Symphurus

Symphurus
	Symphurus arawak
	Symphurus ommaspilus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Carangiformes
Family:	Cynoglossidae
Subfamily:	Symphurinae
Genus:	Symphurus; Rafinesque, 1810
Type species
	Symphurus nigrescens; Rafinesque, 1810
Synonyms
	Ammopleurops Günther, 1862; Glossichthys Gill, 1861;

Symphurus is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Most species mainly occur in relatively shallow water, including estuaries. Some species are also found in deeper water, including S. thermophilus that lives at hydrothermal vents (the only flatfish known from this habitat).^[1]^[2] These species are distinguished by merged dorsal, caudal and anal fins, the absence of a lateral line and pectoral fins, and the presence of only one pelvic fin. They are sinistral flatfishes, meaning that as adults, their crania are asymmetrical, with both eyes on the left side. The largest species grows to about 32 cm (1 ft) long.

Species

There are currently 78 recognized species in this genus:

Symphurus arawak C. R. Robins & J. E. Randall, 1965 (Caribbean tonguefish)
Symphurus atramentatus D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (Ink-spot tonguefish)
Symphurus atricauda (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (California tonguefish)
Symphurus australis McCulloch, 1907
Symphurus bathyspilus Krabbenhoft & Munroe, 2003
Symphurus billykrietei Munroe, 1998 (Kriete's tonguefish)
Symphurus callopterus Munroe & Mahadeva, 1989 (Chocolate tonguefish)
Symphurus caribbeanus Munroe, 1991
Symphurus chabanaudi Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990 (Chabanaud's tonguefish)
Symphurus civitatium Ginsburg, 1951 (Offshore tonguefish)
Symphurus diabolicus Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990 (Devil's tonguefish)
Symphurus diomedeanus (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1885) (Spotted-fin tonguefish)
Symphurus elongatus (Günther, 1868) (Elongated tonguefish)
Symphurus fasciolaris C. H. Gilbert, 1892 (Banded tonguefish)
Symphurus fuscus A. B. Brauer, 1906
Symphurus gilesii (Alcock, 1889)
Symphurus ginsburgi Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976 (Ginsburg's tonguefish)
Symphurus gorgonae Chabanaud, 1948 (Gorgonian tonguefish)
Symphurus holothuriae Chabanaud, 1948 ^[3]
Symphurus hondoensis C. L. Hubbs, 1915
Symphurus insularis Munroe, Brito & C. Hernández, 2000
Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall, 1906 (Jenyn's tonguefish)
Symphurus kyaropterygium Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976
Symphurus leei D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (Lee's tonguefish)
Symphurus leucochilus M. Y. Lee, Munroe & K. T. Shao, 2014 ^[4]
Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco, 1844)
Symphurus longirostris M. Y. Lee, Munroe & Y. Kai, 2016 (Long-snout tonguefish) ^[3]
Symphurus lubbocki Munroe, 1990
Symphurus luzonensis Chabanaud, 1955
Symphurus macrophthalmus Norman, 1939
Symphurus maculopinnis Munroe, J. Tyler & Tunnicliffe, 2011 ^[5]
Symphurus maldivensis Chabanaud, 1955
Symphurus marginatus (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1886) (Margined tonguefish)
Symphurus marmoratus Fowler, 1934
Symphurus megasomus M. Y. Lee, H. M. Chen & K. T. Shao, 2009 (Giant tonguefish)
Symphurus melanurus H. W. Clark, 1936 (Drab tonguefish)
Symphurus melasmatotheca Munroe & Nizinski, 1990 (Black-stripe tonguefish)
Symphurus microlepis Garman, 1899 (Small-fin tonguefish)
Symphurus microrhynchus (M. C. W. Weber, 1913)
Symphurus minor Ginsburg, 1951 (Large-scale tonguefish)
Symphurus monostigmus Munroe, 2006
Symphurus multimaculatus M. Y. Lee, Munroe & H. M. Chen, 2009 (Pepper-dot tonguefish)
Symphurus nebulosus (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1883) (Freckled tonguefish)
Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque, 1810 (Tonguefish)
Symphurus normani Chabanaud, 1950 (Norman's tonguefish)
Symphurus novemfasciatus S. C. Shen & W. W. Lin, 1984
Symphurus ocellaris Munroe & D. R. Robertson, 2005 (Ring-tail tonguefish)
Symphurus ocellatus von Bonde, 1922 (Double-spot tonguefish)
Symphurus oculellus Munroe, 1991
Symphurus oligomerus Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990 (Spot-fin tonguefish)
Symphurus ommaspilus J. E. Böhlke, 1961 (Ocellated tonguefish)
Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker, 1879)
Symphurus parvus Ginsburg, 1951 (Pygmy tonguefish)
Symphurus pelicanus Ginsburg, 1951 (Long-tail tonguefish)
Symphurus piger (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1886) (Deep-water tonguefish)
Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus, 1766) (Black-cheek tonguefish)
Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Dusky-cheek tonguefish)
Symphurus prolatinaris Munroe, Nizinski & Mahadeva, 1991 (Half-striped tonguefish)
Symphurus pusillus (Goode & T. H. Bean, 1885) (Northern tonguefish)
Symphurus regani M. C. W. Weber & de Beaufort, 1929
Symphurus reticulatus Munroe, 1990
Symphurus rhytisma J. E. Böhlke, 1961 (Patch-tail tonguefish)
Symphurus schultzi Chabanaud, 1955
Symphurus septemstriatus (Alcock, 1891) (Seven-band tonguefish)
Symphurus stigmosus Munroe, 1998 (Blotch-fin tonguefish)
Symphurus strictus C. H. Gilbert, 1905 (Black-belly tonguefish)
Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Symphurus thermophilus Munroe & Hashimoto, 2008 (Western Pacific tonguefish)
Symphurus trewavasae Chabanaud, 1948 (Trewavas' tonguefish)
Symphurus trifasciatus (Alcock, 1894) (Three-band tonguefish)
Symphurus undatus C. H. Gilbert, 1905
Symphurus undecimplerus Munroe & Nizinski, 1990 (Dark-cheek tonguefish)
Symphurus urospilus Ginsburg, 1951 (Spot-tail tonguefish)
Symphurus vanmelleae Chabanaud, 1952 (Vanmelle's tonguefish)
Symphurus variegatus (Gilchrist, 1903)
Symphurus varius Garman, 1899 (Mottled tonguefish)
Symphurus williamsi D. S. Jordan & Culver, 1895 (William's tonguefish)
Symphurus woodmasoni (Alcock, 1889)

