Talk:Oraculology

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I am posting unsourced sections Immanuelle 💗 (please tag me) 20:34, 23 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Relationship with related disciplines

At the time of the discovery of the oracle bones, Chinese historical scholarship was in a period of transition from traditional to modern scholarship. In the context of the May Fourth New Culture Movement, oracle bones and Yin Shang archaeology promoted the reconstruction of Chinese ancient history. It promoted the development of history, linguistics and philology, ancient ethnology, ancient history of science and technology, and other related disciplines, providing new research topics, research materials, and research methods for these disciplines. At the same time, it also absorbed the research results of these disciplines, and there is a close interactive development between oracle bones science and these related disciplines. Immanuelle 💗 (please tag me) 20:34, 23 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Development history

Since the discovery of oracle bones in 1899 Wang Yirong, the history of oracle bones can be roughly divided into three periods. During the period from October 1928 to July 7, 1937, when the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression broke out, orthopaedic research came to a standstill. During the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese government restarted the excavation of the Yin ruins in Anyang, which was the "period of deep development" of orthopaedics; during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1969, field research in orthopaedics was again halted; in 1978, Deng Xiaoping and other leaders approved the establishment of the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping and other leaders approved the establishment of the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

Drafting period

Between 1899 and 1900, Wang Yirong searched for oracle bones with characters in Beijing pharmacies and purchased more than a thousand pieces from antique dealers such as Fan Weiqing. A small portion was given to the Tianjin New Book Institute, and another portion was compiled by Tang Lan as the Tianlangge Oracle Bone Cun (simplified as "Heaven"). Liu Oei's collection of oracle bones began in 1901, and by the time he acquired Wang's oracle bones in 1903, there were more than 5,000 oracle bones with characters. In 1903, Liu Oei published "Tie Yun Zang Gui" (Iron). 1908, Luo Zhenyu learned from the antique dealer Fan Weiqing that the real location of the oracle bones was in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province, and sent his brother Luo Zhenchang to Xiaotun, Anyang three times to search for oracle bones. In 1910, Luo personally led a group to collect oracle bones from Xiaotun, Anyang, and compiled them into a book. 1911 saw the publication of Yinxu Shuji (before), 1914 saw the publication of Yinxu Shuji Essence (Essence), 1915 saw the publication of Tieyun Zanggui Yu (After), and 1916 saw the publication of Yinxu Shuji Postscript (After). During this period, scholars such as Luo Zhenyu, Guo Moruo, and Wang Guowei discovered the names of more than thirty emperors and more than one hundred names of places and states from the Shang dynasty between Shangjia and Wen Wu Ding, and recognized the laws of the same edition of sacrifices, the sequence of emperors, and the weekly sacrifices, which laid a solid foundation for the development of oracle bone studies in the later period. The development of the later oracle bone science has laid a solid foundation.

Development Period

During the "Golden Decade" when the Nationalist government laid down its capital in Nanjing, Academia Sinica conducted fifteen excavations at Anyang Yinxu.

From October 13 to October 30, 1928, 854 pieces of oracle bones with characters were unearthed
From March 17 to May 10, 1929, 740 pieces of oracle bones with characters were unearthed
From October 7 to October 21 and November 15 to December 12, 1929, 3,012 pieces of oracle bones with characters were unearthed
782 pieces of oracle bones with characters were unearthed from February 21 to May 12, 1931
381 pieces of oracle bones with characters were unearthed from November 7 to December 19, 1931
From April 1, 1932 to May 31, 1932, only 1 oracle bone with characters was excavated and a building site was found
From October 19, 1932 to December 15, 1932, 29 pieces of oracle bones with characters were excavated
From October 20 to December 25, 1933, 257 pieces of oracle bones with characters were excavated
From March 9 to May 31, 1934, 450 pieces of lettered oracle bones were excavated and 42 pieces were purchased from farmers.
From October 3 to December 30, 1934, excavation work on the Shang dynasty king's tomb at Houjia Northwest Heights near Yinxu (no new oracle bones were found in the 10th to 12th excavations)
March 15 to June 15, 1935
September 5 to December 16, 1935
From March 18 to June 24, 1936, the famous "YH127 pit" was discovered, containing 17,096 pieces of characterized oracle bones, for a total of 17,804 pieces of characterized oracle bones recovered during the excavations
From September to December 31, 1936, only 2 pieces of oracle bones with characters were excavated
From March 16 to June 19, 1937, 599 pieces of oracle bones with characters were unearthed.

The oracle bones collected from the first to the ninth excavations were compiled and interpreted by Dong Zuobin.

Civil War of Resistance

The outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War on July 7, 1937 forced the cessation of China's independent oracle bone research. During the occupation of Anyang in Henan by the Japanese invasion forces, a few Japanese scholars led excavation work by archaeological teams, as well as some grave robbers who sent thousands of oracle bones overseas or passed them into private collections. After the victory of the war in 1945, Hu Houxuan personally traveled between the north and the south of China to collect thousands of oracle bones and compiled them into a book called "Six Records of the Oracle Bones" (simplified as "Six").

