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LULLIN DE CHATEAUVIEUX (michel), agronome, né à Genève en 1694, se livra à l'étude des arts mécaniques et de l'agriculture, dans le dessein de se rendre utile à sa patrie. Il se concilia l'estime et la confiance de ses concitoyens, qui l'élevèrent aux premières charges de la république. Convaincu que la ville de Genève devait son existence aux arts mécaniques, il tenta de créer de nouvelles sources de prospérité en perfectionnant ces arts, ou en introduisant ceux qui n'étaient pas connus. Il fallait pour cela posséder à fond les pratiques usitées, et celles que la localité ou les circonstances présentaient comme avantageuses. Lullin en fit une étude spéciale, non dans les livres, mais au milieu des ateliers et parmi les ouvriers. Il se fit apprenti dans plusieurs, afin d'en mieux connaître les détails et d'en mieux juger. Il s'était ainsi rendu capable d'exercer dix-huit professions; il en possédait presque tous les outils, et il avait même exécuté plusieurs ouvrages avec un grand degré de perfection. Il se livra également à l'agriculture, et se rendit surtout célèbre par l'invention d'un semoir, qui fut alors très-vanté, surtout par Duhamel. Cet instrument, usité depuis très-longtemps chez les Chinois, fut aussi employé quelquefois par les Espagnols, puis par les Anglais. Les Italiens, de leur côté, lui avaient donné un haut degré de perfection [toy. Lana). Celui de Lullin fut mis en pratique avec succès à Genève, d'où il passa en France. H avait imaginé une charrue à couteaux pour le défrichement des prairies naturelles. Ce citoyen zélé pour le bien public donna un exemple utile à sa patrie et à la France, en inspirant le goût des expériences agricoles; mais les résultats de son zèle et de ses lumières ne furent pas avantageux à sa fortune. 11 mourut en 1781. On a de lui un ouvrage où il donne la description de son semoir, intitulé Expérience! et réflexions sur la culture des terres, faites aux environs de Genève dans les années 1754, 1755 et 1756, in-8°. —Son fils, Lullin De ChâTeauvieux (J.-André), né le 28 juin 1728, se distingua au service de France sous le maréchal de Saxe, et dans la guerre de Sept ans; il y était devenu colonel propriétaire d'un régiment suisse et lieutenant général. Il est mort le 22 février 1815, dans un âge fort avancé.
Source: "Lullin de Chateauvieus (michel)" in: Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, ouvrage rédigé par une société de gens de lettres. Michaud, [and E. Desplaces]. 1843 p. 468-9
Translation
LULLIN OF CHATEAUVIEUX (Michel), agronomist, born in Geneva in 1694, devoted himself to the study of mechanical arts and agriculture, with the aim of being useful to his country. He conciliated the esteem and confidence of his fellow citizens, who rose to the highest offices of the republic. Convinced that the city of Geneva owed its existence to the mechanical arts, he tried to create new sources of prosperity by improving the arts, or introducing those who were unaware. This required the thoroughly study of the customary practices and of those that presented these circumstances as advantageous. Lullin made it a special study, not in books, but by means of workshops and staying among the workers. He became an apprentice in several arts, in order to better know the details and to better judge. This way he rendered capable of exerting eighteen professions, he possessed almost all the tools, and had even executed several works with a high degree of perfection. He also indulged in agriculture, and went especially famous for the invention of a drill, which was then very praised, especially by Duhamel. This instrument, in use since very long by the Chinese, was also sometimes used by the Spanish, then by the British. The Italians, for their part, had given him a high degree of perfection [toy. Lana). Lullin had put his insides into practice successfully in Geneva, from where he went to France. He had invented a plow blade for the clearing of natural grasslands. This zealous citizen for the public good, became useful to his country and France. For example, inspiring taste agricultural experiments, but the results of his zeal and his lights were not advantageous to his fortune. He died in 1781. There was one work in which he gives a description of the drill, entitled Expérience! et réflexions sur la culture des terres, faites aux environs de Genève dans les années 1754, 1755 et 1756 (Experience! and reflections on the cultivation of land, made near Geneva in 1754 years, 1755 and 1756), 8vo. - His son, Lullin Chateauvieux (Andrew J.), born June 28, 1728, distinguished himself in the service of France under Marshal Saxe, and in the Seven Years' War, he raise into the rank of colonel of the Swiss regiment and lieutenant-general. He died February 22, 1815, at a very advanced age.
