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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2018 and 19 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Cmedi4.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:37, 16 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Jobs to do

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This is my list:

  • Improve Fort Michilimackinac paragraph
  • Improve final paragraph
  • Add images of old-fashioned equipment from here: [1] or keep current one?

Michael 134.84.96.142 (talk) 22:56, 14 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]

Those pictures are copyrighted so you can't use those. --Yarnalgo talk to me 03:18, 20 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]
It says "except for non-commercial study or research purposes without proper acknowledgement or citation of the copyright owner and the virtual exhibition"... does that cover Wikipedia? MakeBelieveMonster (talk) 18:50, 13 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]

Stickball (Native American)

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I just noticed that this article overlaps a lot with Stickball (Native American). Not sure how to resolve this. Michael 134.84.96.142 (talk) 23:58, 14 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]

As far as I know Stickball (Native American) is the same things as lacrosse. I'm a bit new to wikipedia (as fas as editing) but I would propose merging the two articles. Bvlax2005 (talk) 16:17, 18 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]
It looks like Stickball specifically means the traditional Native American version of lacrosse. I would support making Stickball (Native American) redirect to History of lacrosse#Native American origins. I'll look at what content should be moved. Michael 207.69.137.24 (talk) 05:16, 26 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]

Stickball is still played by many tribes from Oklahoma and the Southeastern US, particularly Mississippi and North Carolina. Lacrosse is derived from a similar game played by Northeastern tribes. They are not the same game and it's sad to see a sport still very much alive today being relegated to a history section of another sport. I would love to see Stickball (Native American) have its own page again. -Uyvsdi (talk) 02:42, 31 January 2009 (UTC)Uyvsdi[reply]

Uyvsdi - What are the major differences between Northeastern tribes game of lacrosse and stickball? Thomas Vennum writes extensively about the history of lacrosse, and his writings always combine the variations of the game under the general name lacrosse, including stickball & twostick. Initially, I think including a section about the southern version of stickball makes sense then splitting it off at a later point if warranted. -Mitico (talk) 22:19, 4 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Thinking about it a little more, my opinion is that term "lacrosse" be used broadly to describe all Native American "versions" of the game -- with an appropriate discussion of etymology. At that point, I think the "Native American game" section should be divided with ===level 3=== headers into three sections for: Northeastern, Great Lakes & Southeastern versions. As far as a separate article, I can see a split for the game if there is sufficient sources to support it, but it would be important to focus on what differentiates the game, but I think from a historical perspective they are related. Does modern day stickball have a set of written rules, annual tournaments, leagues? Or is it exhibition, only?-Mitico (talk) 13:05, 5 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]

jmoore19 - I would like to request that "Stickball (Native American)" have its own page and be separate from the "History of Lacrosse". ::If anything I believe that the "History of Lacrosse" should be redirected to a "Stickball (Native American)" article because stickball ::is the game of Native Americans and Lacrosse is more the modified English version of the traditional game. The article itself actually ::states that the game was renamed after a french missionary had watched a tribe playing in the 1600s.

I am actually a citizen of the Chickasaw tribe and would like to contribute more information to the subject of Stickball (Native ::American) as it is a game that is still played among different tribes. A few ways I would like to change this article is by adding some ::more up to date information and pictures of actual modern day games, players and equipment.--jmoore19 03:06, 7 September 2013 (UTC) -jmoore19 03:00, 7 September 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmoore19 (talk • contribs)

Sources

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Unfounded claims

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I take issue with this:

Lacrosse is the oldest team sport in North America and possibly the world.

What??

According to the History of Hurling, a similar Irish game, it was first mentioned around the 5th Century AD, but its origins are much older (at least 2000 years). Likewise in the early history of football, its mentioned that the Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a team game known as "επισκυρος" (episkyros) or phaininda from the Greeks.

Come on Lacrosse editors check this work? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.128.28 (talk) 11:35, 20 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]

I have removed and possibly the world since it is unknowable since Native Americans did not keep such records. It may well be true, or not ... Presumably there is a game that can claim the "oldest historically recorded team sport" ...but that is not lacrosse. Mitico (talk) 12:59, 20 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]

lecrooss

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Lacrosse has its origins in a tribal game played by all eastern Woodlands Native Americans and by some Plains Indians tribes in what is now Canada. The game was extensively modified by European immigrants to North America to create its current collegiate and professional form.

