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Talk:Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes/Temp

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Mental health symptoms in the general population and among health care providers

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According to mental health experts, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused negative effects on people's mental health around the globe. These effects can manifest as increased anxiety and insecurity, greater fears, and discrimination.[1]

Experts[1] claim that changes to ones' environment can cause large amounts of distress and insecurity. COVID-19 spreads rapidly which is why people feel more panic and anxiety. Additionally, anxiety and fear associated with infection can lead to discriminatory behaviors, which then lead to increasingly negative social behaviors, worsening mental health.[1]

A systematic review and meta-analyses explored the prevalence of anxiety and depression in the general population in the UK during the first COVID-19 lockdown. This review found that there was a 26.35% increase in anxiety during the COVID-19 lockdown.[2] Pre-pandemic anxiety prevalence was reported to be 4.65% and increased during the pandemic to 31.00%. The review found that depression prevalence pre-pandemic was 4.12% but during the pandemic the prevalence for depression was 32.00% indicating a 27.88% increase.[2] According to a study that compared non-depressed individuals to depressed individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal, perceived addiction to TV, social networking, and gaming increased the risk for depression. Higher education and higher intensity of physical activity decreased the risk for depression. In addition, getting up at a later time during weekends, higher consumption of soft drinks, and being a health professional also indicated increased risk for depression.[3]

A study used a broader participant scope by including all healthcare workers in the participant sample. The study showed that doctors had slightly higher rates of anxiety and depression. Kamberi's study concludes that 34.1% of doctors specifically and 26.9% of nurses reported mild levels of anxiety.[4]  While the larger representation showed health care workers expressed that 26.9% showed mild levels of anxiety and 35.2% expressed mild to moderate depression levels in all of the health care participants.[4] Kamberi's study shows that regardless of your medical field, all healthcare fields are susceptible to experience mental health concerns.  [4]

COVID-19 impacts mental health of health care providers, but its effect varies based on their specific medical profession. Doctors and nurses appear to experience similar rates of mental health challenges with high rates of anxiety (40-45%), depression (12-30%), moderate and severe insomnia (62% and 27%, respectively).[5]

In a cross-sectional research study conducted in Portugal, an online survey was produced to collect data surrounding the direct comparison of mental health in health care professionals and the general population.[6] It was found that on average there was a significantly higher percentage of health care workers experiencing signs of mental health disorders compared to the general population of Portugal.[6]

Health care workers also frequently exhibit symptoms of more severe disorders developing like post-traumatic stress disorder (14%).[5] In general, about 50% of health care workers exhibit some form of negative emotions.[5] A cross-sectional study determined the stress levels and presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in nurses. The results of Leng's study showed 5.6% of nurses exhibited significant PTSD symptoms and 22% scored positively on stress levels.[7] The researchers admit significant changes were not seen in stress or PTSD levels as expected indicating disagreement. This study disclosed a significant link between nursing and mental health specifically PTSD was not shown. This contradicts the study in the beginning of the paragraph. Despite this, the journal mentioned other similar studies that discovered far stronger correlations and believed a correlation to still be true.[8]

When specifically examining Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in nurses during the pandemic, there are many factors contributing to the decline.[9] Nurses are experiencing the toll of COVID-19 first-hand in hospitals, including increased mortality statistics and virus exposure. These experiences may trigger abhorrent thoughts of past disease outbreaks or may even contribute to lasting emotional stress in the future.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is not the only serious complication coming arising in the nursing field. A journal investigated a relationship with suicide rates in nursing finding "elevated suicide rates for nurses compared with other, non-healthcare providers."