About Michel Jacob Frédéric Lullin de Châteauvieux (1772-1841)
The Swiss agronomist Michel Jacob Frédéric Lullin de Châteauvieux (1772-1841) wrote several books on European farming methods and rural life, as well as an anonymous commentary on the events of the day ("Lettres de Saint-James") and the "Manuscript Transmitted from Saint Helena," originally purported to be written by Napoleon himself. The translator of the present work, Dr. Edward Rigby (1747-1821), was an obstetrician and a man of varied interests, as evidenced by the advertisement for his other books at the end of the present volume. They include "An Essay on the Use of Red Peruvian Bark," "An Account of Mr. James Deeker's Two Aerial Ascensions from the City of Norwich," other studies of agricultural methods, and several works on vaccinations, obstetrics, and health care for the poor.
Source: "Lullin de Châteauvieux, Michel Jacob Frédéric Italy, its agriculture. Printed by Burks and Kinnebrook, for R. Hunter, 1819. Translated by Edward Rigby." Item Details at pirages.com (online)
[The work in English describes] the agricultural methods and rural manners of Italy during the second decade of the 19th century. Our volume is a translation of Lullin de Châteauvieux's "Lettres Écrites d'Italie en 1812 et 1813," first published in Paris and Geneva in 1815 under the title, "Lettres sur l'Agriculture d'Italie." The work, which Josiah Conder described as "lively and clever" (in his 1831 book "Italy"), falls into three parts, each part considering one of the three agricultural regions in Italy and the system of agriculture prevailing there.
Source: "Lullin de Châteauvieux, Michel Jacob Frédéric Italy, its agriculture. Printed by Burks and Kinnebrook, for R. Hunter, 1819. Translated by Edward Rigby." Item Details at pirages.com (online)
More about experiments in the horse hoeing husbandry
We now come to ai tide the third, which contains experiments on the culture of grain and pulse, in the horse hoeing husbandry; with a comparison of it and the old methods. The first which occur are some trials made in the year 1751, by M. de Chateauvieux, on wheat, barley, and oats, in the new method, with observations on them. Other experiments by the fame gentleman follow, with a comparison of the produce of the same field, cultivated according to the old, and according to the new husbandry, and an account of the produce of the same field, sowed part in the old way, and part with the drill-plough; with reflections of M. de Chateauvieux, which prove the truth of the principles on which the new husbandry is founded. Many more follow, made on lands laid out in beds, which have borne a second and third crop, with observations thereon.
We next find, in course, experiments made on lands which have borne a first crop, with remarks ; others on lands laid out in beds, and of which the first crop was reaped in 1753, with reflections; and some trials made on fields sowed in equally distant rows, with the drill plough, by several lovers of agriculture. After this long series of experiment comes M.de Chateauvieux's account of the crops produced during sixteen successive years, by a field cultivated and sown in the common way, and of which part was constantly dunged; compared with a crop of the same fields cultivated without dung, according to the new husbandry. Article the 6th contains proofs that the btst field in the country, though the greatest part of it was dunged, yielded less wheat than some cultivated in the new way, in which no dung was used: to which are added, in the next article, Reflections and Observations on the practice of the new husbandry, by M. de Chateauvieux. We come next to experiments made by the fame gentleman in 1754, and first, some made on lands formed into beds, which had yielded a third and fourth successive crop, with observations; secondly, others made on lands laid out in beds, and which had borne a second crop, with reflections. Then follows a course of experiments made on lands laid out in beds, which had borne a first crop, with an account of the manner in which they were tilled, followed by remarks. We now come to another course made on lands laid out in beds, which have borne a first and second crop, with observations, and experiments made by several lovers of agriculture, on lands sown in equally distant rows, with the drill plough, fallowed by summary accounts of the products of several pieces of land sowed in the last-mentioned manner, with general reflections and observations on the above experiments.
The next article we meet with, contains experiments made on beds sown with six rows of wheat ; a comparison of the produce with that of beds sown with only three rows, and some enquiry concerning the number of rows which it is best to sow. This is followed by a trial made, in order to know which is the most profitable way of sowing the beds, and to ascertain more precisely the quantity of seed proper to be used in order to, have the greatest crops.
