Talk:Entheogen/Archives/2020
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Unsourced / unreliably sourced content
The following is almost entirely unsourced or based on unreliable sources where sources are cited. Moved here per WP:PRESERVE. Per WP:BURDEN do not restore without finding reliable sources, checking the content against them, and citing them.
- Entheogens
- Biotas
In essence, all psychoactive drugs that are biosynthesized in nature by cytota (cellular life), can be used in an entheogenic context or with entheogenic intent. To exclude non-psychoactive drugs that sometimes also are used in spiritual context, the term "entheogen" refers primarily to drugs that have been categorized based on their historical use. Toxicity does not affect a drug's inclusion (some can kill humans), nor does effectiveness or potency (if a drug is psychoactive, and it has been used in a historical context, then the required dose has also been found).
The substances vary from psychoactive drugs, and less often physical painful or dangerous venoms (Bullet ant, and Nightshades respectively).
| Common name | Fauna | Psychoactive constituent(s) | Regions/Cultures of use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bullet ant | Paraponera clavata | Poneratoxin | Used by the Satere-Mawe people in their initiation rites 20 times. |
| Hallucinogenic fish | Primary Siganus spp. | Unknown | |
| Psychoactive toad | primary Bufo alvarius | 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art. |
| Common name | Flora | Psychoactive constituent(s) | Regions/Cultures of use |
| African dream root | Silene capensis | Possibly triterpenoid saponins | Xhosa people of South Africa. |
| Blue lily | Nymphaea caerulea | Nuciferine and aporphine | Possibly ancient Egypt and South America. |
| Angel's trumpet | Brugmansia spp. | Tropane alkaloids | South America, sometimes used as part of ayahuasca. |
| Bolivian torch cactus | Echinopsis lageniformis syn. Trichocereus bridgesii | Mescaline | South America |
| Cannabis | Cannabis spp. | THC and other cannabinoids | Hindu religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups (see entheogenic use of cannabis) |
| Chaliponga | Diplopterys cabrerana | DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of ayahuasca. |
| Harmal (espand) | Peganum harmala | Harmala alkaloids | Iran and the Middle East. |
| Hawaiian baby woodrose | Argyreia nervosa | Ergoline alkaloids | Psychoactive, but may not have been used as an entheogen. Native to India. Traditional usage possible but mainly undocumented. |
| Henbane | Hyoscyamus niger | Tropane alkaloids | Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages. |
| Peruvian torch cactus | Echinopsis peruviana syn. Trichocereus peruvianus | Mescaline | Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru. |
| Iboga | Tabernanthe iboga | Ibogaine | Bwiti religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction. |
| Morning glory | Ipomoea tricolor | Ergoline alkaloids | Aztecs and Mazatec[1] |
| Jimson weed | Datura stramonium | Tropane alkaloids | Native Americans: Algonquian and Luiseño. Sadhus of India. Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary). |
| Jurema | Mimosa tenuiflora syn. M. hostilis | Yuremamine, DMT | Used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in the Northeastern Brazil.[2] |
| Peyote | Lophophora williamsii | Mescaline | Native American Church, Oshara Tradition |
| Chacruna | Psychotria viridis | DMT | UDV of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. Santo Daime have used it as part of ayahuasca. |
| Ska María Pastora | Salvia divinorum | Salvinorins | Mazatec |
| San Pedro cactus | Echinopsis pachanoi syn. Trichocereus pachanoi | Mescaline | South America |
| Christmas vine | Turbina corymbosa syn. Rivea corymbosa | Ergoline alkaloids | Mazatec[1] |
| Virola | Virola spp. | DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | South America |
| Vilca | Anadenanthera colubrina | DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | South America |
| Yopo | Anadenanthera peregrina | DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin | South America |
| Common name | Fungi | Psychoactive constituent(s) | Regions/Cultures of use |
| Fly agaric | Amanita muscaria[3] | Ibotenic acid and muscimol | Siberian shamans. Scandinavia. The Soma drink of India. |
| Magic mushrooms | primarily Psilocybe spp. | Psilocybin and psilocin; baeocystin and norbaeocystin (some species) | Mazatec |
- Extracts
| Common name | Derived from | Psychoactive constituent(s) | Regions/Cultures of use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ayahuasca | Banisteriopsis caapi and Peganum harmala | Harmala alkaloids and DMT | South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. UDV of Brazil and United States. Use within ayahuasca. |
| Changa | Ayahuasca | Harmala alkaloids and DMT | Invented in Australia in the early 2000s[4] |
| Coffee | Coffea | Caffeine | The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in Yemen's Sufi monasteries.[5] The sufi monks drank coffee as an aid to concentration and even spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God.[6] |
| Hashish (Charas) | Cannabis | Cannabinoids | See Cannabis |
| Kief | Cannabis | Cannabinoids | See Cannabis |
| Tincture of cannabis | Cannabis | Cannabinoids | See Cannabis |
| Tea | Camellia sinensis | Caffeine and theanine | Tea ceremonies has been ritualized for centuries. Also, tea is an entheogen that have been drunk by Buddhist monks since the Sui Dynasty (589–618 BC) to maintain a state of “mindful alertness” during long periods of meditation.[7] |
- Chemicals
Many man-made chemicals with little human history have been recognized to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic entheogens like 4-AcO-DMT are theorized to be prodrugs that metabolize into the natural psychoactive, similar in nature to how the synthetic compound heroin is deacetylated by esterase to the active morphine. While synthesized DMT and mescaline is reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as extracted or plant based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how pure THC is very different than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol.
