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Miguel Irigaray Gorria
Miguel Irigaray.jpg
Born1850
Peralta, Spain
Died1903
Málaga, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationlawyer
Known forpolitician
Political partyCarlism

Miguel Irigaray Gorria (1850-1903) was a Spanish Carlist politician from Navarre. His career climaxed during 3 terms in Congreso de los Diputados, the lower chamber of the Cortes; in 1896-1898 (from Tudela), 1901-1903 (from Aoiz) and 1903 (again from Aoiz); his bids of 1886, 1891, 1893 and 1898 were unsuccessful. During his service he was recognized principally as an ardent opponent of governmental secularization policy, who in numerous parliamentarian addresses spoke in favor of the Church - especially religious orders – and who demanded that the constitutionally guaranteed religious liberty be abolished.

Family and youth

[edit]
Peralta, around 1850

The family of Irigaray[1] is of Basque origin;[2] in the early modern era one branch settled in southern Navarre, in the area along the Ebro known as Ribera Alta. The first Irigaray was baptized in the town of Peralta[3] in 1620;[4] six generations followed until the great-grandfather of Miguel, Juan Irigaray Cerdán (born 1740)[5] and then his grandfather Sebastián Irigaray Alemán (born 1770) were recorded in the local parish documents; their status and social position is not clear.[6] The father of Miguel, Anselmo Irigaray Iturbide (1804-1885),[7] was also born in Peralta.[8] In the press or in historiography he was referred to as “propietario”[9] or “ganadero".[10] As the owner of some 9,5 hectares near the village of Azagra he counted in-between modest landholders[11] and well-off farmers in the county.[12] He specialized in breeding of sheep; in the late 1850s his flock was about 900 animals.[13] Between the mid-1850s and the mid-1860s he served in the local ayuntamiento, and in 1866-1867 he was the alcalde of Peralta.[14]

Anselmo married a local girl 24 years his junior, Eusebia Gorria Irigaray, descendant to a Gorria family which has been long inter-marrying with the Irigarays.[15] The couple lived on the family estate in Peralta and had 8 children, 6 boys and 2 girls, born between 1849 and 1866.[16] Miguel was their second oldest child and the second oldest son. In 1862 and at the age of 12 he entered Seminario Conciliar de Pamplona as a start of his religious career. He was an excellent student who gathered meritissimus marks as sort of routine; however, at unspecified time though probably in the late 1860s he resigned the ecclesiastic path, reportedly because of his poor health.[17] At the outbreak of the Third Carlist War he joined the legitimist ranks and served in Carlist administrative structures in Navarre; he is referred to as secretario of “Junta ó Diputación carlista”,[18] “Junta de Guerra”[19] or “Junta Gubernativa de Navarra”.[20]

Universidad Central, 19th. c.
Universidad Central, 19th. c.

After the Carlist defeat Irigaray opted for a career in law. Following the period of self-learning in 1877 he obtained the baccalaureate with an unspecified, probably Navarrese institution; he than moved to Madrid, passed most exams at Universidad Central[21] and graduated in civil and canonical law in 1878,[22] issued the appropriate ministerial certificate in 1879.[23] In 1883 or 1884[24] Irigaray married María Marco Buelta, descendant to a well-known Marco family from Valle de Roncal.[25] Her father, Francisco León Marco Mayo,[26] was a recognized notary in the mountainous town of Uztarróz.[27] Close to nothing is known about the marriage, except that it lasted at least until 1892.[28] The couple settled in Peralta, but either in the late 1880s[29] or in the early 1890s[30] they moved to Madrid. It is neither known whether the couple had any children; contrary to the custom of the era Irigaray’s obituary notes did not refer either to his wife or to any descendants. Irigaray’s brother Eusebio in the early 20th century served as the mayor of Peralta.[31]

In Carlist structures

[edit]
Carlist standard

Exact years of Irigaray’s service in the Carlist administration in the 1870s are not clear. In the early 1880s the movement was stalled in stagnation with no formal structures operational in Navarre; nothing is known of Irigaray's activities in regional Traditionalist ranks of the time. In 1888 he retained loyalty to the claimant Carlos VII as he did not join the rebel Nocedalistas; instead, he engaged in the party Navarrese propaganda.[32] Upon his move to Madrid in 1890 Irigaray immediately emerged as one of key personalities of the local círculo; the same year he became secretary general of its Junta Directiva, presided by the nationwide party leader, Marqués de Cerralbo.[33]

