Suriansyah of Banjar
| Suriansyah سوريان شاه | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pangeran Jaya Sutera[1][2][3] | |||||||||
 The tomb of Suriansyah and his wife, in the Sultan Suriansyah Tomb Complex | |||||||||
| Sultan of Banjar | |||||||||
| Reign | 1526 – 1540[4] | ||||||||
| Coronation | 24 September 1526 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Position established (Prince Tumenggung as king of Negara Daha) | ||||||||
| Successor | Rahmatollah of Banjar | ||||||||
| Crown Prince of Negara Daha | |||||||||
| Reign | 1525 – 1526 | ||||||||
| Born | Raden Raga Samudera[5][6] Negara Daha | ||||||||
| Died | 1540 Sultanate of Banjar | ||||||||
| Burial | |||||||||
| Spouses | Ratoe Sa'adah
| ||||||||
| Issue | Rahmatollah Pangeran Dipati Anom | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Banjarmasin dynasty | ||||||||
| Father | Raden Mantri Alu[5] | ||||||||
| Mother | Princess Intan Sari Galuh Baranakan[5] | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
Suriansyah,[8] also known as Suryanullah[5][9][10][11][12][13][14] or Sultan Suria Angsa[15][16][17] and Pangeran Jaya Sutera, was the founder and first sultan of the Sultanate of Banjar who ruled from his coronation in 1526 until his death in 1540.[5][2][1][18][19][4] He was probably the first Banjar ruler to embrace Islam.[20][21]
Early life
[edit]
Raden Samudera was the son of Puteri Galuh Beranakan (Queen Intan Sari), the daughter of Maharaja Sukarama from Negara Daha. And his father's name was Raden Mantri Alu, nephew of Maharaja Sukarama. The name "Suriansyah" is often used as a name for a boy in Banjar people.[citation needed]
According to the manuscript "The Story of the Heredity of the Kings of Banjar and Kotawaringin" aka "Hikayat Banjar Resension I", Suriansyah was the 6th descendant of Lambung Mangkurat and also the 6th descendant of the couple Princess Junjung Buih and Maharaja Suryanata. Maharaja Suryanata was picked up from Majapahit as the match for Junjung Buih, the adopted sister of Lambung Mangkurat. Suriansyah was also the 3rd descendant of Raden Sekar Sungsang.[citation needed]
Crown Prince of Negara Daha
[edit]The political legitimacy that emerged for the Banjar community was that a king or a candidate to replace the king must be the eldest son of the king born from a mother who was also of royal blood (putera gahara). This refers to the couple Suryanata and Junjung Buih as their idealization. The direct line descendants of the kings (in the Hindu conception) which also means the direct descendants of the nāgas (in the original religious conception), are believed to be the representatives of the gods on earth. This tradition in itself became a source of political legitimacy for every ruler who took turns on the throne. Although the Banjar Sultanate which emerged in the 16th century was an Islamic state, the political traditions inherited from the Dipa State era still strongly influenced the succession process, and this rule was also well understood by Maharaja Sukarama, the second king of Negara Daha.[22]
It is told in the Hikayat Banjar, Maharaka Sukarama had four wives and four sons and one daughter. They were respectively Prince Mangkubumi, Prince Tumenggung, Prince Bagalung, Prince Jayadewa, and the youngest daughter named Princess Galuh Baranakan. The four wives of the king apparently were not of noble blood, so the king married Princess Galuh Baranakan to his own brother's son, Raden Bagawan, whose name was Raden Mantri Alu. This couple, Galuh and Mantri then gave birth to Raden Samudera. Because he was pure-blooded, Sukarama considered Raden Samudera to be more entitled to inherit the throne of Daha than the others. Even though his children opposed their father's decision, Sukamara still insisted that Raden Samudera was the heir to the throne.[22]
After the death of Sukarama, Prince Mangkubumi and Prince Tumanggung, who wanted the throne, tried to get rid of Prince Samudera. This then triggered a civil war that brought the Kingdom of Negara Daha to its collapse.
