ordinary language. The other leading principal exponent of the Copenhagen interpretation, Werner Heisenberg, accepts this. It is true that occasionally on this page some reference to the Copenhagen interpretation has been made in terms that ridicule it.

The quantum state is a fundamental conceptual element of quantum mechanics. Failure to define it well here makes for slippery, muddy ground for all other articles on aspects of quantum mechanics. It would be good to do it right here.

How should this article define the term 'quantum state'? Below I will offer some findings from reliable sources.Chjoaygame (talk) 02:51, 9 January 2015 (UTC)Chjoaygame (talk) 11:35, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Born

"A knowledge of ψ enables us to follow the course of a physical process in so far as it is quantum-mechanically determinate; not in a causal sense, but in a statistical one. Every process consists of elementary processes which we are accustomed to call transitions or jumps; the jump itself seems to defy all attempts to visualize it, and only its result can be ascertained. This result is, that after the jump, the system is in a different quantum state. The function ψ determines the transitions in the following way: every state of the system corresponds to a particular characteristic solution, an Eigenfunktion, of the differential equation; for example the normal state the function ψ₁, the next state ψ₂, etc."<Born, M. (1927). Physical aspects of quantum mechanics, Nature 119: 354–357.>

It seems that Born thought of ascertained results of determinate physical processes in terms of probabilistic successions of jumps between quantum states as physical objects that correspond with mathematical entities called eigenfunctions.Chjoaygame (talk) 11:30, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Bohr

"As a more appropriate way of expression, one may advocate limitation of the use of the word phenomenon to refer to observations obtained under specified circumstances, including an account of the whole experiment."<Bohr, N. (1948). On the notions of complementarity and causality, Dialectica 2: 312–319.>

Bohr's thought continued to develop long after the early days. He eventually settled on the idea of a 'phenomenon'. He refers to the just-quoted paper in his celebrated attack on Einstein in the 1949 Schilpp book. Here below, Rosenfeld and Wheeler note this culminating concept. In ordinary language, I would say that by 'phenomenon', Bohr means 'process observed and described'. He is not referring to what I would think of as Einstein's idea of a natural process that happens whether or not someone later observes it. Obviously, an account or description of an unobserved process is to a large extent a theoretical speculation. Quantum mechanics is a method of description of experiments. Bohr thinks it ineluctably involves preparation and detection as ingredients of phenomena. The preparation is specified by a generation of an initial 'state' and the detection determines the specification of a final 'state'. Sometimes they are the same. The quantum 'states' are specified in terms of appropriate 'configuration' spaces. Unlike classical mechanics using states in phase space, quantum mechanics using 'configuration' space 'states' cannot in general support deterministic predictions, although the Schrödinger equation itself is deterministic as noted by von Neumann, and a 'phenomenon' is a determinate actual physical entity.Chjoaygame (talk) 10:17, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Heisenberg

"But that a revision of kinematical and mechanical concepts is necessary seems to follow directly from the basic equations of quantum mechanics. .... But what is wrong in the sharp formulation of the law of causality, "When we know the present [state] precisely, we can predict the future," is not the conclusion but the assumption. Even in principle we cannot know the present [state] in all detail."<Heisenberg, W. (1927). The physical content of Quantum kinematics and mechanics, Zeit. Phys.43: 172–198, translated in Wheeler, Zurek (1983) pp. 62–84.>

I have inserted the items [state] to bring out the relevance of Heisenberg's remarks here to the notion of quantum state. Also the kinematics are the description of the 'state'. As Dirac points out below, what we can know is determined by our mode of construction of the artificial state (e.g. our necessary choice of momentum space or configuration space, or whatever) that we observe. That is the ineluctable limitation on knowledge of state to which Heisenberg is referring, imposed by the quantum mechanical kinematics. A quantum phenomenon becomes determinate only when it has been detected, as pointed out below by Rosenfeld. Its initial condition as specified by quantum kinematics does not determine it. This contrasts with the classical kinematics which allow a state description that supports exact determination of the future.

