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Stadler Tramlink

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Stadler Tramlink
See caption
Tramlink ET 121 of Stern & Hafferl in front of the depot in Vorchdorf-Eggenberg station
Manufacturer
Constructedfrom 2007
Number built317
Specifications
Train length32.0–45.4 m (105.0–149.0 ft)
Width2.3–2.65 m (7 ft 7 in – 8 ft 8 in)
Height3.51–3.60 m (11.5–11.8 ft)
Floor height290–320 mm (11–13 in)
Low-floor100%
Wheel diameter600 mm (24 in)
Maximum speed80 km/h (50 mph)
Power output100–105 kW (134–141 hp)
per powered axle
Electric system(s)600 – 1500 V DC
AAR wheel arrangementsee technical description
Minimum turning radius17–25 m (56–82 ft)
Track gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in), 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Notes/references
see also technical specifications

Tramlink is a family of three-, five- and seven- section low-floor trams, mostly of multi-articulated type, produced by Stadler Rail Valencia. The Tramlink was originally developed by Vossloh but has been manufactured by Stadler since they took over Vossloh's factory in Valencia in 2016.

Operators

[edit]

Prototypes and vehicles for León

[edit]

Initially Vossloh built two prototype vehicles. These bi-directional vehicles had five sections and were 32 m long and 2.4 m wide.[1] Testing took place from 2011 on the tram sections of Metrovalencia.[2] Four identical vehicles were ordered for a tram project in León which was never built.[1] The prototype vehicles are not known to have carried passengers, and their current location is unknown.

Rostock

[edit]
Tram at tram stop. The lower section of the tram sides slope inwards so the base fits next to the platform but the upper section is wider
Tramlink 6N2 in Rostock

Between 2011 and 2014 the Rostock tramway received 13 uni-directional vehicles from Vossloh Kiepe, which from December 2014 began to replace Tatra T6A2 trams and 4BNWE trailers. The Rostock Tramlinks have two special features. The bottoms of the side walls slope inwards from 2.65 m wide to only 2.3 m to allow them to use the existing platforms. The vehicles are fitted with supercapacitors on the roof. These store up to 0.9 kWh of energy[2] generated by regenerative braking, which can then be used for acceleration or heating and air conditioning, which is hoped to reduce the total energy consumption.[3] The double doors in the suspended middle sections are each 1300 mm wide and the single doors in the end sections are 800 mm wide.[2]

Stern & Hafferl

[edit]
Five-section red white and grey tram
Tramlink V3 in Gmunden

After tests with a Combino from Nordhausen and a long-term loan of a Cityrunner from Innsbruck, Stern und Hafferl Verkehr ordered eleven bi-directional vehicle Tramlink V3 type trams from Vossloh Kiepe in 2014 for use on the Traunseebahn and the Attergaubahn.[4] The vehicles were produced at Vossloh Kiepe's Spanish factory in Valencia.[5][6] In order for the vehicles to be used on both the Traunseebahn and the Gmunden Tramway they are approved under railway and tramway regulations.[4] Delivery was begun in 2015.[7] The trams began operating on the Traunseebahn in March 2016. On 1 September 2018 the Traunseebahn and the Gmunden Tramway were connected and the Tramlink vehicles operate over both.[8]

Baixada Santista

[edit]
See caption
Tramlink V4 in Santos (Baixada Santista Light Rail)

Tramlink vehicles have been in operation since 2015 on the Baixada Santista Light Rail in Brazil. The bi-directional vehicles were ordered at the end of 2012 and are fitted with batteries for use on the catenary-free section of track in the centre of Santos.[9]

Lugano–Ponte Tresa

[edit]

In summer 2018 the Ferrovie Luganesi ordered nine Tramlink vehicles for approximately 50 million Swiss francs. The contract included an option for a further three vehicles. The seven-section vehicles were built at Stadler's factory in Valencia and replaced the Be 4/8 and Be 4/12 Mandarinli trains from 1978/79 on the Lugano–Ponte Tresa Railway The first vehicle was delivered on 11 March 2021,[10] the last a year later.