Rapid spread of COVID-19 in long-term care settings impacted the quality of care in such facilities during the pandemic. There was an increase in tele-health services compared to pre-pandemic frequency, however residents of long term-care settings went long periods of time without access to mental health services. The implementation of pandemic-related visitor restrictions also potentially contributed negatively to the emotional well-being, loneliness, and quality of life of long-term care residents.[10]

It is crucial to understand how mental health disorders can be combatted and managed. There are numerous options, some include solutions done directly or others require medical intercession.[9]

  • Contact a medical provider
  • Contact a local or national Mental Health Hotline
  • Take time to perform self-care
  • Increase nutritional food intake
  • Talk to a trusted friend or family member
  1. ^ a b c Usher, Kim; Durkin, Joanne; Bhullar, Navjot (10 April 2020). "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Mental Health Impacts". International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 29 (3): 315–318. doi:10.1111/inm.12726. PMC 7262128. PMID 32277578.
  2. ^ a b Dettmann, Luca Marie; Adams, Sally; Taylor, Gemma (September 2022). "Investigating the prevalence of anxiety and depression during the first COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom: Systematic review and meta-analyses". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 61 (3): 757–780. doi:10.1111/bjc.12360. ISSN 0144-6657. PMC 9111383. PMID 35137427.
  3. ^ Canas-Simião, Hugo; Reis, Cátia; Carreiras, Diogo; Espada-Santos, Pedro; Paiva, Teresa (August 2022). "Health-Related Behaviors and Perceived Addictions: Predictors of Depression During the COVID Lockdown". Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 210 (8): 613–621. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001503. ISSN 1539-736X. PMC 9351507. PMID 35120055.
  4. ^ a b c Kamberi, Fatjona; Sinaj, Enkeleda; Jaho, Jerina; Subashi, Brunilda; Sinanaj, Glodiana; Jaupaj, Kristela; Stramarko, Yllka; Arapi, Paola; Dine, Ledia; Gurguri, Arberesha; Xhindoli, Juljana (October 2021). "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, risk perception and coping strategies among health care workers in Albania - evidence that needs attention". Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 12: 100824. doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100824. PMC 8567021. PMID 34751254.
  5. ^ a b c Hossain, Md Mahbub; Tasnim, Samia; Sultana, Abida; Faizah, Farah; Mazumder, Hoimonty; Zou, Liye; McKyer, E. Lisako J.; Ahmed, Helal Uddin; Ma, Ping (2020-06-23). "Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review". F1000Research. 9: 636. doi:10.12688/f1000research.24457.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 7549174. PMID 33093946.
  6. ^ a b Sampaio, Francisco; Sequeira, Carlos; Teixeira, Laetitia (October 2020). "Nurses' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 62 (10): 783–787. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001987. hdl:10284/8914. ISSN 1076-2752. PMID 32769803. S2CID 221084766.
  7. ^ Leng, Min; Wei, Lili; Shi, Xiaohui; Cao, Guorong; Wei, Yuling; Xu, Hong; Zhang, Xiaoying; Zhang, Wenwen; Xing, Shuyun; Wei, Holly (March 2021). "Mental distress and influencing factors in nurses caring for patients with COVID -19". Nursing in Critical Care. 26 (2): 94–101. doi:10.1111/nicc.12528. ISSN 1362-1017. PMID 33448567.
  8. ^ Davidson, Judy E.; Stuck, Amy R.; Zisook, Sidney; Proudfoot, James (May 2018). "Testing a Strategy to Identify Incidence of Nurse Suicide in the United States". The Journal of Nursing Administration. 48 (5): 259–265. doi:10.1097/NNA.0000000000000610. ISSN 1539-0721. PMID 29672372. S2CID 5001693.
  9. ^ a b COVID-19 and Mental Health: Self-Care for Nursing Staff. (2021). Arizona Nurse, 74(2), 14–15.
  10. ^ Lind, Lisa M.; Ward, Rachel N.; Rose, Savannah G.; Brown, Lisa M. (2022-09-01). "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological service provision, mental health practitioners, and patients in long-term care settings: Results from a rapid response survey". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 54: 93–102. doi:10.1037/pro0000486. ISSN 1939-1323. S2CID 252026475.
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