Rosenfeld

"It is only too true that, isolated from their physical context, the mathematical equations are meaningless: but if the theory is any good, the physical meaning which can be attached to them is unique. .... The wholeness of quantal processes necessitates a revision of the concept of phenomenon. Since the concepts which in classical theory describe the state of a physical system are actually subject to mutual limitations, they can no longer be regarded as denoting attributes of the system. Their true logical function is rather to express relations between the system and certain apparatus of entirely classical (i.e. directly controllable) character which serve to fix the conditions of observation and register the results. A phenomenon is therefore a process (endowed with the characteristic quantal wholeness) involving a definite type of interaction between the system and the apparatus."<Rosenfeld, L. (1957). Misunderstandings about the foundations of quantum theory, pp. 41–45 in Observation and Interpretation, edited by S. Körner, Butterworths, London.>

To make a definite actual physical entity, a phenomenon, quantum physics requires that both initial and final conditions be determinate. Quantum kinematics defines a quantum 'state' that supplies only the initial, not the final, condition. That enforces its probabilistic character. (Perhaps I may remark that Einstein was not sure that Nature works by preparing pure states and detecting final states as required by quantum mechanics. Indeed, it is obvious that Nature supplies only mixed states.)Chjoaygame (talk) 15:19, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Messiah

"When the system is in a state represented by a wave of type II.34, it is said to be in a stationary state of energy E; the time-independent wave function ψ is usually called the wave function of the stationary state, although the true wave function differs from the latter by a phase factor exp (−iEt/ħ)." <Messiah, A. (1961). Quantum Mechanics, volume 1, translated by G.M. Temmer from the French Mécanique Quantique, North-Holland, Amsterdam, page 72.>

As I read this, Messiah has in mind two entities, a physical object in a quantum state, and a mathematical object that lives in a function space. He thinks the mathematical object "represents" the physical object.Chjoaygame (talk) 03:32, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Kramers

"A physical situation which is characterised by a solution of the Schrödinger equation of the form ψ = φ exp (−iEt/ħ) with normalizable ψ and which thus in accordance with the quantum postulate E = hν corresponds to a well defined energy of the system under consideration is called a stationary state of the system."<Kramers, H., (1937/1956). Quantum Mechanics, translated by D. ter Haar, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 58–59.>

In the olden days they tried to define their terms. Kramers distinguished the physical situation from its mathematical characterisation.Chjoaygame (talk) 21:51, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

Weinberg

"The viewpoint of this book is that physical states are represented by vectors in Hilbert space, with the wave functions of Schrödinger just the scalar products of these states with the basis states of definite position. This is essentially the approach of Diracs's ″transformation theory″."<Weinberg, S. (2013). Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-1-107-02872-2, page xvi.>

Evidently, Weinberg agrees with the view of Messiah that there are two kinds of object, physical and mathematical. He calls the physical ones "states" and the mathematical ones "vectors" or "wave functions". The mathematical ones "represent" the physical ones. It seems he has important points of agreement with Dirac.Chjoaygame (talk) 09:07, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Dirac

"A state of a system may be defined as an undisturbed motion that is restricted by as many conditions or data as are theoretically possible without mutual Interference or contradiction. In practice, the conditions could be imposed by a suitable preparation of the system, consisting perhaps of passing it through various kinds of sorting apparatus, such as slits and polarimeters, the system being undisturbed after preparation. The word 'state' may be used to mean either the state at one particular time (after the preparation), or the state throughout the whole of the time after the preparation. To distinguish these two meanings, the latter will be called a 'state of motion' when there is liable to be ambiguity."<Dirac, P.A.M. (1940). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, fourth edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, pages 11–12.>