Erfurt

[edit]
Seven-section red and white tram on a cobbled road
Tramlink in the centre of Erfurt

In 2018 Erfurter Verkehrsbetriebe ordered 14 Tramlink vehicles for the Erfurt tramway system. The uni-directional vehicles are 42 m long and can carry 248 passengers. They have been in service since 2021 and the total cost was around 56 million euros.[11] As well as in Valencia some of the production also took place at Stadler's factory in Pankow, Berlin.[12] In May 2023 an option in the original contract was used to order ten more trams.[13]

Waldenburgerbahn und Limmattalbahn

[edit]
Seven-section blue and white tram
Tramlink on the Limmattalbahn

In autumn 2018 Baselland Transport (BLT) and Aargau Verkehr (AVA) announced a joint order for 18 seven-section Tramlinks, worth 103 million Swiss francs. The trams with a maximum speed of 80 km/h have been in service since the end of 2022 on the Waldenburgerbahn and the newly-built Limmattalbahn. The Waldenburgerbahn, formerly the only 750 mm-gauge railway in Switzerland, was being rebuilt and re-gauged to metre gauge. The joint order allowed considerable savings on the cost of the vehicles and their maintenance. On the Waldenburgerbahn the approximately 45 m long trains are intended to be used in coupled pairs at peak times.[14] The Limmattalbahn vehicles are fitted with a ZSI-127 train protection system. Although this is not used on the Limmattalbahn itself, it is needed for the vehicles to use part of the Wohlen–Dietikon railway line in Dietikon and to access the AVA workshops in Bremgarten.[15]

Milan

[edit]

In July 2019 Stadler won a tender from Azienda Trasporti Milanesi to deliver up to 80 bi-directional vehicles for the Milan tram network. The first order comprised 30 vehicles, 20 for the city network and 10 for interurban lines. Unlike all other Tramlink vehicles these are not multi-articulated vehicles. The short centre module of the three-section trams runs on a fixed (non-rotating) trailer bogie and the two longer end modules each have a motor bogie at the outer end. The bogies were adopted from the Metelitsa tram built by Stadler Minsk.[16] The trams are 25 m long with three doors on each side.[17] The first vehicle was delivered to Milan in December 2022[18] In June 2023 Stadler won a second tender for up to 50 further vehicles, of which 25 will be 35 m long with four doors per side. Initially fourteen 35 m long trams were ordered, with delivery expected from June 2026. A further 30 trams were also ordered from the first contract.[19]

Bern

[edit]

Bernmobil ordered an initial batch of 27 vehicles (twenty uni-directional and seven bi-directional) in September 2019, and a contract for up to 50 trams in December 2019 was signed in December 2019.[20][21] The first tram was delivered on 1 February 2023.[22] In February 2024 the delivery of new vehicles was interrupted due to faults in the nine trams already delivered.[23]

Augsburg

[edit]

In October 2019 Stadler and the Stadtwerke Augsburg announced an order for 11 trams for the Augsburg tram network. At the end of 2020 the order was increased to 15 trams. The seven-section uni-directional vehicles are 42 m long, 100% low-floor and can carry up to 231 passengers, 86 of which seated.[24][25]

Jena

[edit]

In August 2020 Stadtwerke Jena-Pößneck announced an order for 24 trams, with an option for 19 more, for the Jena tram network. The operator named them as Lichtbahn. Delivery of the 16 seven-section and 8 five-section vehicles began in May 2023 and the first tram entered service in December 2023. The entirely low-floor trams are 41.88 m or 32.55 m long with capacity for 241 or 180 passengers respectively, including 80 or 58 seats. Unlike the GT6M and Tramino already in use in Jena the Tramlink are wider, with an unusual width of 2.45 m. The seating arrangements in the wheeled modules are varied, sometimes with two seats either side of the aisle and sometimes with two seats on one side and an unusually wide single seat the other side, or with single seats on both sides.[26] Also noteworthy is that none of the double doors are opposite each other.

