Talk:List of emoticons/editcopy
Western
[edit]The emoticon in Western style is written most often from left to right. Thus, most commonly, one will see the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and mouth. Typically, a colon is used for the eyes of a face. However, an equal sign, a number 8, and a capital letter B are also used interchangeably.
Icon | Meaning |
---|---|
>:] :-) :) :o) :] :3 :c) :> =] 8) =) :} :^) |
smiley or happy face,[1][2][3][4] version without colon common in Russia, presumably |
>:D :-D :D 8-D 8D x-D xD X-D XD =-D =D =-3 =3 |
Laughing,[1][2] big grin,[3][4]laugh with spectacles[5] |
:-)) |
Very happy[5] |
:'( ;*( :_( T.T T_T Y.Y Y_Y |
Crying[1][6] |
>:[ :-( :( :-c :c :-< :< :-[ :[ :{ >.> <.< >.< |
frown[1][2][3][4] |
:-|| |
Angry[5] |
-.- -_- -___- or (-.-) (-_-), etc. (number of underscores depends on how annoyed or unamused the poster is) |
unamused or annoyed[6][7][unreliable source?] |
D:< D: D8 D; D= DX v.v D-': |
horror, disgust, sadness, great dismay[1][3][4] |
:-9 |
licking chops[1] |
>;] ;-) ;) *-) *) ;-] ;] ;D |
wink[1][2][3][4] |
>:P :-P :P X-P x-p xp XP :-p :p =p :-Þ :Þ :-b :b |
tongue sticking out, cheeky/playful[1][2][6], blowing a raspberry[citation needed] |
>:o >:O :-O :O °o° °O° :O o_O o_0 |
surprise, shock[1][2][6] |
>:\ >:/ :-/ :-. :/ :\ =/ =\ :S ¬_¬[citation needed] |
skeptical, annoyed, undecided, uneasy, hesitant[1][2][6] |
:-| | Straight face[3] disgusted, grim, no expression, indecision,[8][1]strict[5] |
:)~ :-)>.... =F |
Drooling[1] |
>:X :-X :X :-# :# :$ |
Sealed lips, embarrassed[1][2][6] |
O:-) 0:-3 0:3 O:-) O:) |
Angel[1][2][3] innocent[6] |
3:) 3;) |
Devil |
>:) >;) >:-) |
evil[3] |
>B] B) B-) 8) 8-) |
shades[6] |
;-) |-O | Cool[8], bored/yawning[9] |
</3 |
broken heart, no love[10] |
\,,/ \m/ |
Rock on, sign of the horns[11] |
o/\o ^5 >_>^ ^<_< |
High five[12] |
@}-;-'--- |
Rose[2] |
( ) |
Hug, commonly called a cyberhug [citation needed] |
(y) |
Thumbs up, signifies good/go ahead |
(n) |
Thumbs down, signifies bad/don't go ahead |
d:-) qB-) |
cap, backwards cap (incorporating elements of the "shades" emoticon)[citation needed] |
:-* :* |
Kiss |
D:< >:( >:-C >:C >:O D-:< >:-( :-@[1] ;( `_´ D< |
Angry, mad |
<:-| |
Dumb, dunce-like[9] |
<3 <33333333 |
Love, heart, lots of hearts |
\o/ *\o/* |
Praise, excitement, jumping for joy |
o/*\o |
HIGH FIVE! |
\o o/ |
Greeting, hello, goodbye |
\(:|) O7 ":D |
Salute |
:& |
Fail Face |
:u |
Gape |
:3 |
Coyness |
<°))>< <'))>< |
Fish |
>.< -.- |
Frustration, annoyance, fed up with something |
(v)(;,,;)(v) |
Why not Zoidberg?[citation needed] |