References

^ Tyler, J. (2005): Distribution, population characteristics and trophic ecology of a sulphophilic hydrothermal vent tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Master of Science. Thesis. University of Victoria: Canada.
^ Munroe, T.A. & Hashimoto, J. (2008): A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents. Zootaxa, 1839: 43–59.
^ ^a ^b Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Kai, Y. (2016): Description of a new cryptic species of tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from shallow waters off Japan. Ichthyological Research, 64 (1): 71–83.
^ Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Shao, K.-T. (2014): Description of a new cryptic, shallow-water tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 85 (3): 563–585.
^ Munroe, T.A., Tyler, J. & Tunnicliffe, V. (2011): Description and biological observations on a new species of deepwater symphurine tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) collected at Volcano–19, Tonga Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa, 3061: 53-66.

[Tyler2005-1] Tyler, J. (2005): Distribution, population characteristics and trophic ecology of a sulphophilic hydrothermal vent tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Master of Science. Thesis. University of Victoria: Canada.

[Munroe2008-2] Munroe, T.A. & Hashimoto, J. (2008): A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents. Zootaxa, 1839: 43–59.

[Lee2016-3] Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Kai, Y. (2016): Description of a new cryptic species of tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from shallow waters off Japan. Ichthyological Research, 64 (1): 71–83.

[Lee2014-4] Lee, M.-Y., Munroe, T.A. & Shao, K.-T. (2014): Description of a new cryptic, shallow-water tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) from the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 85 (3): 563–585.

[Munroe2011-5] Munroe, T.A., Tyler, J. & Tunnicliffe, V. (2011): Description and biological observations on a new species of deepwater symphurine tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae: Symphurus) collected at Volcano–19, Tonga Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa, 3061: 53-66.

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