In the early and mid-1890s Irigaray remained quite active in the Madrid Carlist organisation. He was noted as protagonist during public events, e.g. the 1893 funeral service to the late Doña Margarita[34] or acting as member of comision organizadora of Mártires de la Tradición in 1896.[35] Though there were 3 vice-presidents, it was Irigaray who with Cerralbo co-presided some close-door Traditionalist sessions in Madrid[36] and was privileged to take to the floor right after the Jefé Delegado.[37] He emerged as expert particularly competent in maritime and economic issues, delivering lectures on commercial and business questions to his fellow party members;[38] the bottom line was that Liberal rules were responsible for economic decline and were systematically driving the country towards disaster.[39]

Carlos VII and Cerralbo
Carlos VII and Cerralbo

Irigaray did not enter the nationwide Carlist executive, Junta Nacional, and there is neither any information on his membership in the regional party Castillian command. However, as member of the Madrid party leadership and as a person on good terms with Cerralbo he had the opportunity to take part in gathering of the nationwide Carlist command layer.[40] It is known that he took part in decision-making process for the organisation nationwide, e.g. discussing the question of abstaining from general elections in 1899.[41] Within some Carlist initiatives he also stood as the representative of Navarrese organisation in the capital.[42] On exceptional basis he was seen beyond the capital and Navarre, e.g. in Manresa.[43] In the late 1890s Irigaray grew to vice-president of the Madrid círculo (presided by Conde de Casasola), effectively the second in command for the party organisation in the capital.[44]

It is not clear what was Irigaray’s position as to the conflict between the insurgent and conciliatory factions within the party, increasingly visible in the late 1890s. He remained at excellent terms with Cerralbo[45] and his statements in public suggest full alignement with the official strategy;[46] he declared that colonial trouble was the result of Liberal mismanagement, that the Carlists for the time being were not gearing up to violent action, that they would do nothing which might endanger Spanish national interest, and that they had full trust in Carlos VII.[47] When in wake of the emergent internal crisis Cerralbo resigned Irigaray was also on very good terms with his successor, Matías Barrio y Mier.[48]

Propagandist and publisher

[edit]
El Arga

Already during his early teens in 1865 Irigaray was signing various Traditionalism-flavored open letters;[49] as an older teenager he was active in Juventud Católica in Peralta, delivering addresses and lectures on various topics.[50] Once back from his academic spell in Madrid, in the late 1870s and the early 1880s he engaged in Basque cultural initiatives, and this is despite near-extinction of Basque language in the Navarrese Ribera.[51] He entered Asociación Euskara and tried to animate El Arga, a cuatro-weekly of fuerista-vasquista profile; he has contributed to the periodical, which proved rather short lived; it focused on promotion of Basque culture and apart from avocating local fueros, it steered clear of advancing any political agenda.[52] Nothing is known of further Irigaray’s engagement in Basque questions, though the family felt Basque and his siblings cultivated Basque cultural threads. In the late 1880s Irigaray was rather active as a lobbyist on part of Navarrese wine growers,[53] e.g. during a Madrid conference on economic crisis.[54]

The year of 1888 produced breakup in Carlist structures; supporters of Ramón Nocedal left to form their own organization and they soon became known as the Integrists. Irigaray was not listed as a protagonist of the strife. However, the key Carlist Navarrese daily El Tradicionalista, issued in Pamplona, sided with the breakaways. Deprived of their own press platform, the loyalists decided to launch their own periodical; it was named La Lealtad Navarra. Irigaray was among these who contributed to its emergence; he was later also one of the contributors to La Lealtad, directed by Alfonso Fernández Casado.[55] In the late 1890s La Lealtad transformed into what would become an iconic Carlist daily El Pensamiento Navarro, but there is nothing known of Irigaray’s engagement in its operations.

