Stabilized liquid membrane device
The stabilized liquid membrane device (SLMD) is a passive, integrative sampler that provides an alternative or complementary approach to the conventional water sampling of aqueous metals. The simple device is composed of nonporous low-density plastic lay-flat tubing, which is filled with a chemical mixture containing a chelating agent (metal-binding agent) and a long chain organic acid. The water-insoluble chelating agent-organic acid mixture diffuses in a controlled manner to the exterior surface of the sampler membrane and binds to environmental metals. In practice, the SLMD provides for continuous sequestration of bioavailable forms of trace metals, such as, cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The SLMD can also be utilized for in-laboratory preconcentration and speciation of bioavailable trace metals from grab water samples.[1]
Use in environmental metal toxicology
[edit]Exposure to ionic metals has been shown to result in deleterious effects for aquatic organisms[2] and may induce oxidative stress, cause DNA damage,[3] and decrease enzyme activity.[4] In contrast, some metals under certain environmental conditions have potential moderating effects on other more toxic metals; one example being zinc (Zn), which has been shown to reduce copper (Cu) toxicity when both metals are present.[5] Given that the presence of particular aqueous metals may have a wide array of effects on organisms, aquatic toxicologists have developed various methods for sampling them.
Passive, or in situ, environmental sampling is an important tool used by toxicologists for evaluating toxicants that may exist in very small concentrations—not easily detectable via grab samples. One passive sampler, the semipermeable membrane device, or SPMD, is commonly used to measure organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. The SLMD was developed as a counterpart device for sampling metals.[6] Passive sampling for trace metals is more complex than for organic toxicants as most dissolved metals can simultaneously exist in any of several ionic, complex-ion, and organically bound states.[7] Metals can also bind with suspended or dissolved organic matter and exist as ultra-fine colloids,[8] or lipophilic complexes.[9]
First developed by Petty, Brumbaugh, Huckins, May, and Wiedmeyer, the SLMD is used to monitor ionic metals in aquatic environments. Due to anthropogenic factors such as mining, metal refining, and industrial activity, global emissions of metals has significantly increased within the last 100 years, and will likely continue to increase during the foreseeable future.[10]
Components and functions
[edit]The simple device can be created in the laboratory using a nonporous polymeric tube, such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic. A sequestration medium within the tube slowly defuses through the membrane, binding to ionic metals creating non-mobile metals species that can later be extracted from the other membrane. The sequestration medium generally consists of a metal binding agent, or chelating agent, and a long chain organic acid, commonly oleic acid.[10]
The SLMD tube is flat with a membrane thickness that can vary between 2 and 500 μm depending on the application. The approximate width of the SLMD is 2.5 cm and approximate length is 15 cm (these dimensions may vary based on application). The sequestration medium reagent is typically composed of an equal mixture of oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) and Kelex-100 (ethyl-methyl-octyl, 8-quinolinol), however other chemicals may be used to perform similar functions.
After deployment, the immobilized metal species can then be extracted from the outer membrane. The metal species can be identified and analyzed using widely recognized standard techniques (e.g., digestion, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, etc.). In this regard, any procedure or analytical technique applicable to measuring ionic or complexed metal species is suitable for determining metal concentrations sequestered by the SLMD.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ "Stabilized Liquid Membrane Device (SLMD) for Passive, Integrative Sampling of Bioavailable Metals in Water". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Kabata-Pendias, A.; Mukherjee, A.B. (2007). Soils: Trace Elements from Soil to Human. pp. 9–38.
- ^ Henkler, F.; Brinkmann, J.; Luch, A. (2010). "The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis induced by metals and xenobiotics". Cancers. 2 (2): 376–396. doi:10.3390/cancers2020376. PMC 3835083. PMID 24281075.
- ^ Wong, C. K. C.; Wong, M. H. (2000). "Morphological and biochemical changes in the gills of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to ambient cadmium exposure". Aquatic Toxicology. 48 (4): 517–527. Bibcode:2000AqTox..48..517W. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00060-0. PMID 10794834.
- ^ Herkovits, J.; Alejandra Helguero, L. (1998). "Copper toxicity and copper–zinc interactions in amphibian embryos". Science of the Total Environment. 221 (221): 1–10. Bibcode:1998ScTEn.221....1H. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00184-3. PMID 9810731.
- ^ Brumbaugh, W.; Petty, J. D.; Huckins, J. N. (2002). "Stabilized liquid membrane device (slmd) for the passive, integrative sampling of labile metals in water". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 133 (109): 109. Bibcode:2002WASP..133..109B. doi:10.1023/A:1012923529742. S2CID 93497819.
- ^ Stumm, J. T.; Morgan, J. J. (1981). "Aquatic chemistry: an introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters": 795.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Erickson, R. J.; Benoit, D. A.; Mattson, V. R.; Nelson, H. P.; Leonard, E. N (1996). "The Effects of Water Chemistry on the Toxicity of Copper to Fathead Minnows'". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 15 (2): 181–193. doi:10.1002/etc.5620150217.
- ^ Phinney, J. T.; Bruland, K. W. (1994). "Uptake of Lipophilic Organic Cu, Cd, and Pb Complexes in the Coastal Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogli". Environmental Science & Technology. 28 (11): 1781–1790. Bibcode:1994EnST...28.1781P. doi:10.1021/es00060a006. PMID 22175916.
- ^ a b c Petty, J. D.; Brumbaugh, W. G.; Huckins, J. N.; May, T. W.; Wiedmeyer, R. "Device for the removal and concentration of ionic metal species from water. US Patent 6,296,760". Google Patents.
