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History to 1982

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Main articles: History of the Falkland Islands and Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands

There is some evidence of visitation by Patagonian Indians but the islands were uninhabited when first discovered by European explorers.[1] There is controversy over first discovery, with competing Portuguese, Spanish and British claims in the 16th Century.[2] The first reliable sighting is usually attributed to the Dutch explorer Sebald de Weert in 1600, who named the archipelago the Sebald Islands, a name they bore on Dutch maps into the 19th century.[3]

In 1690, Captain John Strong of the Welfare en route to Puerto Deseado was driven off course and reached the Falkland Islands instead, landing at Bold Cove.[4] Sailing between the two principal islands he called the passage "Falkland Channel" (now Falkland Sound), after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland, who as Commissioner of the Admiralty had financed the expedition.[4] The island group takes its English name from this body of water.[4]

John Byron, by Joshua Reynolds, 1759.

The first settlement was founded in 1764 by the French navigator and military commander Louis Antoine de Bougainville on Berkeley Sound, in present-day Port Louis, East Falkland.[5] In 1765, the British captain John Byron explored and claimed Saunders Island on West Falkland, where he named the harbour Port Egmont[6] and a settlement was constructed in 1766. Unaware of the French presence he claimed the island group for King George III.[7] Spain acquired the French colony and placed the colony under a governor subordinate to the Buenos Aires colonial administration.[7] Spain attacked Port Egmont, expelling the British presence in 1770, this brought the two countries to the brink of war but war was avoided by a peace treaty and the British return to Port Egmont.[7]

In 1774, economic pressures leading up to the American Revolutionary War, forced Great Britain to withdraw from many overseas settlements.[8][9] Upon withdrawal the British left behind a plaque asserting her continued claim.[7] Spain maintained its settlement until 1811 and also left behind a plaque asserting her claims.[7]

In 1820, storm damage forced the privateer Heroína to take shelter in the islands.[10] Her captain David Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and read a proclamation claiming the islands.[11] This became public knowledge in Buenos Aires nearly a year later following the publication of the proclamation in the Salem Gazette.[12] After several abortive attempts, Luis Vernet established a settlement in 1828 after seeking authorisation from both British and Argentine authorities.[13] A dispute over fishing and hunting rights resulted in a visit by the US warship USS Lexington in 1831.[14] Argentina claims the settlement was destroyed, although the Lexington reported destruction of arms and a powder store.[15]

In November 1832, Argentina sent Commander Mestivier as an interim commander to found a penal settlement but was killed in a mutiny after 4 days.[16] The following January, British forces returned and requested the Argentine garrison leave. Vernet's settlement continued, with the Irishman William Dickson tasked with raising the British flag for passing ships. Vernet's deputy, Matthew Brisbane, returned and was encouraged by the British to continue with the enterprise.[17][18][19][20]

Road sign to the capital.

A new harbour was built in Stanley[21], and the islands became a strategic point for navigation around Cape Horn. A World War I naval battle, the Battle of the Falkland Islands, took place in December 1914, with a British victory over the smaller Imperial German Asiatic Fleet.[22] During World War II, Stanley served as a Royal Navy station and serviced ships which took part in the 1939 Battle of the River Plate.[23]

Sovereignty over the islands became an issue in the second half of the 20th century, when Argentina saw the creation of the United Nations as an opportunity to pursue its claim.[24] Talks between British and Argentine foreign missions took place in the 1960s but failed to come to any meaningful conclusion.[24] A major sticking point in all the negotiations was that the inhabitants preferred that the islands remain British territory.[24]

A result of the these talks, was the establishment of the islands' first air link. In 1971, the Argentine state airline LADE, began a service between Comodoro Rivadavia and Stanley. A temporary strip was followed by the construction of a permanent airfield and flights between Stanley and Comodoro Rivadavia continued until 1982.[25][26][27] Further agreements gave YPF, the Argentine national oil and gas company, a monopoly over the supply of the islands' energy needs.

Falklands War and its aftermath

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Main article: Falklands War
British paratroopers guard Argentine prisoners of war

On 2 April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and other British territories in the South Atlantic (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). The military junta which had ruled Argentina since 1976 sought to maintain power by diverting public attention from the nation's poor economic performance and exploiting the long-standing feelings of the Argentines towards the islands.[28] Several British writers hold that the United Kingdom's reduction in military capacity in the South Atlantic also encouraged the invasion.[29][30][31]

The United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 502, calling on Argentina to withdraw forces from the Islands and for both parties to seek a diplomatic solution.[32] International reaction ranged from support for Argentina in Latin American countries (except Chile and Colombia), to opposition in the Commonwealth and Europe (apart from Spain), and eventually the United States.