El Correo Español (later issue)
El Correo Español (later issue)

Since his re-location to Madrid in 1890 Irigaray’s relations with the Navarrese press were getting loose. He kept co-operating with the Pamplonese bi-weekly La Avalancha, yet it is not clear whether he contributed own pieces under pen-names or whether he assisted in some other way;[56] it was later vaguely noted that he engaged in “trabajos periodísticos”.[57] At the time he was rather related to the flagship Carlist daily in Spain, the Madrid-based El Correo Español. The newspaper used to publish his front-page articles, quoted him in editorials and otherwise referred to him as to an authority.[58] He also represented El Correo Español in court, when the newspaper was sued by the governmental administration.[59] In the late 1890s Irigaray was among collaborators of Biblioteca Populár Carlista, a series of booklets launched by a newly established Barcelona publishing house.[60] Last but not least, some of his lectures in the Madrid círculo or his parliamentary addresses[61] were issued as separate pamphlets.[62]

Lawyer

[edit]
Madrid, street scene, 1890s
Madrid, street scene, 1890s

Having received his juridical ministerial certificate in 1879 Irigaray entered the Navarrese bar organisation.[63] Close to nothing is known about his practice in the region, except that in the late 1880s he might have been a legal representative of some Navarrese institutions before the Madrid court[64] and that the press at times referred to him as “distinguido abogado”.[65] He moved his law firm to the capital[66] in 1889[67] or in 1890.[68] The motive quoted by historians was “razones profesionales”.[69] It is known that in 1890 Irigaray was the legal representative of Diputación de Navarra in Madrid, but it is not clear whether it was this particular assignment which triggered his translation to the capital;[70] he later represented before the Madrid tribunals also the cities of Tudela[71] and Tafalla.[72]

Irigaray’s law firm was doing well; in 1892 he moved to new premises[73] and was applauded as a distinguished lawyer even in the progressist press; some of his addresses in court were considered “among the best in recent times”.[74] Apart from representing the Navarrese institutions Irigary was acitve in Madrid also in numerous civil and criminal cases,[75] e.g. defending in court the religious, charged by the authorities.[76] His professional career was clearly marked with his own political preferences. Apart from defending the religious,[77] e.g. in 1893,[78] he also represented El Correo Español in court when the newspaper was sued by the administration; however, the result of his service is unknown.[79] Irigaray was also noted for applying the Navarrese traditional legislation to civil cases heard in the Madrid court.[80]

Corbato
Corbato

In 1894 Spain was rocked by a scandal caused by a Carlist priest from Valencia, José Corbató Chillida; in his brochure he claimed that the regent Maria Christina was leading the Spanish freemasonry. Corbató was brought to court for offending the royal. When organizing legal assistance Carlist structures were choosing between Vázquez de Mella and Irigaray as Corbató’s lawyers, but they eventually settled for the latter.[81] Irigaray asked for acquittal,[82] but proceedings were gradually turning against him. He then resolved to a number of tricks, e.g. he asked an auxiliary attorney, also a Carlist, to fake illness in order to save time,[83] or started calling numerous witnesses trying to demonstrate that their accounts were mutually conflicting. Following an unusually long and widely reported trial, in December 1895 Corbató was sentenced to 11 years and 4 months in prison.[84]

Parliamentarian

[edit]
Tudela, around 1900

During the 1886 elections Irigaray stood as a Carlist candidate in his native Tafalla district, but it is not clear whether he lost or withdrew.[85] During the 1891 campaign he renewed his bid,[86] also from Tafalla,[87] but lost to a conservative counter-candidate.[88] In the 1893 general elections Irigaray[89] tried again in the same district against the same rival and lost again, though this time by a small margin.[90] During the 1896 elections he opted for the neighboring district of Tudela, challenging the incumbent liberal candidate;[91] though Irigaray gathered merely 37% of all votes cast he emerged victorious.[92] However, in the chamber he was a rather inactive deputy, perhaps the result of his renewed health problems.[93] He limited his endeavors to co-signing letters[94] or manifestos[95] issued in name of the 10-member Carlist minority.

