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Environmental and safety record

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Environmental record

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BP was named by Multinational Monitor as one of the ten worst corporations in both 2001 and 2005 based on its environmental and human rights records.[1] In 1991 BP was cited as the most polluting company in the US based on EPA toxic release data.[citation needed][dubious – discuss] In 2007, the United States Department of Justice announced that BP had agreed to plead guilty to a felony violation of the Clean Air Act for its conduct that resulted in the fatal explosion on 23 March 2005 at the Texas City Refinery. As part of the guilty plea BP agreed to pay a $50 million criminal fine, the largest ever assessed under the Clean Air Act.[2]

Environmental initiatives

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As of 11 February 2007, BP announced that it would spend $8 billion over ten years to research alternative methods of fuel, including natural gas, hydrogen, solar, and wind.[citation needed] A $500 million grant to the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, to create an Energy Biosciences Institute[3] has recently come under attack over concerns about the global impacts of the research and privatisation of public universities.[citation needed]

BP patented the Dracone Barge to aid in oil spill clean-ups across the world.[4]

BP was a founding sponsor of the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit in 1971.[5]

In 1997 BP became the first major oil company to publicly acknowledge the need to take steps against climate change.[6] Prior to this, BP was a member of the Global Climate Coalition an industry organisation established to promote global warming scepticism but withdrew in 1997, saying "the time to consider the policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.".[7]

In March 2002, Lord John Browne, the group chief executive of BP, declared in a speech that global warming was real and that urgent action was needed, saying that "Companies composed of highly skilled and trained people can't live in denial of mounting evidence gathered by hundreds of the most reputable scientists in the world."[8]

In 2009, Tony Hayward apparently shifted gears from former chief executive Lord Browne's focus on alternative energy, announcing that safety was the company's "number one priority".[9]

Accusations of greenwashing

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According to activist Antonia Juhasz, BP's investment in green technologies peaked at 4% of its exploratory budget prior to cutbacks, including the discontinuation of the Solar Programme and the closure of the alternative energy headquarters in London.[10][11] Juhasz claims this amounts to an exercise in greenwashing.[11] Greenpeace has questioned BP branding itself "Beyond Petroleum, citing its 2008 budget which included $20 billion in fossil fuel investment and $1.5 billion in all alternative forms of energy.[12]

Safety record

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1965 Sea Gem offshore oil rig disaster

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Main article: Sea Gem

In December 1965, Britain's first oil rig, Sea Gem, capsized when two of the legs collapsed during an operation to move it to a new location. The oil rig had been hastily converted in an effort to quickly start drilling operations after the North Sea was opened for exploration. Thirteen crew members were killed. No hydrocarbons were released in the accident.[13][14]

2005 Texas City Refinery explosion

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Main article: Texas City Refinery explosion

In March 2005, the Texas City Refinery, one of the largest refineries owned then by BP, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes.[15] A 20-foot (6.1 m) column filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapour cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant.[16] The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London.[17]

The fallout from the accident clouded BP's corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant. There had been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board[18] which "offered a scathing assessment of the company." OSHA found "organizational and safety deficiencies at all levels of the BP Corporation" and said management failures could be traced from Texas to London.[15]

The company pleaded guilty to a felony violation of the Clean Air Act, was fined $50 million, the largest ever assessed under the Clean Air Act, and sentenced to three years probation.[2]

On 30 October 2009, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fined BP an additional $87 million, the largest fine in OSHA history, for failing to correct safety hazards revealed in the 2005 explosion. Inspectors found 270 safety violations that had been previously cited but not fixed and 439 new violations. BP appealed the fine.[15][19]

In 2010, BP agreed to pay a settlement of $50.6 million for the safety violations that were not fixed after the explosion. In July 2012, the company agreed to pay $13 million to settle the new violations. At that time OSHA found "no imminent dangers" at the Texas plant. Thirty violations remain under discussion.[20]

Prudhoe Bay 2006–2007

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BP's Alaska office in Anchorage
Main article: Prudhoe Bay oil spill

In August 2006, BP shut down oil operations in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, due to leaking wells. The wells were leaking an insulating agent called Arctic pack, consisting of crude oil and diesel fuel, which is placed between the wells and ice to prevent freezing.[21] BP had also spilled over one million litres of oil in Alaska's North Slope due to corrosion in the feeding pipeline to the Alaska Pipeline.[22] This corrosion is caused by sediment collecting in the bottom of the pipe, protecting corrosive bacteria from chemicals sent through the pipeline to fight these bacteria. There are estimates that about 5,000 barrels (790 m3) of oil were released from the pipeline. To date 1,513 barrels (240.5 m3) of liquids, about 5,200 cubic yards (4,000 m3) of soiled snow and 328 cubic yards (251 m3) of soiled gravel have been recovered. After approval from the DOT, only the eastern portion of the field was shut down, resulting in a reduction of 200,000 barrels per day (32,000 m3/d) until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on 2 October 2006.[23]