/)^3^(\ |
Why Wub Woo (Also known as "So Awesome" or "Dash-face")[citation needed] |
\m/ \m/(>,<)\m/ |
Rock 'n Roll, metal, excitement, triumph, etc. [13][unreliable source?] |
((*J*)) |
John Lennon[citation needed] |
//\^.^/\\ |
Jar Jar Binks[citation needed] |
3:) 3;) |
Devil[citation needed] |
( ) |
Hug, commonly called a cyberhug[citation needed] |
(y) |
Thumbs up, signifies good/go ahead |
(n) |
Thumbs down, signifies bad/don't go ahead |
d:-) qB-) |
cap, backwards cap (incorporating elements of the "shades" emoticon)[citation needed] |
:-* :* |
Kiss[citation needed] |
D:< >:( >:-C >:C >:O D-:< >:-( :-@[1] ;( `_´ D< |
Angry, mad[citation needed] |
<3 <33333333 |
Love, heart, lots of hearts[citation needed] |
\o/ *\o/* |
Praise, excitement, jumping for joy[citation needed] |
o/*\o |
HIGH FIVE![citation needed] |
\o o/ |
Greeting, hello, goodbye[citation needed] |
\(:|) O7 ":D |
Salute[citation needed] |
:& |
Fail Face[citation needed] |
:u |
Gape[citation needed] |
:3 |
Coyness[citation needed] |
<°))>< <'))>< |
Fish[citation needed] |
>.< -.- |
Frustration, annoyance, fed up with something[citation needed] |
Eastern emoticons
[edit]Eastern emoticons are typically read from top to bottom, with the inclusion of non-Latin characters allowing for additional complexity. Users from East Asia popularized a style of emoticons endemic to their region.[citation needed]
Icon | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
d^_^b d-_-b | listening to music, thumbs up[6] | |
(╯°□°)╯︵ ┻━┻ | flipping over a table[citation needed] | |
┬──┬ ノ( ゜-゜ノ) | putting back the table[citation needed] | |
(^_^) (^-^) (^ ^) (^.^) ??? ^_^ '_' | smiley[6] | |
(~_^) (^_~) ~.^ ^.~ | wink[6] | |
(>_<) (>.<) (>_>) | cartman[6] angry, | |
(¬_¬) | eyeroll | |
(>_<) (>_<)> | Troubled[14][15] | |
(^o^) | singing, laughing[6] | |
(^3^) | kiss[6] | |
(^_^') ^_^_^') ^^" ^^^_.^') ^^_^^; ^&^^.^;& ^^^; ^^^7 | nervous, sweat-drop, embarrassed[6] | |
d(>w<)b | double thumbs up | |
q(;^;)p | double thumbs down | |
9(x.x)9 (;.;)9 | shaking fist | |
(;_;) (T_T) (T~T) (ToT) (T^T) ಥ_ಥ ㅠ.ㅠ | crying[6] | |
(._.) (,_,) | disappointed, bitter | |
ಠ_ಠ | Look of disapproval.[16] The Unicode character ಠ is from the Kannada alphabet and can be called differently in HTML notation: ಠ and ಠ (for Unicode).
| |
[(--)]ZZzzz... | sleeping[6] | |
(X_X) x_x | dead or unconscious[6] | |
0.o O_o @_@ O_O ಠ_ಠ ಠ_ರೃ (*_*) | surprise, disbelief, unamused, or disapproval[6] | |
^///^ >///< >///> o///o -///- =///= | blushing, embarrassed[6] | |
( °٢° ) | drooling[6] | |
_|_ (-.-) _|_ t(>.<t) | flipping off[6] | |