In the 1898 campaign Irigaray again opted for Tudela, but lost.[96] A contemporary historian speculates that the defeat might have resulted from neutral stand adopted by the Integrists, who refused to support the Carlist candidate.[97] Irigaray declared he would now focus on his law career and on his health.[98] Despite initial temptation[99] he did not take part in the the 1899 campaign; the claimant ordered abstention.[100] During the 1901 elections he accepted the proposal of an umbrella organization Unión de Católicos, who asked him to be its representative in another Navarrese district of Aoiz;[101] also the Integrists agreed to support him.[102] Thanks to back-stage haggling with the Liberals[103] he was elected unopposed.[104]

Unlike during his first term, this time Irigaray made himself heard. As the Liberals launched what is described as the first “campaña anticlerical del siglo XX”,[105] the Carlists mounted a counter-offensive; in 1901 Irigaray with 4 other deputies filed a motion to derogate paragraph 11 of the constitution, which guaranteed religious liberty.[106] A series of plenary debates ensued; Irigaray was among those most active, and he clashed with Blasco Ibañez.[107] Traditionalist press hailed his addresses as mastery of logic and rhetoric.[108] Canalejas charged him with clericalism, Matías Barrio counter-charged ridiculing Canalejas.[109] Irigaray at one point declared that one could not be a Catholic and a liberal.[110] The progressist papers seized the opportunity and started to mock him.[111]

File:NFA - Agoitz (1).jpg
view from Aoiz (early 20th c.)