In May 2007, the company announced another partial field shutdown owing to leaks of water at a separation plant. Their action was interpreted as another example of fallout from a decision to cut maintenance of the pipeline and associated facilities.[24]

On 16 October 2007, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation officials reported a toxic spill of methanol (methyl alcohol) at the Prudhoe Bay oil field managed by BP PLC. Nearly 2,000 gallons of mostly methanol, mixed with some crude oil and water, spilled onto a frozen tundra pond as well as a gravel pad from a pipeline. Methanol, which is poisonous to plants and animals, is used to clear ice from the insides of the Arctic-based pipelines.[25]

2010 Deepwater Horizon well explosion and oil spill

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Main articles: Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Deepwater Horizon explosion, Deepwater Horizon litigation, and Economic and political consequences of the Deepwater Horizon disaster
See also: Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation)

On 20 April 2010, the semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon located in the Macondo Prospect field in the Gulf of Mexico exploded after a blowout, resulting in the deaths of 11 people and injuries to 16 others.[26][27][28] It caused the Deepwater Horizon to burn and sink, and started the largest accidental offshore oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry.[26][29][28][30][31][32]

Anchor handling tugs combat the fire on the Deepwater Horizon while the United States Coast Guard searches for missing crew
Public protest in New Orleans following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Before the well was capped on 15 July 2010, an estimated 4.9 million barrels (780×10^3 m3) of oil was spilled and 1.8 million US gallons (6,800 m3) of Corexit dispersant was applied.[33][34] The spill caused extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and to the Gulf's fishing and tourism industries.[35] [36][37]

On 14 November 2012, BP and the Department of Justice reached a $4.5 billion settlement, the largest of its kind in U.S. history. BP also agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts related to the deaths of the 11 workers. Beyond the 11 counts of manslaughter, the government charged several individuals as well. David Rainey, who worked for BP during the spill response, was indicted on charges of obstruction of Congress and false statements. He alledegedly cherry-picked pages from some documents and withheld others "to make the spill appear less catastrophic than it was.” Two other BP supervisors on board the rig when it exploded were charged with manslaughter and other counts [38][26] The settlement has not resolved the fines under the Clean Water Act, which could be as much as $21 billion.[26] Speaking at a news conference, a U.S. federal official said, “The explosion of the rig was a disaster that resulted from BP’s culture of privileging profit over prudence.” The total amount paid out by BP by November 2012 was $42 billion.[39][40] Also in November, the U.S. Government temporarily banned BP from bidding any new federal contracts.[41][40]

Other major incidents

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Hazardous substance dumping 1993–1995

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In September 1999, one of BP’s US subsidiaries, BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA), agreed to resolve charges related to the illegal dumping of hazardous wastes on the Alaska North Slope, for $22 million. The settlement included the maximum $500,000 criminal fine, $6.5 million in civil penalties, and BP’s establishment of a $15 million environmental management system at all of BP facilities in the US and Gulf of Mexico that are engaged in oil exploration, drilling or production. The charges stemmed from the 1993 to 1995 dumping of hazardous wastes on Endicott Island, Alaska by BP’s contractor Doyon Drilling. The firm illegally discharged waste oil, paint thinner and other toxic and hazardous substances by injecting them down the outer rim, or annuli, of the oil wells. BPXA failed to report the illegal injections when it learned of the conduct, in violation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.[42]

Colombian farmland damages claim

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In 2009, a group of 95 Colombian farmers filed a suit against BP, claiming the company's Ocensa pipeline caused landslides and damage to soil and groundwater, affecting crops, livestock, and contaminating water supplies, making fish ponds unsustainable. Most of the land traversed by the pipeline was owned by peasant farmers who were illiterate and unable to read the environmental impact assessment conducted by BP prior to construction, which acknowledged significant and widespread risks of damage to the land.[43]

In 2006, another group of Colombian farmers reached a multimillion dollar out-of-court settlement with BP for alleged environmental damage caused by the Ocensa pipeline.[44] An agreed statement said: "The Colombian farmers group are pleased to say that after a mediation process which took place in Bogotá in June 2006 at the joint initiative of the parties, an amicable settlement of the dispute in relation to the Ocensa pipeline has been reached, with no admissions of liability." The company was accused of benefiting from a regime of terror carried out by Colombian government paramilitaries to protect the 450-mile (720 km) Ocensa pipeline; BP insisted throughout that it has acted responsibly and that landowners were fairly compensated.[45]

2006–2010: Refinery fatalities and safety violations

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From January 2006 to January 2008, three workers were killed at the company's Texas City, Texas refinery in three separate accidents. In July 2006 a worker was crushed between a pipe stack and mechanical lift, in June 2007, a worker was electrocuted, and in January 2008, a worker was killed by a 500-pound piece of metal that came loose under high pressure and hit him.[46]