Contents [hide] 1 Native American game 1.1 Rituals 1.2 Equipment 2 European involvement 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Native American game[edit] See also: Native American stickball


Men from the Mohawk Nation at Kahnawake (Caughnawaga) who were the Canadian lacrosse champions in 1869. Modern day lacrosse descends from and resembles games played by various Native American communities. These include games called dehuntshigwa'es in Onondaga ("men hit a rounded object"), da-nah-wah'uwsdi in Eastern Cherokee ("little war"), Tewaarathon in Mohawk language ("little brother of war"), baaga`adowe in Ojibwe ("bump hips")[2] and kabucha in Choctaw.[3]

Lacrosse is one of the oldest team sports in North America. There is evidence that a version of lacrosse originated in what is now Canada as early as the 17th century.[4][5] Native American lacrosse was played throughout modern Canada, but was most popular around the Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic seaboard, and American South.


"An Indian Ball-Play" by George Catlin, circa 1846-1850, Choctaw Indians. Native American ball games often involved hundreds of players. Traditional lacrosse games were sometimes major events that could last several days. As many as 100 to 1,000 men from opposing villages or tribes would participate. The games were played in open plains located between the two villages, and the goals could range from 500 yards (460 m) to six miles apart.[6]

Rules for these games were decided on the day before. Generally there was no out-of-bounds, and the ball could not be touched with the hands. The goals would be selected as large rocks or trees; in later years wooden posts were used. Playing time was often from sun up until sun down.

There are traditionally three areas of scoring on the stickball pole. There is a mark, about chest high on the pole, and when scored above, awards one point. Contact below that point is not scored. The top half of the pole, well above arms reach, is worth two points when hit. The very top of the pole, usually embellished with a large figure of a fish, is worth three points. In recreational games, scoring is loosely kept, most times by the audience or a few players. Games typically reach around twenty points before concluding.[citation needed]

The game began with the ball being tossed into the air and the two sides rushing to catch it. Because of the large number of players involved, these games generally tended to involve a huge mob of players swarming the ball and slowly moving across the field. Passing the ball was thought of as a trick, and it was seen as cowardly to dodge an opponent.[7]

The medicine men acted as coaches, and the women of the tribe were usually limited to serving refreshments to the players.[8] (There was also a women's version of lacrosse called amtahcha, which used much shorter sticks with larger heads.[9])

In modern day recreational stickball games, it is not unusual to see women playing. Women forgo using stickball sticks and are the only players able to use their bare hands in play, while men are always required to play with a pair of stickball sticks. Teams are usually split into men vs. women for convenience. The men will suffer some sort of penalty or disqualification for being too aggressive towards the women players, but the women have no such restrictions on their methods of playing.[citation needed]

Lacrosse traditionally had many different purposes. Some games were played to settle inter-tribal disputes. This function was essential to keeping the Six Nations of the Iroquois together. Lacrosse was also played to toughen young warriors for combat, for recreation, as part of festivals, and for the bets involved. Finally, lacrosse was played for religious reasons: "for the pleasure of the Creator" and to collectively pray for something.[10]

Rituals[edit]


"Ball-play Dance" by George Catlin, 1834. Before the match, players and their supporters passed the night in singing, dancing, and soliciting divine support. Pre-game rituals were very similar to rituals associated with war. Players would decorate their bodies with paint and charcoal. Players also decorated their sticks or stick racks with objects representing qualities desired in the game. Strict taboos were held on what players could eat before a game, and the medicine man performed rituals to prepare players and their sticks. The night before a game, players wore ceremonial regalia and held a special dance. Sacrifices were held, and sacred expressions were yelled to intimidate opponents.[11]

On the day of the game, teams walked to the field and were slowed by constant rituals. One ceremony was "going to water," in which players dunked their sticks in water and the shaman gave a spiritual and strategic pep talk. Sometimes players would receive ceremonial scratches on their arms or torso.[12]

Before the game, every player was required to place a wager. Items such as handkerchiefs, knives, trinkets, horses, and even wives and children would be at stake. The bets would be displayed on a rack near the spectators, and items would be awarded proportionally to the winner of each quarter.[13][14]

When the game was over another ceremonial dance took place, along with a large feast for the hungry players.[citation needed]}

Equipment[edit] Some early lacrosse balls were made out of wood. Others were made of deerskin stuffed with hair.[15] They were typically three inches in diameter.[16]

The first lacrosse sticks were essentially giant wooden spoons with no netting.[17] A more advanced type had one end bent into a 4 to 5-inch (130 mm) diameter circle, which was filled with netting.[18] This netting was made of wattup or deer sinew.[19] The most recent Native American sticks use a U-shape instead of a circle.