Reign
[edit]Accession
[edit]To avenge his uncles, Prince Samudera slowly gathered power, until finally he was recognized by a number of village chiefs downstream of the Barito River, and made the river the base of his power. By the village chiefs, he was appointed King.
On September 24, 1526 (6 Zulhijjah 932 H), Prince Samudera converted to Islam and chose the title Sultan Suryanullah Syah, from the words surya (sun) and syah (king) which are adapted to the title of Raden Putra (Rahadyan Putra) namely Suryanata, a founder of a dynasty during the previous Hindu kingdom. After his accession, he managed to defeat his rivals and became the sole ruler of Banjar.
Administrative policies
[edit]When Suriansyah first ruled the kingdom, Patih Masih, one of the high officials of the State of Daha, served as Mangkubumi. He then formed the Four Patihs (Patih Ampat), which were held by the heads of the Barito villages who had supported him. Suriansyah made Patih Masih to manage the Four Patihs consisting of four deputies:[23][24][25][20]
- The deputy of Pangiwa is held by the Patih of Balit
- The deputy for Panganan is held by the Patih of Balitung
- The deputy of Gampiran is held by the Patih of Kuin
- The deputy for Panumping is held by the Patih of Muhur
Under Gampiran and Panumping there are 30 Mantri regions. These four deputies also have the authority as judges.
After the fall of the Negara Daha Kingdom, the oldest patih, Aria Taranggan was appointed as Mangkubumi with the authority to handle state administrative matters throughout the country, determine the final decision regarding someone sentenced to death, and determine the right to confiscate all property of the person sentenced.
The four deputies also have the authority as prosecutors and judges, but all their decisions are based on a legal codification called Kutara which was drawn up by Aria Taranggana when he served as Mangkubumi Negara Daha.
In addition, Suriansyah also formed a number of ministries:
- Mantri Bandar or Kiai Palabuhan who is tasked with carrying out the collection of port customs duties.
- Mantri Tuhabun whose job is to serve the king, the king's family, such as, among other things, the team paddling the king's speed boat.
- Singabana, the ministry of defense and security which is each headed by two functions: Singantaka and Singapati.
- Great Mantri, who served as ambassadors and royal envoys within the country and abroad.
Military expansion
[edit]Suriansyah modified the military system for the sake of territorial expansion. Since his coronation in 1526, Banjar experienced a significant territorial expansion. The areas that were conquered during Suriansyah's reign are mentioned in Hikayat Banjar:[26]
Sudah itu maka orang Sebangau, orang Mendawai, orang Sampit, orang Pambuang, orang Kuta Waringin, orang Sukadana, orang Lawai, orang Sambas sekaliannya itu dipersalin sama disuruh kembali. Tiap-tiap musim barat sekaliannya negeri itu datang mahanjurkan upetinya, musim timur kembali itu. Dan orang Takisung, orang Tambangan Laut, orang Kintap, orang Asam-Asam, orang Laut-Pulau, orang Pamukan, orang Paser, orang Kutai, orang Berau, orang Karasikan, sekaliannya itu dipersalin, sama disuruh kembali. Tiap-tiap musim timur datang sekaliannya negeri itu mahanjurkan upetinya, musim barat kembali.
After that, the Sebangau people, the Mendawei people, the Sampit people, the Pembuang people, the Kotawaringin people, the Sukadana people, the Lawai people, and the Sambas people, they came one after another. Every western season they come to pay tribute, then the eastern season comes. Then the Takisung people, the Tambangan Laut people, the Kintap people, the Asam-Asam people, the Laut-Pulau people, the Pamukan people, the Paser people, the Kutai people, the Berau people, the Karasikan people, they came one after another. Every eastern season, they come to pay tribute, and the western season comes again.
Death
[edit]
Sultan Suryanullah is estimated to have died in 1540[20] or 1546, as written on his tombstone. After his death, the sultan received the posthumous title Panembahan Batu Habang and Susuhunan Batu Habang, named after the color of the red bricks (habang) covering his grave in the Sultan Suriansyah Tomb Complex in Old Banjar, now North Kuin, South Kalimantan.