(V)!_!(V) | Crab[6] | |
Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ | Butterfly[6] | |
ツ | Smile[6] | |
¯\_(ツ)_/¯ | Shrug face - "Sup son"[17] | |
ʘ‿ʘ | Innocent face[6] | |
\m/*.*\m/ | Rocker smiley | |
O?O | what?[6] | |
&_& | Eye roll[6] | |
=^_^= =>.>= =<_<= =>.<= |
Happy blushing, embarrassed blushing, bashful [can be used with = symbol or + symbol: {[jml}] | |
0-0 | Sweet![6] | |
(^^^) | SHARK[6] | |
(\_/) | Bunny ears | |
c.c C.C |
Eye roll, disapproval | |
x_O O_x | Punched in the face | |
O|¯|_ OTL orz | Depressed, despairing, anime/manga fall-down gag, bowing, worshipping[18] | |
ಥ⌣ಥ ಥ‿ಥ | Tears of joy | |
ಠ⌣ಠ ಠ‿ಠ | Devious smile | |
e.e O.e O.e |
Creeped out | |
d'-' d'_' d'-'b d'_'b |
Thumbs up, gig 'em, listening to music, headphones | |
^>.>^ ^<.<^ ^>_>^ ^<_<^ |
look that way, sarcasm, irony | |
- | (';') | Baby[14] |
(^^ゞ (^_^;) (-_-;) (~_~;) (・。・; (・_・;) (・・;) ^^; ^_^; (#^.^#) (^ ^;) | Nervous, embarrassed[14], troubled, shy,[15] cold sweat[5] | |
.。o○ ○o。. | Bubbles[14] | |
<コ:彡 | Squid[14] | |
(^。^)y-.。o○ (-。-)y-゜゜゜ | Smoking[14] | |
(-_-)zzz | Sleeping[14] | |
(^_-) (^_-)-☆ | Wink[14] | |
((+_+)) (+o+) (゜゜) (゜-゜) (゜.゜) (゜_゜) (゜_゜>) (゜レ゜) | Confused[14] | |
(o|o) | [14] | |
<(`^´)> | [14] | |
(゜o゜) (^_^)/ (^O^)/ (^o^)/ (^^)/ (≧∇≦)/ (^o^)丿 ∩( ・ω・)∩ ( ・ω・) | Joyful[14][15] | |
(__) _(._.)_ _(_^_)_ <(_ _)> <m(__)m> m(__)m m(_ _)m | Kowtow as a sign of respect, or dogeza for apology[15][14] | |
(_0_) (*^_^*;) | Sorry[5] | |
(゜゜)~ | Tadpole[14] | |
( ^^) _U~~ ( ^^) _旦~~ | Cup of tea[14] | |
☆彡 ☆ミ | Shooting star[14] | |
\(゜ロ\)ココハドコ? (/ロ゜)/アタシハダアレ? | "Where is it?"[14] | |
>゜)))彡 (Q )) ><ヨヨ (゜))<< >゜))))彡 <゜)))彡 >゜))彡 <+ ))><< <*)) >=< | Fish[14] | |
('_') (/_;) (T_T) (;_;) (;_; (;_:) (;O;) (:_;) (ToT) (T▽T) | Sad, crying[14][15] | |
(ー_ー)!! (-.-) (-_-) ( 一一) (;一_一) | [14] | |
C:。ミ | Octopus[14] | |
(=_=) | Tired[14] | |
~>゜)~~~ | Snake[14] | |
~゜・_・゜~ | Bat[14] | |
(=^・^=) (=^・・^=) =^_^= | Cat[14] | |
(..) (._.) | Looking down[14] | |
^m^ | [14] | |
(・・? (?_?) | [14] | |
(^o^;>) | "Pardon!"[5] | |
>^_^< <^!^> ^/^ (*^_^*) §^。^§ (^<^) (^.^) (^ム^) (^・^) (^。^) (^_^.) (^_^) (^^) (^J^) (*^。^*) ^_^ (#^.^#) (^-^) | Normal laugh[5][14] | |
(^^)/~~~ (^_^)/~ (;_;)/~~~ (^.^)/~~~ ($・・)/~~~ (@^^)/~~~ (T_T)/~~~ (ToT)/~~~ | [14] | |
●~* | Bomb[14] | |
(V)o¥o(V) | [14] | |
\(~o~)/ \(^o^)/ \(-o-)/ ヽ(^。^)ノ ヽ(^o^)丿 (*^0^*) | Excited[14][5] | |
(*_*) (*_*; (+_+) (@_@) (@_@。 (@_@;) \(◎o◎)/! | [14] | |
(-_-)/~~~ピシー!ピシー! | [14] | |
!(^^)! | [14] | |
(*^^)v (^^)v (^_^)v (^▽^) (・∀・) ( ´∀`) (⌒▽⌒) (^v^) (’-’*) | Laughing,[15][14] normal laugh[5] | |