In 1902 Irigaray partially withdrew into privacy, again because of his pulmonary problems;[112] he settled in Málaga, as its winter climate was recommended by doctors.[113] Prior to the 1903 elections the Aoiz section of Unión de Católicos preferred his candidature to this of Arturo Campión[114] and again offered him their support.[115] Like 2 years earlier there was no counter-candidate standing and Irigaray got his mandate easily prolonged;[116] this time the Carlist minority in the chamber counted 7 deputies. However, his health was getting worse by day. He was barely seen in the Cortes; he took the oath in mid-June, but in the fall he had to leave for Málaga, where he passed away in early December. The obituary speech in the Cortes was delivered by Enrique Gil Robles.[117]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ in the press from the era, in historiography and in official documents the surname of Miguel is spelled „Irigaray”, and this is the spelling adopted in Spanish prints also before 1800. However, on exceptional basis he might have been referred to as “Miguel Yrigaray”, La Epoca 19.12.95, available here. Also some Basque sites prefer the “Yrigaray” spelling for the entire branch back to the 17th century, see Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  2. ^ Irigaray, [in:] Instituto de Historia Familiar service, available here
  3. ^ Peralta became the Navarrese family hub of the Irigarays. However, there was another Navarrese town, Burguete, which hosted another branch of the family. Most Irigarays currently known, e.g. a well-known doctor Pablo Fermín Irigaray Goizueta or a present-day poet José Ángel Irigaray Imaz are related to Burguete and have nothing in common with Miguel Irigaray Gorria
  4. ^ “El primer bautizado del apellido Irigaray en Peralta lo fue en 1620 y es hijo de Betran Yrigaray”, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  5. ^ see position 128M, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  6. ^ see position 242, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  7. ^ Lau-buru 07.11.85, available here
  8. ^ see position 357M, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here, also Miguel Irigaray Gorria entry, [in:] Geneanet genealogical service, available here
  9. ^ Lau-buru 07.11.85, available here
  10. ^ José Miguel Gastón Aguas, Aproximación a los poderes locales en la Navarra liberal. El caso de Peralta y los Elorz (1841-1868), [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 17/18 (2002), p. 148
  11. ^ the area was not dominated by large property. The largest one, owned by the Argáiz brothers, amounted to 91,8 ha; the 10th largest landholder owned 28,1 ha, Gastón Aguas 2002, p. 146
  12. ^ Gastón Aguas 2002, p. 146
  13. ^ Gastón Aguas 2002, p. 159
  14. ^ Gastón Aguas 2002, p. 148
  15. ^ she was daughter to Manuel Gorria Aregui and María Balbina Yrigaray Cenzano, also from Peralta, see position 484F, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  16. ^ see positions 477 to 484, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  17. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  18. ^ LLa Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  19. ^ El Correo Español 05.12.03, available here
  20. ^ Irigaray y Gorría, Miguel entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia de Navarra online, available here
  21. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  22. ^ Irigaray Gorria, Miguel entry, [in:] Archivo Histórico Nacional service, available here
  23. ^ see certificate issued by Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid, [in:] Patrimonio documental del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid service, available here
  24. ^ his engagement was made public in late November 1883, Lau-buru 21.11.83, available here; the wedding most likely took place during the Christmas period of 1883, but it might have occurred also later,
  25. ^ her mother was Urbana Buelta Juanmariñeno, El Tradicionalista 25.07.93, available here
  26. ^ in some sources his surname is spelled as “Marco Dayo” (see El Correo Español 20.01.93, available here) or as “Marko Maio” (see Marko3 entry, [in:] Antzinako genealogical service, available here)
  27. ^ El Correo Español 20.01.93, available here
  28. ^ he was last mentioned in the press in 1892, El Correo Español 07.01.92, available here
  29. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  30. ^ Angel García-Sanz Marcotegui, Elites económicas y políticas en la Restauración. La diversidad de las derechas navarras, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 23 (2001), p. 601
  31. ^ José Miguel Gastón Aguas, ¡Vivan los comunes!: movimiento comunero y sucesos corralicerios en Navarra (1896-1930), Tafalla 2010, ISBN 9788481365795, p. 203
  32. ^ Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996 ), p. 182
  33. ^ Jordi Canal i Morell, El carlisme català dins l'Espanya de la Restauració: un assaig de modernització politica (1888–1900), Barcelona 1998, ISBN 9788476022436, p. 245
  34. ^ El Correo Español 31.01.93, available here
  35. ^ María Nagore Ferrer, Carlismo y música, [in:] Imágenes. El carlismo en las artes, Estella 2010, ISBN 9788423532278, p. 21
  36. ^ La Voz Montañesa 17.10.87, available here
  37. ^ El Imparcial 05.11.91, available here
  38. ^ Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 28, Sevilla 1959, p. 199
  39. ^ El Correo Español 17.06.93, available here
  40. ^ El Correo Español 11.04.93, available here
  41. ^ e.g. in 1898 he was consulted on the question of would-be Carlist boycott of the forthcoming general elections, Demetrio Castro, El carlista en las Cortes, Pamplona 2016, ISBN 9788423533992, pp. 126, 155