No mention here of mathematical objects. Dirac is referring to physical objects. He distinguishes between an instantaneous state and a state with an indeterminate duration in time. The state so defined is physically indeterminate because it it not actually observed by detection. That is the meaning of 'undisturbed'. An indeterminate state does not define a physical phenomenon, such as is intended by Wheeler in his well-known aphorism

"Had quantum mechanics stopped here, its deepest lesson would have escaped attention: ″No elementary quantum phenomenon is a phenomenon until it is a registered (observed) phenomenon.″"<Wheeler, Zurek (1983), page xvi.>

Here Wheeler is referring to statements such as the following by Bohr:

"... every atomic phenomenon is closed in the sense that its observation is based on registrations obtained by means of suitable amplification devices with irreversible functioning such as, for example, permanent marks on the photographic plate caused by the penetration of electrons into the emulsion ..."<Bohr (1958) quoted by Wheeler, Zurek (1983), page viii.>

Evidently, for Wheeler and Bohr, a quantum mechanical phenomenon is an actual physical entity, a fully determinate process, with a finite time duration, with no remaining unrealized potential possibility. Such is not a quantum state as defined by Dirac.

A physical entity that is indeterminately defined can have future adventures only probabilistically. Being indeterminate, it cannot have a determined future. This contrasts with a determinate classical physical object, which can have a determined future. That is one difference between Dirac's quantum 'state' and a classical ordinary language physical state.

Nevertheless, Dirac's state is defined as exhaustively as is theoretically possible for a quantum system. This makes it a pure state. The pure state is not that of a raw natural object, such a an atom of silver vapour escaping through a small hole in an oven wall. No, it is an artificially prepared state. Even though it is not yet observed, it is still causally conditioned by the observer, not in a native state. For example, it might have been prepared in a definite state of uniform motion in a nearly straight line if it is observed in a place in space where there is nearly no gravity. Then it is in a momentum eigenstate. It has no definite position. Its momentum can be measured by its angle of deflection by a diffraction grating and detection by a suitably placed device.Chjoaygame (talk) 05:19, 9 January 2015 (UTC)Chjoaygame (talk) 03:23, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

is a quantum state a mathematical or a physical entity?

I read the lead's first sentences telling me "In quantum physics, quantum state refers to the state of a quantum system. A quantum state is given as a vector in a Hilbert space, called the state vector. "

A reader might come to this article thinking it would be about physics. No, it is about mathematics. The first sentence tells me it is about Quantum physics, which I find is a redirect page to Quantum mechanics. There I find that quantum mechanics "deals with physical phenomena". When I follow the lead link to Quantum system, I find myself redirected to Physical system. You may care to look at that article. I think perhaps you will thereupon be appalled. Or perhaps not? In the literature I see Niels Bohr widely quoted on the subject of quantum mechanics, and exploring his views I find that Bohr's mature view put the notion of a 'quantum phenomenon' as more or less primary and fundamental; but I find no page with that heading. When I go the article entitled Phenomenon or am redirected there from Physical phenomenon, I find the word 'quantum' absent.

Finding that the first sentence of the lead of the present article Quantum state is near-enough nonsense, how is the reader to approach the rest of the article?

Some time ago I posted on this page some views from respected sources about what is a quantum state? No response.Chjoaygame (talk) 08:54, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

Ultimately, the distinction between a physical and mathematical entity requires an exercise of conceptual skills and intuition and cannot be reduced to a mere word game. One can show or exercise the difference, but one cannot completely put it into words. Nevertheless, for an encyclopaedia, such as Wikipedia, one needs to try to put it into words, and one needs to be and can expect to be partly successful in that.

A physical entity can be directly manipulated or observed empirically as it manifests itself in a phenomenon, but this is not true of mathematical entity. A phenomenon can be uniquely identified by the time and place of its occurrence, but this is not true of a mathematical entity.

A mathematical entity can be directly, though incompletely, expressed in symbols and words, and can be exercised directly in mathematical propositions, but this is not true of a physical entity. A mathematical entity has a timeless and placeless existence, but this is not true of an actual physical entity, though it may be true of an abstraction that refers to actual physical entities.