Facing scrutiny after the Texas City Refinery explosion, two BP-owned refineries in Texas City, and Toledo, were responsible for 97 percent (829 of 851) of wilful safety violations by oil refiners between June 2007 and February 2010, as determined by inspections by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Jordan Barab, deputy assistant secretary of labour at OSHA, said "The only thing you can conclude is that BP has a serious, systemic safety problem in their company."[47]

2008 Caspian Sea gas leak and blowout

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On 17 September 2008, a gas leak was discovered and one gas-injection well blown out in the area of the Central Azeri platform at the Azeri oilfield, a part of the Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli project, in the Azerbaijan sector of Caspian Sea.[48][49][50] The platform was shut down and the staff was evacuated.[48][49] As the Western Azeri Platform was being powered by a cable from the Central Azeri Platform, it was also shut down.[51] According to US Embassy cables, BP had been "exceptionally circumspect in disseminating information" and revealed that BP thought the cause for the blowout was a bad cement job.[50][52] Production at the Western Azeri Platform resumed on 9 October 2008 and at the Central Azeri Platform in December 2008.[53][54]

2010 Texas City chemical leak

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Two weeks prior to the Deepwater Horizon explosion, BP admitted that malfunctioning equipment lead to the release of over 530,000 lbs of chemicals into the air of Texas City and surrounding areas from 6 April to 16 May. The leak included 17,000 pounds of benzene (a known carcinogen), 37,000 pounds of nitrogen oxides (which contribute to respiratory problems), and 186,000 pounds of carbon monoxide.[55][56] In June 2012, over 50,000 Texas City residents joined a class-action suit against BP, alleging they got sick in 2010 from the 41-day emissions release from the refinery. Texas has also sued BP over the release of emissions. BP says the release harmed no one.[57]

Canadian oil sands

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In Canada, BP is involved in the use of in-situ drilling technologies such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage to extract oil from the country's oil sand reserves.[58][59][60] Members of the Cree Nation have criticized BP's involvement in the Canadian oil sands for the impacts that oil extraction is said to have on the local environment.[61] However, proponents of in situ drilling state that using recycled groundwater makes it the more environmentally friendly option compared to oil sands mining.[62]

References (temporary heading)