The British sent an expeditionary force to retake the islands, leading to the Falklands War. After short but fierce naval and air battles, the British landed at San Carlos Water on 21 May, and a land campaign followed leading the British taking the high ground surrounding Stanley on 11 June. The Argentine forces surrendered on 14 June 1982. The war resulted in the deaths of 255 British and 649 Argentine soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as of three civilian Falklanders.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Information is available from the EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) Operation Centre in Stanley.[33] In 2009 mine clearance began at Surf Bay, and further clearances were took place at Sapper Hill, Goose Green and Fox Bay. Further clearance work is due to begin in 2011.[34]

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "Culture of Falkland Islands - history, people, clothing, beliefs, food, life, immigrants, population, religion:". Retrieved 2011-03-17. It is thought that Patagonian Indians may have reached the islands by canoe, but when the Europeans encountered the islands in the seventeenth century, they were uninhabited.
  2. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. xiv-xv
  3. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. 45-46
  4. ^ a b c "The Discovery of the Falkland Islands". Retrieved 2011-03-28.
  5. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. 226
  6. ^ Goebel, 1971, pp. 232
  7. ^ a b c d e A brief history of the Falkland Islands Part 2 - Fort St. Louis and Port Egmont.. Retrieved 8 September 2007.
  8. ^ [1] A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS: Part 2 - Fort St. Louis and Port Egmont
  9. ^ [2] FALKLAND ISLANDS TIMELINE: A chronology of events in the history of the Falkland Islands
  10. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 308-309
  11. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 308-309
  12. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 308-309
  13. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 541
  14. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 544
  15. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 544
  16. ^ "Historical Dates". The Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  17. ^ Destéfani, Laurio H. (1982). The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain. Buenos Aires.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Charles Darwin in the Falklands, 1833 (Extracts from Darwin's Diary)
  19. ^ "Darwin's Beagle Diary (1831–1836)". The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. p. 304. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
  20. ^ "Ocupación británica: Port Stanley (Puerto Argentino)" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 July 2007.
  21. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 382
  22. ^ Tatham, 2008, pp. 510-511
  23. ^ "CHAPTER 4 — The Battle of the River Plate". Retrieved 2011-03-28.
  24. ^ a b c "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS Part 5 - The Argentine Claim". Retrieved 2011-03-28.
  25. ^ [3] Argentine National Congress, Chamber of Deputies. Líneas Aéreas Del Estado, LADE.
  26. ^ [4] Asociación Tripulantes de Transporte Aéreo. Argentine Air Force, Grumman HU-16B Albatross.
  27. ^ [5] Asociación Tripulantes de Transporte Aéreo. Argentine Air Force, Fokker F-27 Troopship/Friendship
  28. ^ "Argentine Government" (PDF). (185 KB)
  29. ^ "Guide to the conflict". Fight for the Falklands—20 years on. BBC News. Retrieved 18 March 2007. The Foreign Secretary, Lord Carrington, and two junior ministers had resigned by the end of the week [following the Argentine invasion]. They took the blame for Britain's poor preparations and plans to decommission HMS Endurance, the Navy's only Antarctic patrol vessel. It was a move which may have lead [sic] the Junta to believe the UK had little interest in keeping the Falklands.
  30. ^ "Secret Falklands fleet revealed". BBC News. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2007. Lord Owen, who was foreign secretary in 1977, said that if Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government had taken similar action to that of five years earlier, the war would not have happened.
  31. ^ Casciani, Dominic (29 December 2006). "1976 Falklands invasion warning". BBC News. The Franks Report into the eventual war noted that as tension mounted during 1977, the government covertly sent a small naval force to the islands—but did not repeat the move when relations worsened again in 1981–2. This has led some critics to blame prime minister Margaret Thatcher for the war, saying the decision to plan the withdrawal of the only naval vessel in the area sent the wrong signal to the military junta in Buenos Aires.
  32. ^ "HistoryCentral. United Nations Resolution 502, ''Adopted by the Security Council at its 2350th meeting held on 3 April 1982.''". Historycentral.com. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference Landmine Monitor was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ "Falklands' minefield clearance next phase moves to the capital Stanley Common". Mercopress. February 12th 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Bibliography

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Julius Goebel (August 1971). The struggle for the Falkland Islands: a study in legal and diplomatic history. Kennikat Press. ISBN 9780804613903. Retrieved 17 March 2011.

Laurio Hedelvio Destéfani (1982). The Malvinas, the South Georgias, and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain. Edipress. ISBN 9789500169042. Retrieved 17 March 2011.

David Tatham (1 June 2008). The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (Including South Georgia): From Discovery Up to 1981. D. Tatham. ISBN 9780955898501. Retrieved 17 March 2011.

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"Historical Dates". The Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 2011-03-17.

Lewis, Jason. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS, Part 2 - Fort St. Louis and Port Egmont". Falkland Islands Information Portal. Retrieved 2011-03-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Lewis, Jason. "FALKLAND ISLANDS TIMELINE A Chronology of events in the history of the Falkland Islands". Falkland Islands Information Portal. Retrieved 2011-03-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

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