An example of a physical entity is the activity of the monitor on which you are now reading this sentence. An example of a mathematical entity is a cardinal number.

Ultimately, you could insist that this distinction is meaningless or nonsensical. Then I would say that articles about physics in Wikipedia would often be puzzling or uninteresting for you. I think the distinction is sound and necessary for an understanding of physics.Chjoaygame (talk) 01:54, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Chjoaygame, I'm afraid I'm having a hard time following you here. Could you perhaps post a wording that you think would be better so we can look at that? Thanks, a13ean (talk) 18:28, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Last time I posted something here, it was undone without an immediate talk page explanation, but with an edit summary that said "let's discuss on talk page before adding". No acknowledgement was forthcoming that such an undo, lacking an immediate talk page comment, was a breach of proper editorial behaviour.

Now, when I try to 'discuss on talk page before adding', I am asked to add before discussing.

I am having a hard time seeing how one must behave here.

An acknowledgement that there was a breach of proper editorial behaviour would be a step in the right direction.

Putting my question again here, in a simile, I am asking, is a quantum state like a football match (physical entity), where one goes and encourages one's team, or is it like a newspaper report of the match (mathematical entity), which one reads at home next morning?Chjoaygame (talk) 21:46, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

I think what you're being asked to do now is to suggest (on this talk page) a specific change to the wording of the article. How would you write the opening paragraph, for example? Of course, you don't have to do it that way, you can just as well make changes to the article directly, provided you can put up with the possibility that they might be undone by someone else. (I agree that generally one should give reasons when reverting, but some people think it's enough to wait until asked "why?" before giving their reasons - it's probably nothing to fuss about.) W. P. Uzer (talk) 21:59, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Thank you for this response.

Perhaps it is nothing for you to fuss about. On the other hand, usually when I undo mistaken good faith edits, I give a reason on the talk page (unless the edit is obviously mischievous, or a properly adequate reason can fit into the edit summary). I seem to remember that I do that because I read somewhere that it's the right thing to do. I don't want to spend time becoming a Wikilawyer, searching out the policy details. I have already posted above what seems to me to cover the matter, with no response to the point about propriety of behaviour. At the same time I don't want to knuckle under to people who disagree with your view that "generally one should give reasons when reverting". Yes, I can put up with undoing of my edits, but I expect some immediate reason on the talk page.

I think until there is an acknowledgement here that there was a breach of proper behavior, I would be inviting more breaches if I knuckled under, and did what I was bid. It seems, with some latitude of reading, you are continuing the pattern by suggesting that I should I knuckle under.

I can see that what I am talking about is not a common subject of discussion here, and so I am asking for a general response before I put up a particular proposal. So far not a word, beyond "I reverted the edit because I found it largely incomprehensible. In addition to the last three paragraphs being entirely uncited, I really can't tell what particular points you are trying to convey. I understand that there may be an issue with language barriers, so perhaps you can explain here what you are trying to add to the article, and maybe we can work together to draft a better version? Thanks " and "I'm afraid I'm having a hard time following you here." Am I being asked to give the writer of that some tutorials in English? If so, I have to say 'Sorry, I don't offer that service'.

I think my question is quite reasonable in the light of the literature about quantum mechanics. If I don't get a response here and now, I can hardly expect reasonable responses further on. My question is about the basic conceptual framework of the article. If that can't be discussed, then it is open to question whether more detail would be useful.

According to Léon Rosenfeld, a fair writer to quote here, "It is only too true that, isolated from their physical context, the mathematical equations are meaningless, but if the theory is any good, the physical meaning which can be attached to them is unique."<Rosenfeld, L. (1957), Misunderstandings about the foundations of quantum theory, pp. 41–45 in editor S. Körner, Observation and Interpretation: a Symposium of Philosophers and Physicists, Butterworths Scientific, London, on page 41.> I think it would be fair to say that Rosenfeld was a respected supporter of the Copenhagen orthodoxy, without committing oneself to exactly what that might mean.