(~o~) (~_~) | [14] | |
(^^ゞ | [14] | |
(p_-) | [14] | |
(-"-) (ーー゛) (^_^メ) (-_-メ) (`´) (~_~メ) (--〆) (・へ・) <`~´> <`ヘ´> (ーー;) | Worried[14][15] | |
(^0_0^) | Eyeglasses[14] | |
( ..)φメモメモ φ(..)メモメモ | [14] | |
:-P :-O |:3ミ :-> 8-< :-) :-< :( :-( :) :| :-| | [14] | |
(●^o^●) (^v^) (^u^) (^◇^) ( ^)o(^ ) (^O^) (^o^) (^○^) )^o^( (*^▽^*) | Happy[14][15] | |
( ̄ー ̄) | Grinning[15] | |
( ̄□ ̄;) | Surprised[15] | |
(*´▽`*) (*°∀°)=3 | Infatuation[15] | |
( ゚ Д゚) (゜◇゜) | Shocked, surprised[15] | |
(* ̄m ̄) | Dissatisfied[15] | |
ヽ(´ー`)┌ | Mellow[15] | |
(´・ω・`) (‘A`) | Snubbed or deflated[15] | |
(*^3^)/~☆ | Blowing a kiss[19] | |
.....φ(・∀・*) | Studying is good[19] | |
キタ━━━(゜∀゜)━━━!!!!! | "It's here", Kitaa!, a general expression of excitement that something has appeared or happened or "I came".[15] | |
_| ̄|○ STO OTZ OTL | Despair. The "O" or "o" represents one's head on the ground, "T" forms the torso and "S" or "Z" forms the legs.[15] |
2channel emoticons
[edit]The Japanese language is usually encoded using double-byte character codes, which can be reproduced as ASCII art.
Icon | Meaning |
---|---|
m9(^Д^) | jeering laughter |
m(_ _)m | kowtow as a sign of respect, or dogeza for apology[15] |
(´・ω・`) | snubbed or deflated[15] |
<`∀´> or <丶`∀´> | stereotypical Korean character (Nidā)[20] |
[ (★) ] <丶´Д`> |
stereotypical North Korean character (Kigā)[21] |
∧_∧ ( ;´Д`) |
stereotypical Japanese character (Monā)[21] |
∧∧ / 中\ ( `ハ´) |
stereotypical Chinese character (Sinā)[21] |
∧∧ / 台\ ( ^∀^) |
stereotypical Taiwanese character (Wanā)[21] |
∧∧ / 越 \ ( ・∀・ ) |
stereotypical Vietnamese character (Venā)[21] |
γ~三ヽ (三彡0ミ) ( ´∀`) |
stereotypical Indian Character (Monastē)[21] |
| ̄ ̄| _☆☆☆_ ( ´_⊃`) |
stereotypical American character (Samū)[21] |
┏━┓ ━━━━━━ ミΘc_Θ-ミ |
stereotypical Jewish character (Yudā)[21] |
__ │〓.│ ━━━━━ ミ ´_>`) |
stereotypical English character (Jakū)[21] |
____ (〓__> ξ ・_>・) |
stereotypical French character (Torirī)[21] |
_、,_ ミ _⊃) |
stereotypical German character (Gerumandamu)[21] |
≡≡彡 彡 ´_)` ) |
stereotypical Austrian character (Osutō)[21] |
,,,,,,,,,,,,, ミ;;;,,,,,,,ミ ( `_っ´) |
stereotypical Russian character (Rosukī)[21] |
_γ⌒ヽ_ lXXXXXXXXl ( ´m`) |
stereotypical Mexican character (Amīgo)[21] |
_ <(o0o)> (>ミ - ミ )> |
stereotypical Persian character (jujø)[21] |
(`・ω・´) | feel perky[20] |
_| ̄|○ | given up[20] |
(`-´)> | salute[20] |
(´;ω;`) | terribly sad[20] |
ヽ(´ー`)ノ | peace of mind[20] |
ヽ(`Д´)ノ | be irritable[20] |
(#゚Д゚) | angry[20] |
( ´Д`) | yelling, or panting[20] |
( ゚Д゚) | surprised, or loudmouthed[20] |
┐('~`;)┌ | don't know the answer[20] |
