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Proposal for additions to the article

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Hi Wikipedia community ! I want to add a section about nutrition values. For that we think to delete a part of the fruit section which features similar informations we want to add. We think it makes more sense to have its own category as the nutrients are not only featured in the fruit but also in the plant leaves. We also want to add a section about the cultivitation in Europe, which will extend the cultivation section. Finally, we will also add informations about the ecology, the use and general description of Hippophae rhamnoides. The sources will be added when we publish.

Note: No, other editors will need to see your proposed sources first here on the talk page. Zefr (talk) 17:34, 26 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Nutrition

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The sea buckthorn plant contains a variety of different essential nutrients supporting various health benefits. The nutrient-rich berries, seeds, and leaves of the plant are used in various forms, including oils, juices, powders, and supplements.

Vitamins and carotenoids:

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The berries consist of seeds (about 23%), pulp (about 68%) and peel (about 8%) and have a very high vitamin content, reaching 800-3909 mg/ 100 g fruit.[1] This is 13 to 66 times higher than that of orange[2], making them a potent antioxidant source. Carotenoids, notably β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin are also responsible for these antioxidant benefits and also contribute to the fruit's vibrant orange color. Additionally, they contain significant amounts of vitamins A, E, and some B-vitamins. [1]

The journal source proposed, the Journal of Future Foods (article by Chen et al.),[1] appears to be a new, unestablished publication, is not MEDLINE-indexed, is not present in the Wikipedia Library, and therefore is not a reliable source for the encyclopedia. Further, the article makes claims that sea buckthorn is "therapeutic" and "can also treat heart diseases, lung diseases and other diseases." These claims are false, as there is no mainstream scientific agreement for such clinical effects, and no WP:MEDRS sources to support them.
For content especially about human nutrition, health, and anti-disease properties, rigorous WP:BMI reviews are needed. An updated source for nutrition information is needed, but the article by Chen et al. is unreliable on many aspects, so is not the answer. Zefr (talk) 18:22, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Minerals:

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Essential minerals are also present in the fruit. Sea buckthorn contains 35 minerals with the most prevalent being potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.[3][4][5][6] In the Himalayans it was found that in high altitude the plants contain more minerals than at lower ones, showing the importance of Sea buckthorn as a mineral source for high plateau regions.[7]

None of these sources meets WP:BMI. Zefr (talk) 18:22, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Fatty Acids:

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Both Sea buckthorn pulp and seed oil offer a unique combination of unsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3, -6, -7, and -9 with content of approximately 67%, with see oil even reaching 90%. This oil is characterized by its inclusion of linoleic, linolenic and oleic acid.[1]

Amino Acids and Protein:

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Sea buckthorn is also notable for its high protein content in its seeds, bark, branches, and leaves. The seeds are particularly protein-dense, with protein levels recorded at 24,700 mg/100 g for Chinese varieties. Sea buckthorn juice has a protein concentration of 600 mg/100 g dry weight, largely composed of globulin and albumin, and contains non-protein nitrogen in the form of free amino acids. Overall, sea buckthorn fruit contains 18 amino acids, with eight of them being essential ones such as lysine, methionine, and leucine. Lysine being a special case because of its common shortfall in plant-based diets.[1]

Bioactive Compounds:

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Sea buckthorn also poses a source for a multitude of other bioactive compounds. Some of them are flavonoids, polyphenols, organic acids, terpenes and steroids. With flavonoids being the main medicinal active ingredient and sterols also being precursors for vitamins.[1]

Flavonoids (polyphenols) have no known effects in vivo. They are not medicinal. There are no WP:MEDRS sources to support this section. Zefr (talk) 18:22, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Cultivation in Europe:

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In 1980 the cultivation of H.rhamnoides began in Europe, mostly in the USSR, where it is still popular today[8]. To rely less on imported citron fruits, East Germany, then DDR, invested significantly resources to improve Sea buckthorn.[9] This established new subspecies, harvesting methods and gave scientific proof for some of the health benefits attributed to Sea buckthorn. Efforts to develop male pollinator varieties, like “Pollmix,” improved pollination efficiency and expanded the crop’s adaptability to various climates, from coastal areas to high-altitude regions in the Alps. As a result, Europe has, today, seven female and four male species.[10] Sea buckthorn started expanding in Europe and is today mainly popular in the Alps due to its resistance to high altitude. In the Baltics, H.rhamnoides was long known and used for food, fuel or medical purposes.[11]

These are not reliable WP:SCIRS reviews. Zefr (talk) 18:22, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

European species

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In Europe, four species are known to be native. The species differ in their adapted abilities and regions.[12]

Carpation-sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. carpatica Rousi): mostly grows in forests in Eastern Europe and is here native.  

Mountain-sea buckthorn or River buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. fluviatilis Soest): located in the alps and Spain. This subspecies has fewer thorns [13]than others, and is therefore interesting for crossing, due to easier harvesting methods. But H. rhamnoides  fluviatilis is in Europe, found to be endangered due to its habitat in gravel pits next to naturally flowing rivers.  