The manufacturer will also maintain the trams for 24 years, with an optional extension of 8 years.[27]

Potsdam

[edit]

In December 2021 Stadler and ViP, operator of the Potsdam tram network, announced an order of ten Tramlink vehicles. The delivery of the first vehicle is planned for 2024. The contract includes an option for a further 15 trams. The fully low-floor vehicles are 42 m long, have eight doors and a capacity of 246 passengers, including 74 seats.[28]

Geneva

[edit]

In 2022 Transports publics genevois (TPG) ordered 38 Tramlink trams for the Geneva tram network. They will be delivered from the end of 2024 to replace the first generation of low-floor trams and for use on new routes. The bi-directional trams will be 44 m long and 2.3 m wide. TPG has an option to order up to 25 more Tramlinks.[29]

Lausanne

[edit]

In autumn 2022 Transports publics de la région lausannoise announced an order for 10 Tramlink trams. They will be used on the new tram line from Lausanne to Renens. The vehicles will be 2.65 m long and 45 m long. They will be the only standard-gauge Tramlink in Switzerland.[30]

Valencia und Alicante

[edit]

On 2 March 2023 the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV) and Stadler announced an order for 16 seven-section Tramlink vehicles, with two options each for six additional vehicles. The metre-gauge trams will be used on Metrovalencia and the Alicante Tram and be numbered as series 4500. They will be 45 m long and 2.4 m wide.[31][32]

Technical description

[edit]
Tram interior with a step-free floor. Some sections have two seats either side of the aisle, some have longitudinal seating against the wall on one side.
Driver's control desk in a tram
Interior and cab of a Tramlink in Gmunden
Tram interior with two groups of four seats in back-to-back pairs either side of the aisle
Interior of a Tramlink in Santos. Under the eight seats is a wheelset with a conventional axle.

Tramlink vehicles can be produced as uni-directional or bi-directional vehicles with different body widths and for standard gauge, metre gauge or 900 mm gauge.[33]

Mechanical part

[edit]

The five or seven-section multi-articulated vehicles consist of two powered end modules and one or two wheeled intermediate modules, connected by suspended modules with no wheels. The powered chassis of the end modules and the unpowered chassis in the wheeled intermediate modules all have conventional wheelsets connected by axles. On some of the seven-section variants one of the intermediate modules also has a powered chassis. The chassis have two-stage (rubber roll and coil spring) suspension, rubber-sprung wheel tyres and a relatively large wheel diameter, which all contribute to good running characteristics. Despite the conventional axles the vehicles are still 100% low-floor without steps. The two motors for each chassis unit are each fitted under a group of seats. This requires two seats each side of the aisle over the chassis, with a total of 16 seats over every chassis unit. The tram body shells are built from stainless steel and fulfil the EN 15227 crash-worthiness standard.[4]

Drive and brakes

[edit]

The power converter and auxiliary power converter are supplied from the overhead line, with chokes and capacitors to smooth the input voltage. Each motor bogie has its own power converter supplying two asynchronous motors with water-cooled stators. In regenerative braking the power converter can feed direct current back into the overhead line and during braking other electrical components in the vehicle can also be supplied from the braking energy. If the braking energy can not be fed back to the overhead line the electric brake can also operate as a rheostatic brake. The traction control reacts automatically to wheelslip and sliding of the powered wheels. The majority of the electrical equipment, including the externally-ventilated braking resistors and the air conditioning units, is located on the roof. In addition to the electrical braking the vehicles have a hydraulic spring-applied brake, which serves as the parking brake. For emergency use every bogie has a magnetic track brake.[4]

Overview of variants

[edit]
Vossloh Tramlink Stadler Tramlink
Operator Prototypes und vehicles for cancelled project in León Rostocker Straßenbahn Stern & Hafferl EMTU Ferrovie Luganesi Erfurter Verkehrsbetriebe Baselland Transport Aargau Verkehr
City Rostock Gmunden Santos / São Vicente Lugano Erfurt
Network Trams in Rostock Traunsee­bahn Attersee­bahn Baixada Santista Light Rail Lugano–Ponte Tresa Railway Trams in Erfurt Waldenbur­gerbahn Limmattal­bahn
Class name Tramlink 6N2 Tramlink V3 Tramlink V4 Be 6/8 Tramlink V4 Be 6/8
Numbering 601–613 121–123, 127–131 124–126 51–59 801–814 101–110 8001–8008
Quantity 2+4 13 8 3 22 9 14+10 10 8
Manufactured at Valencia-Albuixech
Year built 2014 2016–2017 2015 2020 2021 2022–2023 2022
Wheel arrangement Bo’2’Bo’ Bo’2’Bo’ Bo’2’Bo’ Bo’2’2’Bo’ Bo’2’Bo’Bo’ Bo’2’Bo’Bo’ Bo’2’Bo’Bo’
Modules 5 5 5 7 7 7 7
Track gauge 1000 mm 1435 mm 1000 mm 1435 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm
Uni-/bi-directional ⇄ → ⇄ ⇄ ⇄ → ⇄
Length 32.000 m 32.000 m 32.000 m 43.700 m 45.420 m 42.49 m 45 m
Width 2400 mm 2650 mm 2400 mm 2650 mm 2400 mm 2300 mm 2400 mm[15]
Height 3450 mm 3510 mm 3600 mm 3560 mm 3560 mm 3610 mm 3610mm[34]
Minimum radius 18 m 18 m 17 m 25 m 20 m 16 m
Weight 40.8 t 43.9 t 41.3 t 52.53 t
Maximum speed 70 km/h 70 km/h 70 km/h 80 km/h 70 km/h