These sticks were bent into shape after being softened through steaming, and lengths typically ranged from 2 to 5 feet (1.5 m).[18] Lacrosse sticks often had elaborate carvings on them intended to help players in the game.[14] Lacrosse sticks were so treasured that many players requested to be buried with their stick beside them.[14]

Some versions of lacrosse used unusual stick designs. In the St. Lawrence Valley a version was played in which the head took up two thirds of the stick. In the Southwestern United States a double-stick version was played with sticks about two and a half feet long.[20]

No protective equipment was worn in traditional lacrosse.[21]

European involvement[edit]


Richmond Hill "Young Canadians" lacrosse team, 1885. The first westerners to encounter lacrosse were French Jesuit missionaries in the St. Lawrence Valley. During the 1630s, they witnessed the game and condemned it. They were opposed to lacrosse because it was violent, betting was involved, and it was part of the religion they sought to eradicate.[21]

One missionary, Jean de Brébeuf, was the first to write about lacrosse and thus gave it its name. He described the Huron Indians playing in 1636. Some say the name originated from the French term for field hockey, le jeu de la crosse.[22] Others suggest that it was named after the crosier, a staff carried by bishops.[6]

Despite Jesuit opposition, many other European colonists were intrigued by lacrosse. Betting on games became common, and around 1740 many French colonists were taking up the game. However, it is widely believed they could not match the skill of the Native Americans.[22]

In 1763, Ojibwas used a lacrosse game to capture Fort Michilimackinac (now Mackinac). Natives invited the fort's British troops to watch a lacrosse game. The players gradually worked their way close to the gates, and then rushed into the fort and carried out a general massacre.[23]

In 1805 during an expedition up the Mississippi River, U.S. army officer Lt. Zebulon Pike observed a group of young Sioux and Winnebago men playing this game, or one resembling it, near the east bank of the river, in what is now west-central Wisconsin. He named the region "Prairie La Crosse", which in turn inspired the name of both the Wisconsin county and its principal city in that region.[24] Today, two statues in the city of La Crosse (one downtown, the other along southbound US Highway 53 entering the city from the north) commemorate the game observed by Pike.

In 1834 a team of Caughnawaga Indians demonstrated lacrosse in Montreal. Although response to the demonstrations was not overwhelming, interest in lacrosse steadily grew in Canada.[25]


A "pee wee" game in progress In 1856, William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, founded Montreal Lacrosse Club. He codified the game in 1867 to shorten the length of each game, reduce the number of players, use a redesigned stick, and use a rubber ball. The first game played under Beers' rules was at Upper Canada College in 1867. During the 1860s lacrosse became Canada's national game. The first overseas exhibition games were played in 1867. In 1876, Queen Victoria witnessed an exhibition game and was impressed, saying "The game is very pretty to watch." Her endorsement was enough for many English girls' schools to adopt the sport in the 1890s.[26] The Mohawk Lacrosse Club in Troy, New York became the first organized club in the United States.

As lacrosse grew, opposition to its violent aspects was a major obstacle. The game was banned in some areas when, in 1900, Choctaw Indians attached lead weights to their sticks to use them as skull-crackers.[25]

By the 20th century, many high schools, colleges and universities had adopted lacrosse as a league sport. Lacrosse became an Olympic sport for the 1904 and 1908 Summer Olympics, but was then dropped as an official sport. After 1908, lacrosse was a sport in the World Games.

In the 1930s, an indoor version of the game, box lacrosse, was introduced in Canada. It quickly became the dominant form of the sport in Canada, in part due to the severe winter weather that limited outdoor play.[citation needed]

Minor leagues developed for box lacrosse and college lacrosse. Two professional leagues also were created: In 1987 the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League was founded; it eventually became the Major Indoor Lacrosse League, and then the National Lacrosse League (NLL). In the summer of 2001, a professional field lacrosse league, known as Major League Lacrosse (MLL), was inaugurated.