I ask my question again, is a quantum state a mathematical or a physical entity?Chjoaygame (talk) 03:23, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

Over at Wave function, I read the opening sentence of the lead: "A wave function, in quantum mechanics describes the quantum state of an isolated system of one or more particles." A simple-minded reader of Wikipedia might presuppose that a wave function was a mathematical entity that describes a physical entity called a quantum state. Then he might follow the link and arrive at the present article Quantum state, expecting to find that it is about a physical entity. He would read the first two sentences of the lead of this article: "In quantum physics, quantum state refers to the state of a quantum system. A quantum state is given as a vector in a Hilbert space, called the state vector." He might think 'this is odd, it looks like another mathematical entity, not a physical entity after all'. Does he deserve some help in this?Chjoaygame (talk) 15:19, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

I have some appreciation for what you mean. If people always substitute the mathematics for physical reality, they will misunderstand enormous conceptual shifts such as the ones that took place in the development of thermodynamics from 1820 to 1890. Here people often wrestled with verbal formulations that were perhaps a better choice for handling ideas in transformation than prematurely frozen mathematics.

Still, quantum mechanics has a huge mathematical machine that goes with it. It's out there, and it has to be explained. A lot of it makes very good sense internally, particular when it's just math! As we know the connections with reality are hard to understand. Yet the math is often identified directly with the physics. This is a feature of the field, not of Wikipedia editors. Since the correspondence is very non-local, this tends to pull the physics over into the mathematics.

At the same time, a suggestive "physical-like" vocabulary gives the mathematics a liveliness that it would not have if it were just linear algebra. This vocabulary ranges from evocative, to colorful, to confusing, to illusory, and I'm always in favor of clarifying it. And the quantum mechanics articles are hard to read because they add layer of Wikifog to the usual confusions. For me the broadness of perspective makes up for this.178.38.123.1 (talk) 14:54, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

It would add greatly to the comfort of other editors if you would very kindly be willing to choose for yourself a suitably non-identificatory User name and routinely use it. I feel uncomfortable chatting with a number. I think a user name does not create a security problem.

I think there is significant Wiki edit confusion in this article, not entirely a feature of the field. The best writers acknowledge that physics and mathematics are distinct and need explicit linking.Chjoaygame (talk) 00:07, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

a good idea

Glancing at a place above on this page, I find posted here by Editor Sbyrnes the following, in which I am bolding a section that I regard as a good description of a physical entity

"The quantum state of a system is a set of numbers that fully describes the quantum system. One typically imagines some experimental apparatus and procedure which "prepares" this quantum state. Quantum states can be statistically mixed, corresponding to a experiment involving a random change of the parameters. States obtained in this way are called mixed states, as opposed to pure states which cannot be described as a mixture of others. When performing a certain measurement on a quantum state, the result is in general described by a probability distribution, and the form that this distribution takes is completely determined by the quantum state and the observable describing the measurement. However, unlike in classical mechanics, even the measurement of pure quantum states is only determined probabilistically. This reflects a core difference between classical and quantum physics."

Here is a modified version of the foregoing.

A quantum state of a system is typically generated by some experimental apparatus and procedure which "prepares" it.<Ludwig, G. (1954/1983). Foundations of Quantum Mechanics I, translated by C.A. Hein, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-11683-4 (v. 1), pp. 6–7.> The first stage of the "preparation" is typically the production of a beam of independent copies of the system, for example a beam of metal atoms from a small hole in the wall of an oven containing metal vapour. If that raw beam is taken as the final product of the "preparation" at that stage, the state that is produced is typically mixed. Further, the last stage of the "preparation" can be the passage of the mixed beam through a specially suitably chosen physical object, such as for example a Stern-Gerlach spin-analysing magnet, and the selection of just one of its output sub-beams. Such a sub-beam is in a pure state with respect to that analyser, and can be described by a wave function. This is because if it is further passed through a copy of the analyser, it emerges entirely through the copy-same output channel. The mixed state cannot be described by a wave function, because it would emerge riven into many sub-beams, one for every output channel of the analyser. A copy of the system in the mixed beam has definite respective probabilities of emerging in the several output channels of the analyser. The mixed beam probabilities are expressed in a density matrix.