(limited to 63 km/h)

80 km/h
Power (continuous) 4 × 105 kW 4 × 100 kW 4 × 100 kW 4 × 105 kW 6 × 100 kW 6 × 100 kW
Wheel diameter (new) 600 mm 600 mm 600 mm 600 mm 600 mm
Electrification system 600/750 V DC 600/750 V DC 750 V DC 1200 V DC 750 V DC 1500 V DC[35] 600/1200 V DC[36]
Seats 42 71 60 + 15 folding seats 74 70 92 88
Standing passengers (4 people/m2) 156 139 100 272 228 156 172
Entry height 315 mm 290 mm 290 mm 300 mm 320 mm 300 mm
Number of double doors
            Single doors 		4 per side

2 per side

4
2		 2 per side
2 per side		 6 per side
1 per side		 8 per side
 		 5
2
Notes: Never entered service Fitted with supercapacitors Approved according to tramway and railway regulations Fitted with batteries Stadler CBTC[37] ZSI-127 train protection system
References [1] [38] [4] [9] [39] [12] [14]
Stadler Tramlink
Operator Azienda Trasporti Milanesi Bernmobil Augsburger Verkehrsgesellschaft Stadtwerke Energie Jena-Pößneck Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam Transports publics genevois Transports publics de la région lausannoise Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana
City Milan Bern Augsburg Jena Potsdam Geneva Lausanne Valencia, Alicante
Network Trams in Milan Trams in Bern Trams in Augsburg Trams in Jena Trams in Potsdam Trams in Geneva Lausanne Tramway [fr] Metrovalencia, Alicante Tram
Class name Be 6/8 Lichtbahn 4500
Numbering 7201– 901–907, 911–930 901–915 801–816 851–858 441–450

(451–465)

Quantity 60 14 20 7 11+4 16 8 10 38 10 16
(+ option for 45) (+ option for 11) (+ option for 23) (+ option for 12) (+ option for 19) (+ option for 15) (+ option for 25) (+option for 12)
Manufactured at Valencia-Albuixech
Year built 2022– 2026– 2023– 2022– 2023– 2023– 2024–
Wheel arrangement Bo’Bo’2’Bo’
Modules 3 5 7 7 7 5 7 7 7 7
Track gauge 1445 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm 1435 mm 1000 mm 1435 mm 1000 mm
Uni-/bi-directional ⇄ ⇄ → → ⇄ → ⇄ ⇄ ⇄
Length 25.4 m 35 m 42.500 m 42 m 41.9 m 32.6 m 42 m 44 m 45 m 45 m
Width 2400 mm 2300 mm 2300 mm 2450 mm 2300 mm 2300 mm 2650 mm 2400 mm
Height 3685 mm 3560 mm 3560 mm
Minimum radius 17 m 16.5 m 20 m 19.5 m
Weight 52.3 t
Maximum speed 60 km/h 70 km/h 70 km/h 70

km/h

Power (continuous) 4 × 105 kW 6 × 105 kW 6 × 100 kW 6 × 105 kW 4 × 105 kW 6 × 100 kW
Wheel diameter (new): 610 mm 600 mm 610 mm
Electrification system 600 V DC 600/750 V DC 750 V DC 750 V DC 750 V DC 600 V DC
Seats 52 68 86 80 58 74
Standing passengers (4 people/m2) 208 192 145 161 122 172
Entry height 350 mm 320 mm 300 mm 300 mm
Number of double doors
            Single doors 		3 per side
0 		4 per side