| Common name | Synthesis process | Full name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| LSD | Semi-synthetic | Lysergic acid diethylamide | Widely explored in psychedelic therapy. Used by the Neo-American Church |
| 2C-B | Synthetic | 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine | 2C-B is used by the Sangoma over their traditional plants.[8] Although acting strongly as an empathogen-entactogen, 2C-B is notably psychedelic in a unique way. Although some users feel the 2C-x series are better suited for recreational purposes, 2C-B is consistently excluded as an exception and is an exceptional example for its class.[9] |
| DPT | Synthetic | Dipropyltryptamine | DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God.[10] |
| MDMA | Synthetic | 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine | Small doses of MDMA are used as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation by some religious practitioners.[11] |
| Nitrous oxide | Synthetic | N2O | Used since 1794. Nitrous oxide makes the effect of most drugs more potent. |
| Psilocybin | Synthetic | 4-Phosphoryloxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine | The Mazatec curandera María Sabina was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic psilocybin named Indocybin synthesized by Albert Hofmann.[12] |
| Yohimbine | Synthetic or extracted | - |
Yohimbine is an alkaloid naturally found in Pausinystalia yohimbe (Yohimbe), Rauwolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot), and Alchornea floribunda (Niando), along with several other active alkaloids. There are no references to these species in traditional use to induce past memories, most likely because their alkaloid content is too low; However, laboratory extracted yohimbine, now commonly sold as sport supplement, may be used in psychedelic therapy to facilitate recall of traumatic memories in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[13] |
References
- ^ a b http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html
- ^ "Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil". www.maps.org.
- ^ Heinrich, C (1995). Strange Fruit: Alchemy and Religion- The Hidden Truth. London : Bloomsbury. Referenced throughout ISBN 978-0-7475-1548-7
- ^ Palmer, Julian (2014). Articulations: On the Utilisation and Meanings of Psychedelics. Julian Palmerisms. ISBN 9780992552800.
- ^ Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). The world of caffeine. Routledge. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.
- ^ McHugo, John (18 April 2013). "How a drink downed by Arab mystics went global". BBC News.
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18078704
- ^ Chen Cho Dorge (2010-05-20). "2CB chosen over traditional entheogens by South African healers". Evolver.net.
- ^ Oroc, James (May 21, 2009). Tryptamine Palace: 5-MeO-DMT and the Sonoran Desert Toad. Park Street Press. p. 295. ISBN 1594772991.
- ^ "Temple of the true inner light". psychede.tripod.com. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
- ^ MDMA and Religion. CSP. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
- ^ "Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A". Sagewisdom.org. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
- ^ van der Kolk, Bessel A. (1995). "The Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder". In Hobfoll, Stevan E.; De Vries, Marten W. (eds.). Extreme stress and communities: impact and intervention. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 421–44. ISBN 978-0-7923-3468-2.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
-- Jytdog (talk) 01:12, 17 October 2017 (UTC)
Merger proposal
The article is long. I suggest that we merge this list along with Entheogen#Controversial_entheogens to List_of_entheogenic/hallucinogenic_species as suggested here. However List_of_entheogenic/hallucinogenic_species should be renamed because not only species (plants/fungi) are involved but also synthetic chemicals like 2C-B, DPT. --Jilja (talk) 07:19, 18 October 2017 (UTC)
- I think this is a good move. We can probably just call it List of entheogens. A similar move was made splitting List of designer drugs from Designer drug Sizeofint (talk) 17:06, 18 October 2017 (UTC)
- The above list needs sourcing issues fixed before inclusion. However, if we go through with this we can WP:PRESERVE it on that article's talk page until it is ready. Sizeofint (talk) 17:11, 18 October 2017 (UTC)
- Done, I updated List of entheogenic/hallucinogenic species. --Bawanio (talk) 11:07, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
- The above list needs sourcing issues fixed before inclusion. However, if we go through with this we can WP:PRESERVE it on that article's talk page until it is ready. Sizeofint (talk) 17:11, 18 October 2017 (UTC)
Synasthesia causing drugs?
Synasthesia is not a "god". The article should point out that these are synasthesia causing drugs in general, by unserious factors claimed a god. It is nothing but "the old Satan". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:FE0:C700:2:687C:E90D:DA70:B07D (talk) 10:29, 20 October 2020 (UTC)