Period of deep and comprehensive development

In the spring of 1950, the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences of the People's Republic of China was established. In 1953, two pieces of oracle bones with characters were excavated in Dasikong village. 1 piece of oracle bones with characters was excavated in the southeast of Xiaotun village from August 18 to October 23, 1955. 1 piece of oracle bones with characters was excavated in August 1957. 1 piece of oracle bones with characters was excavated in 1958. 2 pieces of oracle bones with characters were excavated in 1959. 1 piece of oracle bones with characters was excavated in 1961. From March to December 1973, 4,805 pieces of oracle bones with characters were excavated at Xiaotunandi and compiled into "Xiaotunandi oracle bones" (simplified as "Tunnan"). The oracle bones are rich in content, covering rituals, agriculture, field hunting, conquests, celestial signs, and other aspects. It includes many new words, names of people, places, chaste people, and names of the state. The content of Tunnan is often quoted by scholars. 1 piece of oracle bone with characters was excavated in 1974, 3 pieces of oracle bone with characters in 1985, 8 pieces of oracle bone with characters in 1986, 294 pieces of oracle bone with characters in 1989, and 689 pieces of oracle bone with characters in 1991 at Huadongdi ("91 Huadong H3"). In October 1991, 5 pieces of character oracle bones were excavated, 228 pieces of character oracle bones were excavated from June to August 2002, 1 piece of character oracle bones was excavated from March to August 2004, and the contents were stem and branch tables. 6495 pieces of character oracle bones were excavated from 1950 to 2004.

In the 1950s, oracle bones from the Western Zhou period and the Zhou Yuan culture ("Zhou Yuan divination") were found in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Beijing, Hebei, and Henan, giving rise to the subdiscipline "Western Zhou oracle bone study"^[1]。 Immanuelle 💗 (please tag me) 20:35, 23 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]

References

^ Wang, Yuxin; 王宇信 (2010). Jia gu xue dao lun = History of China historiography. Jianzhen Wei, 魏建震 (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. ISBN 978-7-5004-8878-1. OCLC 690131145.

Materials Science

Proofreading 校重

In the early days of oracle bone discovery, collectors competed to publish oracle bone topos, and the oracle bones were passed around, changing hands once and being recorded once, causing the oracle bone divination to reappear in the book of records, which caused inconvenience to later oracle bone scholars. The Oracle Bone Collection did the proofreading work for more than 60 kinds of records, and found more than 6,000 re-flakes, and the re-flakes appeared more than 14,000 times in the book of records.

Identifying forgeries

After the discovery of oracle bones, the value of oracle bones (especially oracle bones with characters) multiplied due to the large number of requests from collectors, and then some profit-seekers began to pseudo-carve oracle bones. The earliest known pseudo-carved oracle bones appeared in 1900, the year after Wang Yirong discovered them. 57-1, 84-1, 130-1, 254-1, 256-1 of the five pieces of oracle bones in Liu Oi's "Tie Yun Zang Gui" published in 1903 are pseudo-carved. Some of the pseudocarved oracle bones have also been circulated overseas. The work of identifying forged oracle bones can be done mainly from two aspects: text and diction. Immanuelle 💗 (please tag me) 20:36, 23 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Staging

In 1928, the Canadian oracle scholar James Mellon Menzies proposed in the preface to his unpublished manuscript of the "Post-Yinxu Divination" that the oracle bones be staged according to the title of the sacrificial emperor in the divination and the font and style of the oracle bones, and that the oracle bones be divided into two phases before and after the A drawer and C drawer. Later, Dong Zuobin mentioned the importance of identifying the chaste people and the staging of oracle bones by chaste people in his article "Examples of oracle bones in the study of the dynasty" in 1933, which proposed the "five stages of staging" and "ten criteria" still in use today ".

Phase I, Wu Ding and his first four kings
The second period, Zu Geng and Zu Jia, the two kings
The third period, (Gang Xin), Kang Ding two kings
Fourth period, Wu B, Wen Ding two kings
The fifth period, Di Yi, (Di Xin) two kings

In 1956, Chen Mengjia refined Dong's five-phase division in his Review of the Yin Void Divination, proposing "three criteria" and "nine phases". "nine stages of division".

1st Early

Wu Ding divination
Zugeng divination
Zu Jia divination
GG divination

Second, the middle period

Kangding divination
Wu Yi divination
Wen Ding divination

Third and Late Period

Diyi divination
Dixin divination

As early as when Dong was writing "The Case of the Oracle Bone Broken Generation", he proposed "The Mystery of Wen Wu Ding Divination".Later on, scholars discovered that both the king's power and the many sons' power were internally composed of several "chaste people" who specialized in rituals and divination work, called "X group".The royal family is divided into five groups and the polygamous family is divided into five groups.After Chen Mengjia organized them, he grouped them into three groups of divinations: the 㠯 group, the 子 group, and the 午 group. They are called "Group 甲", "Group 乙", and "Group 丙" in The Collected Oracle Bone Writings.Li Xueqin added to nine more groups: "宾 group", "㠯 group", "子 group", "几几 group", "出 group", "历group", "无 group", "何 group", and "黄 group".At the same time, the "two major systems of divination" are proposed: one system is the development of the 宾 group of divination into the 出 group, the 何 group, and the 黄 group; the other system is the development of the 㠯 group into the 历 group and the 无名 (Nameless) group.^[1]。Immanuelle 💗 (please tag me) 20:36, 23 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]

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[:0-1] Wang, Yuxin; 王宇信 (2010). Jia gu xue dao lun = History of China historiography. Jianzhen Wei, 魏建震 (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. ISBN 978-7-5004-8878-1. OCLC 690131145.

[:0-2] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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