0

6 per side
1 per side		 4
2		 5
2 		4

2

3

2

6
2 		8

0

8

0

Notes Three-section version without suspended modules Five-section version
References [40][19][41] [19] [42] [27][26] [28][43] [29] [30]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Hondius, Harry (2011). "Entwicklung der Nieder- und Mittelflur-Straßen- und Stadtbahnen" [Development of low- and middle-floor trams and light rail vehicles]. Stadtverkehr (in German) (1–2/2011). EK-Verlag: 27 ff. ISSN 0038-9013.
  2. ^ a b c Hondius, Harry (2012). "Entwicklung der Nieder- und Mittelflur-Straßen- und Stadtbahnen" [Development of low- and middle-floor trams and light rail vehicles]. Stadtverkehr (in German) (1–2/2012). EK-Verlag: 26. ISSN 0038-9013.
  3. ^ "Rostock, Straßenbahn Tramlink". Kiepe Electric. Retrieved 1 November 2018.[dead link‍]
  4. ^ a b c d e Knoll, Otfried. "Tramlink V3 – Das Fahrzeug für die Stadt – Regio-Tram Gmunden – Vorchdorf" (PDF). Eisenbahn Österreich. Vol. 2016, no. 9. Minirex. pp. 440–452. ISSN 1421-2900. Retrieved 1 November 2018.[dead link‍]
  5. ^ "Die neuen Fahrzeuge – Vossloh TramLink V3". StadtRegioTram Gmunden. Retrieved 13 March 2016.[dead link‍]
  6. ^ "Gmunden bestellt Straßenbahnen bei Vossloh Kiepe". Eurailpress. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  7. ^ "Aktuelles". StadtRegioTram. Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2016-03-12. Das Abladen wird am Do, 3. Dez. 2015 um ca. 8:00 Uhr beginnen.
  8. ^ Knoll, Otfried. "Traunseetram Gmunden – Vorchdorf eröffnet". Schweizer Eisenbahn-Revue. Vol. 2018, no. 10. Minirex. pp. 520–523. ISSN 1022-7113.
  9. ^ a b "Tramlink low-floor light rail vehicle, EMTU Santos, Brazil" (PDF). Stadler Rail. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  10. ^ "Stadler: Starkes zweites Halbjahr 2020 trotz Corona-Krise – Neues zu Fahrzeugen" [Stadler: Strong second half of 2020 despite corona-crisis – News about vehicles]. bahnonline.ch (in German). 11 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  11. ^ "Schweizer Hersteller Stadler baut neue Straßenbahnen für Erfurt" [Swiss manufacturer Stadler builds new trams for Erfurt] (in German). Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  12. ^ a b Griesser Kym, Thomas (9 October 2018). "Stadler liefert Strassenbahnen nach Erfurt" [Stadler delivers trams to Erfurt]. St. Galler Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  13. ^ "Erfurter Verkehrsbetriebe wollen weitere Tramlink-Straßenbahnen kaufen" [Erfurter Verkehrsbetriebe want to buy more Tramlink trams]. Bahnblogstelle (in German). 20 May 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  14. ^ a b Griesser Kym, Thomas (24 October 2018). "Stadler feiert weitere Verkaufserfolge mit Stadtbahnen in der Schweiz" [Stadler celebrates further sales success with light rail vehicles in Switzerland]. St. Galler Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  15. ^ a b Lüthard, Jürg D. "Limmattalbahn bereitet Fahrzeugbeschaffung vor" [Limmattalbahn prepares vehicle procurement] (PDF). Schweizer Eisenbahn-Revue (in German). No. 12/2016. p. 634.
  16. ^ Hondius, Harry (2020). "Entwicklung der Nieder- und Mittelflur-Straßen- und Stadtbahnen" [Development of low- and middle-floor trams and light rail vehicles]. Stadtverkehr (in German) (1–2/2020). EK-Verlag: 4–26. ISSN 0038-9013.
  17. ^ "Stadler to deliver new trams to the city of Milan" (PDF). Stadler Rail. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  18. ^ "ATM receives its first Stadler Tramlink LRV". Tramways & Urban Transit. 17 December 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  19. ^ a b c "Stadler has been awarde ATM's new tram order for Milan" (PDF). Stadler Rail. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  20. ^ "Zuschlag erhalten: Stadler baut bis zu 50 Trams für Bern" [Contract awarded: Stadler builds up to 50 trams for Bern]. St. Galler Tagblatt (in German). 4 September 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  21. ^ "Bernmobil und Stadler unterzeichnen Liefervertrag über 27 TRAMLINK-Straßenbahnen" [Bernmobil and Stadler sign delivery contract for 27 TRAMLINK trams] (in German). 12 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.[dead link‍]