There is still a farther continuation of M. de Chateauvieux's experiments in the years 1755 and 1756, beginning with some made in fields laid out in beds; the last made of which had borne three successive crops. We now meet with a number of curious observations, respecting the. degree of maturity, at which Smyrna wheat should be reaped. After these comes a letter from a Lover of Husbandry to M. de Chateauvieux, relating to some trials made by him in the new method of husbandry; several made on lands sown in equally distant rows, with the drill-plough ; and in the recapitulation, it is concluded to be much more profitable to sow land with the drill-plough, than to sow it in the common way. After the relation of several more experiments, we have laid before us a comparison of the produce of land sown in equally distant rows with the drill-plough, with that of other land laid out in beds. The result and comparison of divers experiments in agriculture, made at Fontclair, we are still to be informed of, and among them we find the expense of the first year's culture of an acre of land, when it is first laid out in beds; the annual expense of cultivating an acre of land after the beds are formed; and thirdly, the expense of cultivating an acre of land according to the old method, where the difference may easily be seen. To this is added, an estimate of the expense and profit of ten acres of land, in twenty years; first, in the old way; secondly, in the new way.
EXPERIMENTS, The great advantage of having a few fields set apart on purpose for Experiments, I, 122.
On the draining and improving of boggy lands, 160, etc. Experiments on the culture of maiz in Ireland. 44-r. On the culture of maiz in France, 444, 445.
M. de Chateauvieux's first experiment of the new husbandry, with wheat, barley, and oats, dropped gram by grain in a rich strong foil, II, 125—128, Observations thereon, by M. by de Chateauvieux, 129—133. Successful experiment, by the fame, of sowing wheat 'thinner than usual, in the common way, 130. Another, with wheat eight years old, which grew very well, 131. Experiment made by M.de Chateauvieux, in order to know what quantity of feed will produce the most plentiful crop, and at what distance it is best to sow the grains, 132, et seqq. Experiment (No. 1), by the fame, of sowing wheat, without using any dung or manure, on land which had borne wheat the preceding year, 133—136. Experiment (No. 2), of drilling three rows of wheat in beds six feet wide, 137. Another (No. 3), by the fame, of wheat sown on very strong land, newly broken up, and in bad tilth, 14s. Another (No. 4), on a light poor foil, which was dunged, 142. Experiments (No. 5, and 6), made by M. de Chateauvieux on sowing part of a field with wheat, in equally distant rows, with the drill-plough, and the other part in the common broad-cast way, 142 1—145. Another (No. 7), by the fame, on a pretty rich foil, which had not been dunged for many years, 145— 148. Experiments (No. 1,2, and 3), by M. de Chateauvieux, on lands, managed in the new way which bore a second and third successive crop of wheat, 155—164. Experiments (No. 4, 5. 6, and 7), by the fame, on the first crop of land laid out in beds, according to the new husbandry, and a comparison of their produce with that of the old husbandry, 164—170. Experiment (No. 8), on strong land, apt to grow very hard, and badly tilled; and (No. q), on very dry land sown very late, laid out in beds, and sown for a first crop of wheat, 170—173. Experiments on lands sown with wheat in equally distant rows with the drill-plough, viz. No. 10, on land which had been dunged, 173—175; No. ri, on better land which was not dunged, 175 j No. 12, on land part of which was was dunged, and part not dunged, 175, 176. No. 13, another, on another field, 176; Another, No. 14, on a poorer and colder soil, laid out in beds and sown with wheat, 176, 177. Another (No. 15), by M. de Chateauvieux, on very poor lands laid out in beds, and sown with wheat, 177, 178. Experiments and observations proving that land which is managed according to the principles of the new husbandry yields more without being dunged, than that which is dunged and treated in the old way,i78—192. Experiments made by M. de Chateauvieux on lands formed into beds,which had borne a third and a fourth successive crop of wheat, viz. .No. 1, a fourth crop, 196—204; No. 2, a third crop, 204, 205; No. 3, with Sicilian wheat, which did not answer, 205, 206. Other experiments by the fame, on lands which had borne a second crop, viz. No. 4, on land before laid out half in beds and half sown in equally distant rows with the drill plough, 207, 208; No. 5, on a foil difficult to be loosened, 209. No. 7. on a field of which one half had borne a first crop and the other half a second, 210, No. 8, on very good and strong land laid out in beds six feet