Coastal-sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. Rhamnoides): native to dunes from the Baltic Sea. Especially short and thorny branches.[14]  

Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. Caucasica: is native to Ukraine, Turkey, Romania and later introduced and established into Russia.

This section may be okay, but more sources would help. Zefr (talk) 18:22, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Description and biology

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The shrub can live up to 80 years.

Fertilisation is by wind, but also by insects and birds.

The first fruits appear after three years, and the full fruit period is reached when the shrub is around five years old. It takes around 12 to 15 weeks for the fruit to reach maturity.[1]

Unreliable source. Zefr (talk) 18:22, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Uses

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Consumer product

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Direct consumption is not attractive due to the lack of natural sugar; therefore, sea buckthorn is mainly processed. There are around a thousand food products around the world, such as sea buckthorn berries, alcoholic sea buckthorn drinks, fermented sea buckthorn food, food additives extracted from sea buckthorn, sea buckthorn oil and tea containing sea buckthorn leaves.[1]

Traditional medicine

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Sea buckthorn fruit has been used as medicine by Tibetans and Mongolians for nearly 2000 years. They discovered that it can cure many diseases, such as lung and heart disease.

Today, there are hundreds of traditional medicines made from sea buckthorn fruit.[1]

This information is false, quackery, and not supported by a WP:MEDRS review. Zefr (talk) 18:22, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Livestock fodder

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5000 years BC, the ancient Greeks were already using it to feed racehorses to increase their muscle mass.[1]

Sea Buckthorn leaves and fruit residues (left after oil extraction) can be used to feed poultry and livestock. The weight of livestock and poultry has been shown to increase considerably after being fed sea buckthorn.[15] [16]

Ecology

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Soil Improvement and Fertility

Sea buckthorn plays a significant role in enhancing soil physicochemical properties, particularly through its ability to fix nitrogen in specialized root nodules, contributing to increased soil fertility and productivity over time. Nitrogen fixation in sea buckthorn occurs through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria, which add an estimated 180 kg of nitrogen per hectare annually to the soil[17]. This process supports soil fertility by increasing nitrogen content, along with added phosphorus and organic matter.

The plant’s root system is extensive and efficient, with taproots reaching depths of up to 4 meters, while horizontal roots spread up to 10 meters. It stimulates soil microbial activity through exudates and organic matter from fallen leaves and plant residues, enhancing soil health overall[18].

Additionally, as sea buckthorn plantations age, soil fertility continues to improve, evidenced by elevated carbon and nitrogen accumulation[19]. This progressive soil enhancement makes sea buckthorn valuable for land restoration, particularly in degraded temperate regions.

Role in Land Reclamation

Sea buckthorn can be used for land reclamation, alongside trees like pine, larch, black locust, alder, sycamore maple, manna ash, silverberry, and wild privet[20]. Its strong root system effectively stabilizes slopes, reduces surface runoff, and controls sediment transport, particularly in areas prone to erosion from rainstorms[21]. These attributes make it an ideal candidate for rehabilitating disturbed or degraded lands.

Wildlife Habitat and Conservation

Beyond its soil and reclamation benefits, sea buckthorn provides essential habitats for various wildlife species. Its dense bushes offer shelter, while its nutrient-rich berries, serve as a vital food source for birds and small mammals. In regions like Ladakh, these shrubs support a range of native wildlife, providing both cover and food for birds and small mammals. In the Canadian prairies, species such as sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge, and pheasants rely on sea buckthorn for food and shelter. Sea buckthorn’s importance as a wildlife habitat has been documented across multiple regions, highlighting its role in promoting biodiversity[22].