  22. ^ "Bern Tramlink tram delivered". Metro Report International. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  23. ^ Hopf-Sulc, Adrian (29 February 2024). "Bernmobil: Tram-Lieferungen gestoppt" [Bernmobil: Tram deliveries stopped]. Der Bund (in German). Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  24. ^ "Stadler: Ausschreibung über elf Strassenbahnen für die Stadtwerke Augsburg gewonnen" [Stadler: Tender won for eleven trams for Stadtwerke Augsburg]. LOK Report (in German). 1 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  25. ^ "Stadler wins tender for eleven trams from Stadtwerke Augsburg" (PDF). Stadler Rail. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  26. ^ a b "Die Jenaer Lichtbahn" [The Jena Lichtbahn] (in German). Stadtwerke Jena. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Neue Straßenbahnen für Jena – Stadler gewinnt EU-Ausschreibung" [New trams for Jena – Stadler wins EU-wide tender] (in German). Retrieved 26 August 2020.[dead link‍]
  28. ^ a b "Vertragsunterzeichnung in Potsdam: Stadler und ViP Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam stellen neue Trams vor" [Contract signing in Potsdam: Stadler and ViP introduce new trams] (PDF) (in German). Stadler Rail. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  29. ^ a b "Stadler supplies new trams for the Geneva public transport authority (TPG)". Urban Transport Magazine. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  30. ^ a b "Stadler to supply 10 TRAMLINK trams to Lausanne" (PDF). Stadler Rail. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  31. ^ "Stadler to supply the new trams in Alicante and Valencia" (PDF). Stadler Rail. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  32. ^ Bernhardt, Jens (3 March 2023). "Bestellung bestätigt: Neue Trams für Valencia und Alicante" [Order confirmed: New trams for Valencia and Alicante]. Urban Transport Magazine (in German). Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  33. ^ "Tramlink". Stadler Rail. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  34. ^ "BLT Schienenfahrzeuge" [BLT rail vehicles] (in German). Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  35. ^ "Fünf neue Gleichrichter" [Five new rectifiers] (PDF). Linie 19 (in German). No. 1/2018. Baselland Transport. p. 11.[dead link‍]
  36. ^ Lüthard, Jürg D. "Die Limmattalbahn Zürich Altstetten – Killwangen" (PDF). Schweizer Eisenbahn-Revue (in German). No. 1/2014. pp. 48–50.
  37. ^ Haas, Andreas (3 September 2023). "Digitale Fachtagung BLT – Stadler CBTC Lösung" [Digital Symposium BLT – Staler CBTC solution] (PDF). TST Suisse (in German). Stadler Signalling. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  38. ^ "Tramlink low-floor light rail vehicle, Rostocker Strassenbahn AG, Rostock, Germany" (PDF). Stadler Rail. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  39. ^ "Tramlink low-floor light rail vehicle, Ferrovie Luganesi SA, Switzerland" (PDF). Stadler Rail. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  40. ^ "Stadler liefert neue Strassenbahnen nach Mailand" [Stadler delivers new trams to Milan] (in German). Stadler Rail. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  41. ^ "Tramlink low-floor light rail vehicle, Azienda Trasporti Milanesi S.p.A., Milan, Italy" (PDF). Stadler Rail. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  42. ^ "Tramlink low floor light rail vehicle, Bernmobil, Switzerland" (PDF). Stadler Rail. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  43. ^ "Niederflurstrassenbahn Tramlink. ViP Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam GmbH, Potsdam" [Tramlink low-floor tram. ViP Verkehrsbetrieb Potsdam GmbH] (PDF) (in German). Stadler Rail. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
[edit]

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