See also[edit] Crooked Arrows Lacrosse Mesoamerican ballgame Oldest lacrosse clubs Lacrosse in Pennsylvania References[edit] Jump up ^ Stancari, Lou (2009-11-23). "Further information at NMAI (scroll down)". Blog.photography.si.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-30. Jump up ^ "Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary". Retrieved 2007-03-30. Jump up ^ Haag, Marcia; Henry Millis (2001). Choctaw Language & Culture: Chahta Anumpa. Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-8061-3339-3. Jump up ^ Vennum, Thomas. American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brother of War. (Smithsonian Institution, 1994) SBN 978-1560983026. Jump up ^ Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13. ^ Jump up to: a b "Lacrosse History". STX. Archived from the original on 2007-05-24. Retrieved 2007-02-24. Jump up ^ Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 10. Jump up ^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) ISBN 978-0486231259. pg 580, 607. Jump up ^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) ISBN 978-0486231259. pg 596. Jump up ^ Rock, Tom (November–December 2002). "More Than a Game". Lacrosse Magazine (US Lacrosse). Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-03-18. Jump up ^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) ISBN 978-0486231259. pg 563-577. Jump up ^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) ISBN 978-0486231259. pg 580. Jump up ^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) ISBN 978-0486231259. pg 584. ^ Jump up to: a b c Conover, Adele. "Little Brother of War." Smithsonian Dec 1997: pg 32. Jump up ^ "Living Traditions | Lacrosse". Museevirtuel.ca. Retrieved 2012-05-30. Jump up ^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 563. Jump up ^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 594. ^ Jump up to: a b Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 566. Jump up ^ Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 9. Jump up ^ Vennum, Thomas (1994). American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brother of War. Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 9781560983026. ^ Jump up to: a b "Lacrosse: E-Lacrosse Lacrosse Links and Lacrosse Sources". E-lacrosse.com. Retrieved 2012-05-30. ^ Jump up to: a b "Lacrosse: E-Lacrosse Lacrosse History, Links and Sources". E-lacrosse.com. Retrieved 2012-05-30. Jump up ^ Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, in two parts, Part 1; Washington, Government Printing Office. 1907. PAGE 127. Jump up ^ Writ in Remembrance: 100 Years of LaCrosse Area History: Lacrossewa.us ^ Jump up to: a b "History of Native American Lacrosse". Uslacrosse.org. Retrieved 2012-05-30. Jump up ^ "Jonathan Thompson explains the kit, the body armour and the bloody Native American history of lacrosse". Highbeam.com. 2001-10-14. Retrieved 2012-05-30. Further reading[edit] Arnold, Philip P. (2012). The Gift of Sports: Indigenous Ceremonial Dimensions of the Games We Love. San Diego, CA: Cognella. ISBN 978-1-62131-047-1. Beers, William George (1869), Lacrosse: the national game of Canada, Dawson Brothers Culin, Stewart (1975). Games of the North American Indians. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 846 pages. ISBN 0486231259. Retrieved 2012-05-30. Fisher, Donald M (2002), Lacrosse: a history of the game, ohns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801869382 Vennum, Thomas; Vennum, Jr., Thomas (2008). American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brother of War. JHU Press. ISBN 080188764X. Vennum, Thomas (2007), Lacrosse legends of the first Americans, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 9780801886287 Yeager, John M (2006), Our game: the character and culture of Lacrosse, Dude Pub, ISBN 1887943994 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.40.32.6 (talk) 19:43, 14 July 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Assessment comment

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The comment(s) below were originally left at Talk:History of lacrosse/Comments, and are posted here for posterity. Following several discussions in past years, these subpages are now deprecated. The comments may be irrelevant or outdated; if so, please feel free to remove this section.

citation needed for the part about what roles the medicine men and women played in the game
It has citation, at the end of the sentence or paragraph. Michael 134.84.96.142 (talk) 16:14, 16 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]

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==Wiki Education assignment: The Age of Revolution and Historical Memory== This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 January 2022 and 4 May 2022. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Vin2513 (article contribs). Peer reviewers: ElijahBorges.

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