(´∀`) | carefree[20] |
( ´_ゝ`) | indifferent[20] |
Σ(゜д゜;) | shocked[20] |
( ゚ヮ゚) | happy, upbeat[20] |
キタ━━━(゜∀゜)━━━!!!!! | "It's here", Kitaa!, a general expression of excitement that something has appeared or happened or "I came".[15] |
キタワァ*・゜゚・*:.。..。.:*・゜(n‘∀‘)η゚・*:.。. .。.:*・゜゚・* !!!!! | Girlish version of "It's here".[20] |
⊂二二二( ^ω^)二⊃ | "bu-n", being carefree and above, with arms stretched out while running/soaring.[20] |
(*´Д`)ハァハァ | Erotic stirring, haa haa[20] |
( ´Д`)ノ(´・ω・`) ナデナデ | Patting, nade nade[20] |
(((( ;゚Д゚))) | Spook[20] |
Σ(゚Д゚) | Huge surprise[20] |
( ´∀`)σ)∀`) | Jog someone's cheek[20] |
(・∀・ )ヾ(- -;)コラコラ | Blaming "now now"[20] |
( ゚д゚) | Amazed[20] |
(´ー`)y-~~ | Smoking[20] |
( ^_^)o自自o(^_^ ) | Toast "Cheers"[20] |
m9(・∀・) | Flash of intuition[20] |
ヽ(´ー`)人(´∇`)人(`Д´)ノ | Friendly[20] |
('A`) | Lonely[20] |
( ´,_ゝ`) | Depressed, unsatisfied (based on indifferent)[20] |
(´-`).。oO( ... ) | Thinking[20] |
(゚Д゚;≡;゚Д゚) | Impatience[20] |
( ´д)ヒソ(´Д`)ヒソ(Д` ) | Whispers[20] |
(・∀・)つ⑩ | Carrying money[20] |
⊂(゚Д゚⊂⌒`つ≡≡≡(´⌒;;;≡≡≡ | Sliding on belly, "whooaaa!!!"[20] |
(゚д゚) | Unforeseen[20] |
(゚⊿゚) | "I don't need it"[20] |
щ(゚Д゚щ)(屮゚Д゚)屮 | Come on[20] |
(・∀・) | Mocking, "good"[20] |
(・A・) | "That's bad"[20] |
(゚∀゚) | Discharged drug-in-brain, goofing around, "A-HYA!"[20] |
( つ Д `) | Sad[20] |
エェェ(´д`)ェェエ | Not convincing[20] |
( ̄ー ̄) | Simper, Snorlax[20] |
( ゚∀゚)アハハ八八ノヽノヽノヽノ \ / \/ \ | Evil laugh (literally ahahaHAHA...)[20] |
[゚д゚] | Deflagged[20] |
♪┏(・o・)┛♪┗ ( ・o・) ┓♪┏ ( ) ┛♪┗ (・o・ ) ┓♪┏(・o・)┛♪ | Happy expressions, dancing to the music[20] |
d(*⌒▽⌒*)b | Happy expression[20] |
_| ̄|○, STO or OTZ or OTL | Despair. The "O" or "o" represents one's head on the ground, "T" or "r" forms the torso and "S" or "z" forms the legs.[15] |
(╬ ಠ益ಠ) | Extreme Distaste, meant to appear as an exaggerated grimace[20] |
(≧ロ≦) | Shouting[20] |
(ΘεΘ;) | Pretending not to notice, asleep because of boredom[20] |
お(^o^)や(^O^)す(^。^)みぃ(^-^)ノ゙ | Kana reading "O ya su mi" meaning "Good night" or "Night"[20] |
(*゚ノO゚)<オオオオォォォォォォォーーーーーイ! | Calling out, "Ooooi!"[20] |
\|  ̄ヘ ̄|/_______θ☆( *o*)/ | Kick[20] |
(‐^▽^‐)オーホッホ | Chuckle |
┌(;`~,)┐ | Discombobulated[20] |
ε=ε=ε=┌(;*´Д`)ノ | Running[20] |
ヽ(´▽`)/ | Happy[20] |
^ㅂ^ | Happy[20] |
(l'o'l) | Shocked[20] |
ヽ(o`皿′o)ノ | really angry[20] |
o/ o_ o/ o_ | "It's here" |
(☞゚ヮ゚)☞ or ☜(゚ヮ゚☜) | "Do it"[20] |
☜(⌒▽⌒)☞ | Angel[20] |
Graphic emoticons
[edit]Unicode characters
[edit]Some emoticons are included in the Unicode standard, three in the Miscellaneous Symbols block, and over sixty in the Emoticons block.