Legacy
[edit]The date of Suriansyah's coronation, September 24, 1526, is commemorated as the Anniversary of Banjarmasin, approximately 498 years ago.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Karl Helbig, Eine Durchquerung der Insel Borneo (Kalimantan): nach den Tagebüchern aus dem Jahre 1937, D. Reimer, 1982 ISBN 3496001542, 9783496001546
- ^ a b (1867)De tijdspiegel. Fuhri. 1867. p. 165.
- ^ Putera mahkota jang terbuang. Saiful. 1963. p. 4.
- ^ a b Hoëvel, Wolter Robert (1861). Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (in Dutch). Vol. 52. Ter Lands-drukkerij. p. 199.
- ^ a b c d e Ras, Johannes Jacobus (1990). Hikayat Banjar (in Malay). Translated by Siti Hawa Salleh. Lot 1037, Mukim Perindustrian PKNS - Ampang/Hulu Kelang - Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Percetakan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 9789836212405.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ISBN 983-62-1240-X - ^ (in Malay)Yayasan Perpustakaan Nasional (Indonesia), Yayasan Perpustakaan Nasional (Indonesia) (1976). Bulletin YAPERNA. Vol. 14–17. Yayasan Perpustakaan Nasional.
- ^ Basuni, Ahmad (1986). Nur Islam di Kalimantan Selatan: sejarah masuknya Islam di Kalimantan. Penerbit Bina Ilmu.
- ^ Cense, Anton Abraham (1928). De kroniek van Bandjarmasin (in Dutch). C.A. Mees. p. 91.
- ^ Balai Pustaka (18 June 2008). Sejarah Nasional III, 2008: History Indonesia (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Indonesia: Bukupedia. p. 10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Sarkawi B. Husain (1 January 2017). Sejarah Masyarakat Islam Indonesia (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Airlangga University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-602-6606-47-1.
- ^ "Hikayat Banjar | PDF".
- ^ H Purwanta, dkk, Sejarah SMA/MA Kls XI-Bahasa, Grasindo, ISBN 979-759-653-2, 9789797596538
- ^ Saleh, Mohamad Idwar (1986). Tutur Candi, sebuah karya sastra sejarah Banjarmasin (in Indonesian). Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Penerbitan Buku Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah. p. 150.
- ^ Sejarah daerah Kalimantan Selatan, Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah, Pusat Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1978
- ^ Noorlander, Johannes Cornelis (1935). Bandjarmasin en de Compagnie in de tweede helft der 18de eeuw (in Dutch). M. Dubbeldeman. p. 189.
- ^ Houtsma, M. Th (1993). First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. E.J.Brill,s,BRILL. p. 646. ISBN 9004097961. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4
- ^ Le Rutte, J. M. C. E. (1863). Episode uit den Banjermasingschen oorlog. A.W. Sythoff. p. 12.
- ^ Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde. Vol. 9. 1860. p. 96.
- ^ Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde. Vol. 9. Lange. 1860. p. 95.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b c Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (1861). "Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (Geschiedkundige aanteekcningen omtrent zuidelijk Borneo)". 23. Ter Lands-drukkerij: 199.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Indisch archief: tijdschrift voor de Indien. Dl. 4. Tweede ". Lange. 1851: 482.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Norprikriadi (2014). PERJALANAN KESULTANAN BANJAR: DARI LEGITIMASI POLITIK KE IDENTITAS KULTURAL (in Indonesian). p. 81.
- ^ Noorlander, Johannes Cornelis (1935). Bandjarmasin en de Compagnie in de tweede helft der 18de eeuw. M. Dubbeldeman. p. 188.
- ^ Rees, Willem Adriaan (1865). De bandjermasinsche krijg van 1859-1863. D. A. Thieme. p. 2.
{{cite book}}: Check|first=value (help) - ^ Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-, en volkenkunde. Vol. 6. Lange & Co., 1857. 1857. p. 239.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened (1992). Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Indonesia (in Indonesian). PT Balai Pustaka. p. 86. ISBN 9794074098. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) ISBN 978-979-407-409-1
External links
[edit]- Historical repository of Sultan Suriansyah on the website of Ministry of Education of Indonesia.
- Surianshah the Sultan in Indonesian National Geographic –Archived 2014-07-05 at the Wayback Machine