A quantum state is characterized by its quantum configuration space,<Schrödinger, E. (1926). Ann. Phys. 81: 109–139.> not by a phase space. A phase space description supplies twice as much information as a configuration space description. In classical mechanics, it is supposed that a phase space description is available. This supports a precise determination of the future of the system. With only half the information available in a configuration space description, it cannot support a precise determination of the future of the system; this is true for both classical and quantum mechanics. This was expressed by Heisenberg as follows: "But in the rigorous formulation of the law of causality — "If we know the present precisely, we can calculate the future" — it is not the conclusion that is faulty, but the premise. We simply cannot know the present in all its parameters."<Heisenberg, W. (1927). Z. Phys. 43: 172–198.> This is why quantum mechanics is a probabilistic theory.

That's what I mean by physics as distinct from mathematicsChjoaygame (talk) 17:49, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

Ballentine (1998) pp. 47–48

Ballentine (1998) pp. 47–48, as I read it, says no such thing. The reference was introduced here. I have therefore deleted the reference. Perhaps a relevant on will be offered?Chjoaygame (talk) 05:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Small edit

After my edit:

As a consequence, the quantum state of a particle with spin is described by a vector-valued wave function with values in C^2S+1. Equivalently, it is represented by a complex-valued function of four variables: one discrete quantum number variable (for the spin) is added to the usual three continuous variables (for the position in space).

We speak of a (spinor-valued) wave function from R^3 to C^(2S+1) in the first sentence. We speak of a (complex-valued) wave function from {-S,...,S} x R^3 to C, in the second sentence. Remarkably, these are equivalent. 178.38.123.1 (talk) 11:48, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

'represent' has a special technical meaning in this topic and the word is not suitable for its former place in the lead

Dirac writes in his preface "For this reason I have chosen the symbolic method, introducing the representatives later merely as an aid to practical calculation." It could confuse a new reader to find the word 'represent' used in the lead as it was till now.

I have replaced the former sentence with "A pure quantum state may be designated by a vector, called a state vector, in a Hilbert space."

It is not easy to find the perfect word for where I have written 'designated'. Other candidates might be 'symbolized', 'formulated', 'denoted', 'presented', 'signified', 'expressed'. Dirac writes "In the accurate mathematical theory each translational state is associated with one of the wave functions of ordinary wave optics." In the present article one finds "pure quantum states correspond to vectors in a Hilbert space." I think 'designated' may be the best option where I have used it. Perhaps "corresponds" is better?

I have written "may be designated" because there are other important ways of presenting states, such as explicit wave functions, and elements of a C* algebra.Chjoaygame (talk) 15:18, 25 December 2015 (UTC)

"All the same the mathematics is only a tool and one should learn to hold the physical ideas in one's mind without reference to the mathematical form. In this book I have tried to keep the physics to the forefront, by beginning with an entirely physical chapter and in the later work examining the physical meaning underlying the formalism wherever possible."

Silly old Dirac.Chjoaygame (talk) 13:22, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

Wavefunction equation does not work

In Quantum state#Basis states of one-particle systems, the wavefunction definition

$\psi (\mathbf {r} )\equiv \langle \mathbf {r} |\psi \rangle$

does not work for orthonormality conditions

1. $\mathbf {r} _{1}\neq \mathbf {r} _{2}\Rightarrow \langle \mathbf {r} _{1}|\mathbf {r} _{2}\rangle =0$ (orthogonality),
2. $\langle \mathbf {r} |\mathbf {r} \rangle =1$ (normalization).