Miscellaneous Symbols (partial)[1] Unicode.org chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+263x | ☰ | ☱ | ☲ | ☳ | ☴ | ☵ | ☶ | ☷ | ☸ | ☹ | ☺ | ☻ | ☼ | ☽ | ☾ | ☿ |
Notes
|
Emoticons[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1F60x | 😀 | 😁 | 😂 | 😃 | 😄 | 😅 | 😆 | 😇 | 😈 | 😉 | 😊 | 😋 | 😌 | 😍 | 😎 | 😏 |
U+1F61x | 😐 | 😑 | 😒 | 😓 | 😔 | 😕 | 😖 | 😗 | 😘 | 😙 | 😚 | 😛 | 😜 | 😝 | 😞 | 😟 |
U+1F62x | 😠 | 😡 | 😢 | 😣 | 😤 | 😥 | 😦 | 😧 | 😨 | 😩 | 😪 | 😫 | 😬 | 😭 | 😮 | 😯 |
U+1F63x | 😰 | 😱 | 😲 | 😳 | 😴 | 😵 | 😶 | 😷 | 😸 | 😹 | 😺 | 😻 | 😼 | 😽 | 😾 | 😿 |
U+1F64x | 🙀 | 🙁 | 🙂 | 🙃 | 🙄 | 🙅 | 🙆 | 🙇 | 🙈 | 🙉 | 🙊 | 🙋 | 🙌 | 🙍 | 🙎 | 🙏 |
Notes
|
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "pi's smiley list". Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Paul H. Gil (2009 June). "Emoticons and Smileys 101". Retrieved 2009-08-02.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Yahoo messenger emoticons". Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "MSN messenger emoticons". Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Opdenakker, Raymond. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research". FQS. 7 (4). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research: 6. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Japanese Smileys(Emoticons) Cite error: The named reference "hiroette" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ From post by Laurel on 6 February 2009 on web post by Kathy (5 February 2009). <span="plainlinks>"idk wth :P means". GBD. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ a b Orlowski, Andrew (27 January 2006). "Cingular applies to patent smileys". The Register. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
times
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Heart emoticons". Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ "Yahoo messenger blog". Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ "Net For Beginners". Retrieved 8 February 2011.
- ^ "What does '\m/' mean?". Yahoo! Answers. January 2, 2008. Retrieved February 29,2012.
{{cite web}}
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has generic name (help);|first=
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(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as "List of emoticons". Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "List of emoticons commonly used in e-mail". 21 June 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2011. Cite error: The named reference "topthirty" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Bellamy, Seamus (8 December 2011). "Browser Extension of the Week: Look of Disapproval". Maximum PC. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
- ^ Team-dignitas.net
- ^ http://www.quora.com/What-does-Orz-in-my-friends-status-update-mean
- ^ a b Markman, Kris M.; Oshima, Sae (18 October 2007). Pragmatic Play? Some Possible Functions of English Emoticons and Japanese Kaomoji in Computer-Mediated Discourse (PDF). Association of Internet Researchers Annual Conference 8.0: Let's Play!. pp. 12, 13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj 2channel Board for Emoticons[dead link ]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Atwiki.jp[dead link ](Non English)