wide sown with six rows of wheat, 216, 217. No. 9, on a very indifferent soil treated as the former, 217, 218. No. 10, on a worse soil sowed thicker with wheat, 218. No. 11, a very promising crop of wheat destroyed by the inclemency of the winter, 224. The cause inquired into, and shewn not to be owing to the new husbandry, 224—228. No. 12, on a very stiff soil, not plowed before for fifteen or twenty years, 229. No. 13, an unsuccessful experiment, owing to errors of the husbandman, which are pointed out, 230. No. 14, clover seed sewn over wheat, 231. No. 15, experiment in the new husbandry repeated in comparison with the old, 232. No. 16, wheat sown in equally distant rows with the drill-plough, 232. No. 17, shewing remarkably the superiority of the new husbandry, 234—236. No. 18. The same shewn by the produce ot very indifferent lands sown with wheat, in equally distant rows, with the drill plough, 237. No. 19. proving again the advantages of the new husbandry, 238. Experiments made by M. de Chateauvieux in order to find the most profitable way of sowing land laid out in beds, and to ascertain more precisely the quantity of seed proper to be used, 241—256. Particularly by sowing a bed with three rows of barley, in clusters of different numbers of grains, 257—263 Experiments, by M. de Chateauvieux, of sowing wheat, some in clusters and some in rows, on beds made in land which had borne three successive crops, with remarks thereon, 270—306. Further experiments, by M. de Chateauvieux, on land sown with wheat, in equally distant rows, with the drill-plough, 306—313. Proofs that lands laid out in beds according to the new husbandry, produce more corn than those which are sown in equally distant rows with the drill-plough, 313—318.
Experiments in the new husbandry by M. d'Elbene, with the result thereof, and a comparison of the expenses and profits of this method and the old husbandry, II, 319—344. Experiments by M. Roussel, evincing the superiority of the new husbandry, and pointing out in particular a most excellent way of using dung in the new husbandry, with the difference which he experienced between horse-dung, cow dung, and flieeps dung, 344—355. Experiments on Smyrna wheat, East-Indian wheat, and Spanish wheat, 355— 361. Expediency of trying in every country more forts of wheat than are commonly cultivated in it, 359. Experiment on rye sown in beds according to the new husbandry, 365—369. Experiments on leguminous plants, viz. peas, lentils, garden beans, kidney-beans, and horse beans, 375—380.
Experiments proving to what degree corn may be heated in an oven, in order to destroy whatever insects may be in it, without making it lose it's vegetative power, III, 77—89. Experiments on the preservation of corn by ventilation only, 123-^-131; by stove-drying only, 131—134. By stove-drying and ventilation, 134—136. On the false-moth, or corn-worm, and on the weevil, with a view of destroying them, 136—144. Experiments on the culture of turneps, by Lord Townshend, 166; by M. Du Hamel, 171; and by M. de Chateauvieux, 172. On carrots, cultivated according to the new husbandry, 175. On parsneps, 177. On parsley, 178. On potatoes, 190. On cabbages, 198—201. On clover sown with flax and hemp, 213. On sainfoin, by a gentleman in Yorkshire, 226—236. Experiments on sainfoin mentioned by M. du Hamel, 236, 237.
On lucerne, cultivated on a strong clay, in Surry, 247 —249. On lucerne, by M. de Chateauvieux* and particularly on the transplanting of it, 257 — 271. —271. On the same, by other lovers of agriculture, and by M. DuHamel, 271—275. On the fame again, by a gentleman in Lincolnshire, 276—278. On the feeding of cattle with lucerne, 279; V, Appendix,
306—308. Experiments on cauliflowers, cardoons, artichokes, asparagus, strawberries, and melons, raised according to the principles of the new husbandry, without dung, or any covering over them, and brought to very great perfection, by M. de Chateauvieux, III, 302, 303. On the culture of artichokes, by the new husbandry, IV, 48. On the culture of the vine, by letting it run up a tree, by M. Roussel, 384. On the vine, by cultivating it according to the principles of the new husbandry, by M. de Chateauvieux, 386 —398. On the culture of hemp, by M. de Chateauvieux and M. Aimen, V, 198, 199. On the culture of flax, by M. de Chateauvieux, 226. On the culture of madder, by M. Du Hamel, 246—250. On the culture of madder, and on dying with it's fresh roots, by M. Dambourney, 258—269. On the culture of woad, by M. Du Hamel, 279—284. On the culture of weld, by M. Du Hamel, 285—288; and by M. Dambourney, 288—290.
Comment: The above quote is a only section from the index of John Mills' work, not the actual description, and gives an interesting overview of the scope and diversity of M. de Chateauvieux's agricultural field experiments (not of his work on implements).