Additional Uses and Ecological Contributions

All parts of the sea buckthorn plant are rich in bioactive compounds, contributing to its use beyond ecological restoration[20]. Its leaves, which contain significant protein levels, are suitable for livestock and pet food[23]. Given these benefits, sea buckthorn is widely considered a multipurpose species of ecological and economic importance worldwide[20]. Cleram (talk) 15:08, 26 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chen, Aruhan; Feng, Xiaowei; Dorjsuren, Byambasuren; Chimedtseren, Chimedragchaa; Damda, Tsend-Ayush; Zhang, Chunhong (2023-09-01). "Traditional food, modern food and nutritional value of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): a review". Journal of Future Foods. 3 (3): 191–205. doi:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2023.02.001. ISSN 2772-5669.
  2. ^ "USDA". USDA.
  3. ^ Ercisli, Sezai; Orhan, Emine; Ozdemir, Ozlem; Sengul, Memnune (2007-12-10). "The genotypic effects on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries grown in Turkey". Scientia Horticulturae. 115 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.07.004. ISSN 0304-4238.
  4. ^ Olas, Beata (2016-11-01). "Sea buckthorn as a source of important bioactive compounds in cardiovascular diseases". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 97: 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.008. ISSN 0278-6915.
  5. ^ Rivera-Dommarco, Juan A (2001-03-01). "Food Composition and Nutrition Tables". Archives of Medical Research. 32 (2): 172–173. doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(01)00257-0. ISSN 0188-4409.
  6. ^ Rivera-Dommarco, Juan A (2001-03-01). "Food Composition and Nutrition Tables". Archives of Medical Research. 32 (2): 172–173. doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(01)00257-0. ISSN 0188-4409.
  7. ^ Stobdan. "Attributes of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) to meet nutritional requirements in high altitude". Defence Science Journal. doi:0.14429/dsj.60.344. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  8. ^ "Sanddorn in der DDR". www.sanddorn.net. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  9. ^ Schuh, 16 01 2019 um 13:10 von Karin (2019-01-16). "Vitaminbombe Sanddorn: Die Zitrone der DDR ist zurück". Die Presse (in German). Retrieved 2024-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Sanddorn in der DDR". www.sanddorn.net. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  11. ^ Suryakumar, Geetha; Gupta, Asheesh (2011-11-18). "Medicinal and therapeutic potential of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 138 (2): 268–278. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.024. ISSN 0378-8741.
  12. ^ "Hippophae rhamnoides | Euro+Med-Plantbase". europlusmed.org. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  13. ^ "FloraWeb - Artsteckbrief: Startseite". www.floraweb.de. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  14. ^ "FloraWeb - Artsteckbrief: Schmetterlingsfutterpflanze". www.floraweb.de. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  15. ^ https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/NUTRITIONAL-POTENTIAL-OF-SEABUCKTHORN-PLANT-FOR-LIVESTOCK-FEEDING.pdf
  16. ^ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11632-006-0009-4
  17. ^ Dwivedi, S.K.; Ahmed, Z. (2008-06). "SEABUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE SP.) - A POTENTIAL UNDERUTILIZED FRUIT PLANT FOR COLD ARID INDIA". Acta Horticulturae (769): 297–302. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2008.769.43. ISSN 0567-7572. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Din, Muhammad; Khan, Faizullah; Karim, Abdul; ., Tajuddin; ., Saifullah (2019-07-18). "Evaluation of Different Varieties of Pea under AgroClimatic Conditions of Gilgit-Baltistan". Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences – Open Journal. 5 (2): 50–53. doi:10.17140/aftnsoj-5-156. ISSN 2377-8350. {{cite journal}}: |last4= has numeric name (help)
  19. ^ Yang, Miao; Yang, Dan; Yu, Xuan (2018-01-11). Paz-Ferreiro, Jorge (ed.). "Soil microbial communities and enzyme activities in sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) plantation at different ages". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0190959. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190959. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5764322. PMID 29324845.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ^ a b c Enescu, Cristian Mihai (2014-10-07). "Sea-buckthorn: a species with a variety of uses, especially in land reclamation". Dendrobiology. 72: 41–46. doi:10.12657/denbio.072.003.
  21. ^ Acharya, Somen (january 2010). [Seabuckthorn (Hippophae sp. L.): New crop opportunity for biodiversity conservation in cold arid Trans-Himalayas. "Seabuckthorn (Hippophae sp. L.): New crop opportunity for biodiversity conservation in cold arid Trans-Himalayas"]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Dwivedi, S.K.; Ahmed, Z. (2008-06). "SEABUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE SP.) - A POTENTIAL UNDERUTILIZED FRUIT PLANT FOR COLD ARID INDIA". Acta Horticulturae (769): 297–302. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2008.769.43. ISSN 0567-7572. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Suryakumar, Geetha; Gupta, Asheesh (2011-11-18). "Medicinal and therapeutic potential of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 138 (2): 268–278. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.024. ISSN 0378-8741.

Review of proposal

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Cleram - first, editing is done by one person, not a group. Each user should have a registered individual user name, WP:U, or edit as an individual IP user.

Second, you offered no sources in the above outline. Sections 2-5 are already sourced and covered adequately in the article. #6 (bioactive compounds) is dubious because none of those compounds has proven effects in vivo. As an example, see the Polyphenols article. Flavonoids are not 'medicinal'.

Accordingly, the first job here would be to provide reliable sources for each of the numbered sections for editors to review. Note: for anything related to human health, nutrition, or disease prevention, the source must comply with WP:BMI and/or WP:MEDRS. Zefr (talk) 17:34, 26 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Hi Zefr
Thank you for your comments! I added my sources for you to review. Also I think the article benefits from a dedicated nutrient section, because it is not yet described in detail very well. The nutrients should also not be in the fruits section as there are nutrients present in other parts of the plants like the leaves. I can delete the bioactive compounds section if you don't find the sources to be adequate. Cleram (talk) 15:35, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Discussed in sections above, the Chen article in the Journal of Future Foods is not a WP:BMI source for nutrition and implied health effects, and is not an established reliable journal, so should be abandoned. The Ecology section may have value, although this is already covered in the article, mostly by the Li sources. Zefr (talk) 18:22, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]
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