  42. ^ B. de Artagán [Reinaldo Brea], Políticos del Carlismo, Barcelona 1903, p. 27
  43. ^ El Correo Español 13.04.93, available here
  44. ^ El Correo Español 14.12.96, available here
  45. ^ e.g. at times he appeared jointly with Cerralbo, El Correo Español 01.06.92, available here
  46. ^ Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012 , p. 333
  47. ^ El Correo Español 21.09.96, available here. In March 1897 in another front-page interview he declared that the Carlists were not at time gearing up to violent action, as “Pronto verán todos que no somos unos heraldos de la guerra civil, sino la reserva que Dios tiene dispuesta para salvar á España cuando parezca que ha llegado el momento de la catástrofe”, El Correo Español 11.03.97, available here, also Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 332
  48. ^ Heraldo Alaves 09.07.01, available here
  49. ^ e.g. protesting the Spanish recognition of the Kingdom of Italy, El Pensamiento Español 29.07.65, available here
  50. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  51. ^ in the early 1880s out of 330 Navarrese members of Asociación Euskara there were only 27 from the merindad of Tudela and only 14 from the merindad of Tafalla, Joxemiel Bidador, Ribera de Navarra y euskara, siglo XX, [in:] Principe de Viana 264 (2016), p. 372
  52. ^ Bidador 2016, pp. 372-373
  53. ^ In 1887 he took part in the conference, organized in the Madrid Universidad Central and dedicated to the agricultural crisis. During the event he appeared as “representante del ayuntamiento de Tafalla”, but it is not clear whether he was contracted by the Tafalla town hall or whether some time in the mid-1880s he was elected to the ayuntamiento, El Dia 15.10.87, available here
  54. ^ El Dia 15.10.87, available here. Irigaray demanded that the government introduce measures to limit production of “alcohol industrial”, nearing imposing a state monopoly. It was noted that “el Sr. Irijjaray no encuentra más soluciones radicales que la de impedir la entrada de alcohol industrial, desarrollar la des tilación del vínico y establecerel monopolio porel Estado de este artículo”, La Epoca 27.10.87, available here, also La Voz Montañesa 17.10.87, available here
  55. ^ Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996 ), p. 182
  56. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  57. ^ no specific titles are quoted, La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  58. ^ El Correo Español 12.10.92, available here
  59. ^ El Correo Español 05.12.03, available here
  60. ^ Jaime del Burgo, Fuentes para la historia de España. Bibliografia del siglo XIX. Guerras carlistas. Luchas politicas, Pamplona 1978, p. 113
  61. ^ El Correo Español 07.01.97, available here
  62. ^ Del burgo 1978, pp. 182, 520
  63. ^ see certificate issued by Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid, [in:] Patrimonio documental del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid service, available here
  64. ^ El Dia 15.10.87, available here
  65. ^ El Pais 18.10.92, available here
  66. ^ Irigaray was admitted to Colegio de Abogados de Madrid on October 7, 1889, Expediente Personal, [in:] Patrimonio documental del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid, available here
  67. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  68. ^ García-Sanz Marcotegui 2001, p. 601
  69. ^ García-Sanz Marcotegui 2001, p. 601
  70. ^ La Democracía 01.11.90, available here
  71. ^ e.g. he represented Tudela in 1894, El Siglo médico, vol. 42, Madrid 1895, p. 751
  72. ^ e.g. he represented Tafalla in 1893, Jurisprudencia administrativa: colección completa de las resoluciones dictadas por el Tribunal Supremo, vol. 46, Madrid 1896, p. 529
  73. ^ La Unión Catolica 05.10.92, available here
  74. ^ El Pais 18.10.92, available here
  75. ^ El Pais 25.06.90, available here
  76. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  77. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  78. ^ El Correo Español 29.05.93, available here
  79. ^ El Correo Español 05.12.03, available here
  80. ^ El Correo Español 14.02.99, available here
  81. ^ Javier Esteve Martí, La politica antiliberal en España bajo el signo del nacionalismo: el padre Corbató y Polo y Peyrolón [PhD thesis Universitat de Valencia], Valencia 2017, p. 277
  82. ^ Esteve Martí 2017, p. 282
  83. ^ his name was Francesco López Solano, Esteve Martí 2017, p. 283
  84. ^ Esteve Martí 2017, p. 285
  85. ^ the last information available is his press declaration of firm Traditionalist identity and of hope of electoral success, see El Tradicionalista 18.11.86, available here, there is no later information either on his withdrawal or defeat
  86. ^ La Epoca 28.01.91, available here
  87. ^ La Unión Católica 28.11.90, available here
  88. ^ his rival was Cecilio Gurrea Zaratiegui; with 3,008 votes gathered Irigaray gained support of 38% of the voters, insufficient to obtain the mandate. He lost in 22 out of 32 local constituencies, though he emerged victorious in Peralta, Zaratiegui Labiano 1996, pp. 196, 199, 222
  89. ^ the press referred to either as “abogado” or “haciendista”, El Correo Español 17.06.93, available here
  90. ^ La Iberia 06.03.93, available here. Irigaray filed a complaint and charged his counter-candidate with electoral corruption. The claim was endorsed in the Cortes by the fellow Carlist Matías Barrio y Mier, who agonized about buying votes in Caparroso, El Correo Español 10.04.93, available here. However, the triumph of Gurrea was eventually confirmed, see the official Cortes service, available here. A contemporary scholar notes that the 1893 election campaign in Navarre was „salpicada de irregularidades”, María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, Las elecciones legislativas de 1893: el comienzo del fin del control de los comicios por los gobiernos liberales, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988)p. 217, also José María Vallejo García-Hevia, Matías Barrio y Mier (1844-1909): Un historiador del derecho en la cátedra, la política y la guerra, Madrid 2020, ISBN 9788417765880, p. 341