It seems that the normalization condition has to be replaced with

2'. $\int \langle \mathbf {r} '|\mathbf {r} \rangle \mathrm {d} ^{3}\mathbf {r} '=1,$

which means that $\langle \mathbf {r} |\mathbf {r} \rangle =\infty .$ Like a Dirac pulse... Petr Matas 14:57, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Yes, certainly. One has

$\langle \mathbf {r} |\mathbf {r'} \rangle =\mathbf {r'} (\mathbf {r} )=\delta (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r'} )$

(with slight stretching of notation in the second step). This can be motivated by demanding

$|\mathbf {r} \rangle \langle \mathbf {r} |=I,$

where I is the unit operator (completeness relation). I think that this should rather go into wave function than here. YohanN7 (talk) 12:16, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

Scalar product vs. inner product

To editor Chjoaygame: (In response to diff/697869911) I think that inner product is a more appropriate term, because it generalizes the scalar product to abstract vector spaces over (possibly complex) fields. The scalar product applies only to euclidean spaces. Petr Matas 14:24, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

As I read it, Wikipedia posts what reliable sources say, in context. The sub-section is headed Bra–ket notation. Dirac would have a fair chance of being a reliable source on this topic. As cited, he says "scalar product". So do Gottfried and Yan (2003).

Weinberg (2013) also speaks of the "scalar product", as does Messiah (1961). Also, mostly Auletta, Fortunato, and Parisi (2009). Ballentine (1998) sees 'inner' and 'scalar' as alternatives. Beltrametti and Cassinelli (1982) speak of the "scalar" product. As do Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu, and Laloë, F. (1973/1977). And Jauch (1968). And Zettili (2009).

Robinett (2006) mixes Dirac notation with the ψ(x, t) notation, and uses "inner product".

Some authors who do not use the Dirac bra–ket notation, such as Von Neumann (1932/1955) and Schiff (1949), though not Weinberg, use "inner product".

Perhaps a further survey of sources may be needed?Chjoaygame (talk) 17:41, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

:D   I don't think so, your sourcing is clear. But that means that the "scalar product" from all these citations is actually described in the article inner product. Shouldn't it be merged with scalar product then? Petr Matas 18:52, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

It is outside my scope to consider such a merge. There is a difference between an inner product and a 'scalar product' as the term is used in the present context. An inner product is between two vectors of the same space. The present 'scalar product' is between vectors from a space and its dual space; these two spaces in the present case are isomorphic.Chjoaygame (talk) 19:05, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

Shouldn't $\langle \phi |\psi \rangle$ be read either as a scalar product between two vectors of the same space, or as a functional acting on a vector, but never as a scalar product between a functional and a vector? Petr Matas 21:41, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

By the mathematics books, you have to be right. But the context is physics as found in sources.Chjoaygame (talk) 22:11, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

Measurement interpretations

To editor Chjoaygame: (In response to diff/698132139) Isn't a 1928 article too old to dispel concerns about alternative interpretations, which could be proposed later? Petr Matas 06:15, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

In a word, no. Nobody who has a reasonable knowledge of quantum mechanics doubts that "measurement" usually disturbs the system. If you think you know of some exception to this, please say so. Interpretive questions are asked about the nature of the disturbance, but not about its universally usual existence.Chjoaygame (talk) 09:39, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

My knowledge is quite shallow here. I was thinking of something like the observer being part of the observed system, but I guess there would be nothing to be called a "measurement" then. Skimming through Quantum measurement convinced me that you are right. Petr Matas 11:42, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

User:Petr Matas is right. We should primarily use secondary sources and secondarily primary sources. Optimally, we have both. YohanN7 (talk) 11:49, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

edit undone without edit summary or talk page comment

Editor YohanN7 has here in effect undone a fair post by me. He made no edit summary and no talk page comment.Chjoaygame (talk) 15:25, 29 March 2016 (UTC)