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  1. ^ "The 10 Worst Corporations of 2005". Multinationalmonitor.org. 14 October 2005. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  2. ^ a b http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/October/07_ag_850.html
  3. ^ "Main Home". Energy Biosciences Institute. 27 July 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  4. ^ GB application 1435945, British Petroleum CO, "Oil Clean-Up Method", published 12 May 1976 
  5. ^ Michael Sanderson (2002). The History of the University of East Anglia. Hambledon and London. ISBN 9781852853365. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
  6. ^ "BP tackles climate change threat with £200m boost for energy efficiency". The Telegraph. London. 25 October 2005. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  7. ^ "Breaking Ranks". Standford Graduate School of Business. Retrieved 26 August 2012.[dead link‍]
  8. ^ "How green is BP?". Mindfully.org. 13 February 2001. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  9. ^ BBC NEWS | Science & Environment | BP brings 'green era' to a close
  10. ^ BP turns out lights at solar business | Reuters
  11. ^ a b Interviewer: Amy Goodman, Guest: Antonia Juhasz (5 May 2010). "BP Funnels Millions into Lobbying to Influence Regulation and Re-Brand Image". Amy Goodman's Weekly Column. Democracy Now.
  12. ^ Carbon Scam: Noel Kempff Climate Action Project and the Push for Sub-national Forest Offsets Sub-prime carbon brought to you by AEP, BP, and Pacificorp, Greenpeace 10/2009 pages 4–5
  13. ^ BP chief Tony Hayward fights to limit the damage after Gulf of Mexico rig disaster - Telegraph
  14. ^ "The Story of the Sea Gem, the first rig to discover North Sea Gas in the UK sector". Dukes Wood Oil Museum. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  15. ^ a b c ""Gulf oil spill: BP has a long record of legal, ethical violations" 8 May 2010 by McClatchy Washington Bureau". Mcclatchydc.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  16. ^ "In BP's Record, a History of Boldness and Costly Blunders". The New York Times. 12 July 2010.
  17. ^ "Baker Panel Report". Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  18. ^ "U.S. Chemical Safety And Hazard Investigation Board Investigation Report on the BP Refinery Explosion and Fire of 23 March 2005 and BP's Safety Culture" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  19. ^ Associated Press, "BP fined record $87 million for safety breaches", 31 October 2009.
  20. ^ Seba, Erwin (12 July 2012). "BP pays $13 mln to settle Texas refinery safety probe". Reuters. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  21. ^ Tran, Mark (19 July 2006). "BP shuts leaking Alaskan wells". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  22. ^ Roach, John (20 March 2006). "Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling". National Geographic. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  23. ^ "Alaska Update". BP. 2 October 2006. (subscription required).
  24. ^ Andrew Clark in New York (1 May 2007). "BP accused of 'draconian' cost cuts prior to Alaskan pipeline spill". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  25. ^ "Methanol and crude spill from Prudhoe Bay pipeline". 2 News KTUU.com. Associated Press. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  26. ^ a b c d Estimates Suggest Spill Is Biggest in U.S. History Cite error: The named reference "autogenerated1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  27. ^ ""Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill" from National Wildlife". National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  28. ^ a b Gulf Oil Slick Endangering Ecology (web streaming). CBS Broadcasting. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010.[dead link‍]
  29. ^ ""Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill" from National Wildlife". National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  30. ^ "Gulf Oil Spill's Vastness Confirmed: Largest Marine Oil Accident Ever". ScienceDaily. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  31. ^ Robertson, Campbell; Krauss, Clifford (2 August 2010). "Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  32. ^ "BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill". The Daily Telegraph. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  33. ^ "US to give BP evidence on size of Gulf oil spill". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  34. ^ Biello, David (25 April 2011). "One Year After BP Oil Spill, At Least 1.1 Million Barrels Still Missing". Scientific American. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  35. ^ Tangley, Laura (30 April 2010). "Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill". National Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  36. ^ "Salazar: Oil spill 'massive' and a potential catastrophe". CNN. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  37. ^ "Guard mobilized, BP will foot bill". Politico. Capitol News Company. 1 May 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference guardian151112 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Macalister, Terry (15 November 2012). "BP hopes $4.5bn fine will draw line under Deepwater Horizon disaster". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  40. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference BP fined, profit over prudence was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ Hargreaves, Steve (28 November 2012). "BP banned from federal contracts". CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  42. ^ "BP Exploration [Alaska] Pleads Guilty To Hazardous Substance Crime Will Pay $22 Million, Establish Nationwide Environmental Management System". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 23 September 1999. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  43. ^ BP faces damages claim over pipeline through Colombian farmland | World news | The Guardian
  44. ^ BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers - Americas - World - The Independent
  45. ^ Verkaik, Robert (22 July 2006). "BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  46. ^ Mark Collette (17 January 2008). "Attorney: Equipment failed in BP death". The Daily News. Retrieved 11 June 2010.[dead link‍]
  47. ^ J. Morris and M.B. Pell (16 May 2010). "Renegade Refiner: OSHA Says BP Has "Systemic Safety Problem"". The Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  48. ^ a b Yevgrashina, Lada (17 September 2008). "BP halves Azeri oil production after gas leak". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  49. ^ a b Gismatullin, Eduard (17 September 2008). "BP Shuts Down Two Azeri Oil Platforms After Gas Leak". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  50. ^ a b Walt, Vivienne (1 July 2010). "WikiLeaks: BP's 'Other' Offshore Drilling Disaster". Time. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  51. ^ US Embassy in Azerbaijan (8 October 2008). US embassy cables: BP may never know cause of gas leak, US told [Original title: Azerbaijan seeks to develop ACG deep gas, can supply Georgia with winter gas]. The Guardian (Report). Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  52. ^ US Embassy in Azerbaijan (15 January 2009). US embassy cables: BP blames gas leak on 'bad cement job' [Original title: Azerbaijan: BP downbeat on 2009 Shah Deniz phase two progress]. The Guardian (Report). Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  53. ^ Yevgrashina, Lada (10 October 2008). "BP resumes oil output at one Azeri platform". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  54. ^ Yevgrashina, Lada (23 December 2008). "BP partially resumes production at Azeri platform". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  55. ^ By T.J. Aulds (5 June 2010). "The Galveston County Daily News". Galvestondailynews.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  56. ^ "BP Texas Refinery Had Huge Toxic Release Just Before Gulf Blowout". ProPublica. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  57. ^ More than 50,000 Texas City residents sue BP | abc13.com
  58. ^ "BP and Oil Sands: Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). BP. 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  59. ^ Jones, Jeffrey (20 January 2010). "FACTBOX-Money flows again in Canada's oil sands industry". Reuters. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  60. ^ Cite error: The named reference BPCanadianOilSands was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  61. ^ Macalister, Terry (23 August 2009). "Cree aboriginal group to join London climate camp protest over tar sands". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  62. ^ Topf, Andrew (September–October 2010). "Insitu: Oil Sands Mining Goes Underground" (PDF). Mining Magazine.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)Schor, Elana (16 August 2011). http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/08/16/16greenwire-reclaimed-dump-sparks-oil-sands-sustainability-44003.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 5 October 2012. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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