  91. ^ Martin Guelbenzu Sánchez. It turned out that eventually Irigaray benefited from the moderate vote getting split between Guelbenzu and the governmental candidate. Initially the press reported that Irigaray gathered 2,595 votes, Guelbenzu 2,501 votes, and the governmental candidate Franca 1,865 votes, La Epoca 13.04.96, available here
  92. ^ see his 1896 mandate at the official Cortes service, available here
  93. ^ El Correo Español 28.07.96, available here
  94. ^ El Correo Militar 08.07.86, available here
  95. ^ La Correspondencia de España 08.09.96, available here
  96. ^ where he again had to face Guelbenzu. Though his 2,965 votes gathered were more than two years earlier, they were no match for 3,975 of his rival, Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra, [in] Príncipe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 372
  97. ^ Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 370. A somewhat untypical pattern was demonstrated by Irigaray’s victory in two largest city of the district, Tudela and Corella; scholars note that the was party had little following in rural zones, Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 378
  98. ^ Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, pp. 378-379
  99. ^ La Epoca 17.03.99, available here
  100. ^ and declared that “no habrá en las futuras Cortes diputados carlistas, pero podrá haber carlistas diputados”, María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, Las elecciones legislativas de 1893: el comienzo del fin del control de los comicios por los gobiernos liberales, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), Annex. Congreso general de Historia de Navarra, p. 389
  101. ^ El Siglo Futuro 10.05.01, available here
  102. ^ one press title claimed that Irigaray was a candidate of “coalición integro carlista”, El Día 03.04.01, available here
  103. ^ Irigaray’s rival was supposed to be the local liberal cacique from Roncal Valentin Gayarre, who held the mandate during 3 previous terms. However, thanks to backstage agreement between the Carlists and their arch-enemies, Liberals, Gayarre decided to stand in Málaga and in last minute he withdrew from the race in Aoiz, Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112119570551 and Others, Chicago 2016, p. 311
  104. ^ he obtained 5,725 votes out of 5,789 votes cast, see his 1901 mandate at the official Cortes service available here
  105. ^ José Andrés Gallego, La politica religiosa en España 1889-1913, Madrid 1975, ISBN 8427612478, p. 189
  106. ^ Andrés Gallego 1976, p. 189
  107. ^ Andrés Gallego 1976, p. 234, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Diputado Blasco Ibáñez!: memorias parlamentarias, Madrid 1999, ISBN 9788492343331, p. 118 and passim
  108. ^ El Correo Español 31.10.01, available here, El Correo Español 09.09.01, available here. Today scholars claim that they contained some canonical errors incompatible with the Catholic doctrine, Andrés Gallego 1976, p. 203
  109. ^ according to Barrio y Mier “para este señor [Canalejas] el clericalismo consiste en que el Sr.Irigaray ha sido elegido diputado por Aoiz en lugar de ser Gayarre” Froilán de Lózar, La aventura política de Matías Barrio y Mier, [in:] Publicaciones de la Institución Tello Téllez de Meneses 78 (2007), p. 239
  110. ^ 1901 said “en el orden privado puede haber católicos que militen en otros partidos; pero creo, estoy firmemente convencido de ello, que católico y liberal son dos palabras que se repelen” and then he went on discussing Syllabus and LIberalismo es pecado, Esteve Marti 2017, p. 254
  111. ^ El Cardo 08.09.01, available here
  112. ^ El Correo Español 14.01.01, available here
  113. ^ El Correo Español 05.12.03, available here
  114. ^ El Correo Español 09.09.01, available here
  115. ^ Cristobal Robles Muñoz, Católicos u participación política en Navarra (1902-1905), [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988). Annex 10, p. 410
  116. ^ Irigaray got 3,854 votes out of 3,891 votes cast, see the official Cortes service, available here
  117. ^ El Siglo Futuro 10.12.03, available here

Further reading

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  • Mina Apat, María Cruz, Elecciones y partidos en Navarra (1891-1923), [in:] José Luis Garcia Delgado (ed.), La España de la Restauración, Madrid 1985, ISBN 8432305111
  • Ángel García-Sanz Marcotegui, Elites económicas y políticas en la Restauración: la diversidad de las derechas navarras, [in:] Historia contemporánea 23 (2001), pp. 577-628
  • José Miguel Gastón Aguas, Aproximación a los poderes locales en la Navarra liberal. El caso de Peralta y los Elorz (1841-1868), [in:] Gerónimo de Uztariz 17-18 (2002), pp. 139-167
  • César Layana Ilundáin, Elecciones generales en Navarra (1876-1890), Pamplona 1998, ISBN 8495075172, 9788495075178
  • María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, Las elecciones legislativas de 1893: el comienzo del fin del control de los comicios por los gobiernos liberales, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), pp. 215–227
  • Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra, [in] Príncipe de Viana 49 (1988), pp. 359–399
  • Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996), pp. 177–224
Irigaray in his 40s
Irigaray in his 40s
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