Southern Caribbean
The Southern Caribbean is a group of islands that neighbor mainland South America in the West Indies. Saint Lucia lies to the north of the region, Barbados in the east, Trinidad and Tobago at its southernmost point, and Aruba at the most westerly section.
Physical geography of the region
[edit]The Southern Caribbean has the Caribbean to the north and west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Paria to the south.[1] Most of the islands are in the Windward Islands and the Leeward Antilles.
Geologically, the islands are referred to as being a sub-continent of North America, although most islands sit on the South American continental plate. All of the Southern Caribbean islands are small, and are either volcanic or made of limestone coral, as they form at the ridge of the Caribbean and South American tectonic plates.
The majority of the islands are covered in tropical rainforests and swamps; the densest of these are in Grenada, Saint Lucia, and Tobago. Various other islands' rainforests have decreased in size over the last century due to deforestation.[2]
Due to the close proximity of the equator, the Southern Caribbean has all year around tropical weather. Islands such as Aruba and Barbados occasionally suffer droughts, while Grenada receives a great deal of rainfall. Dry seasons on Aruba and Barbados may occur even while Grenada is receiving rain.
Countries
[edit]| Country | Capital | Population |
|---|---|---|
| Aruba | Oranjestad | 103,484 |
| Barbados | Bridgetown | 294,210 |
| Curaçao | Willemstad | 183,000 |
| Grenada | St George's | 103,000 |
| Saint Lucia | Castries | 170,000 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Kingstown | 125,000 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Port of Spain | 1,328,019[3] |
Associates:
History
[edit]The Caribbean had been inhabited for about 7000 years by the Arawaks, Island Caribs, Taínos and their ancestors, who came to the Southern Caribbean on canoes from South America (primarily Venezuela).[4] In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, European explorers and colonizers arrived. The Europeans replaced virtually the entire population of the native tribes through various means. The natives disappeared due to various reasons, including diseases brought in by Europeans to which they had no immunity, warring, enslavement and the removal of the natural resources upon which these tribes depended.[4] European countries then made the Caribbean islands part of their respective empires. Most of these islands were disputed and fought over by European empires, such as Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain:
- Britain claimed: Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Saint Lucia.
- France claimed: Saint Lucia, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago (briefly).
- The Netherlands claimed: Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao.
- Portugal claimed: Barbados.
- Spain claimed: Trinidad and Tobago, and Grenada (briefly).
Eventually all of the islands in the region except the Dutch islands Aruba and Netherlands Antilles were occupied by the British, who were in control from the 18th century onwards. The various islands declared their independence during the 1960s. The Dutch Caribbean islands are still part of the Netherlands and none have yet declared full independence. Trinidad & Tobago was the first nation in the Southern Caribbean to become independent in 1962, followed by Barbados in 1966. All of the islands (except the Dutch Antilles) were part of the West Indies Federation from 1958 until its dissolution in 1962.[5]
Demographics
[edit]The Southern Caribbean is very diverse, with over 70% of its population of Afro-Caribbean descent, who originated from West Africa and were brought to the Caribbean as slaves to work on plantations. Indo-Caribbeans originally from India and Bangladesh are primarily in Trinidad, although large numbers can also be found in Barbados and Saint Vincent, many more live on the other islands too. Chinese arrived in the region as laborers from Hong Kong, and are found on most islands. Europeans are found all over the West Indies due to the colonization of the region by countries such as France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. French Creoles may be found inhabiting the islands of Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Grenada; while Portuguese people make up a sizable group of Barbados' European population - numbering over 2,000 - third in size to the English and Irish people on the island. Spanish people settled on Trinidad and still have small numbers of descendants, while the Dutch people have a strong influence on the ABC islands. Neighbouring South America has had a massive influence on the ethnic diversity of the Southern Caribbean. Many Brazilian mulattoes and Brazilian Jews went to Barbados, where their descendants still live. Many Venezuelans arrive in Trinidad, Barbados, and Aruba each year, and many Puerto Ricans and Dominican people migrate to the Southern Caribbean along with many Guyanese. In addition, the area receives a lot of expatriates from the US, Canada, and Europe.[6]
Diaspora of the Southern Caribbean
[edit]There are over two million people involved in the Southern Caribbean diaspora. Grenada has more expatriates than any other island in the region, and with most leaving the island for the United Kingdom, Canada, and the US, although some migrate to nearer countries such as Trinidad and Saint Vincent. Trinidad has a growing diaspora to Canada, mostly to Toronto, that has contributed the Toronto Caribana in the city. The Trinidadian diaspora is only second in size to the Jamaican diaspora in Canada from the Caribbean. Grenada and Guyana are two nations whose populations are migrating elsewhere, as the two countries are some of the least developed countries in the Americas. Many Guyanese have chosen the nearby island of Barbados, and many people on the island have Guyanese relatives or relations. Other than that, the Guyanese have settled in England (mostly London) and Canada, similar to Vincentians and St Lucians. Barbados has the least migration as it's developing a successful economy, and the living conditions are better than in some other Southern Caribbean countries. However, after World War II, many Barbadians moved to the USA (South Carolina, Virginia, and New York), Canada, and primarily the UK. It has a smaller diaspora compared to its neighbouring islands, however. Arubans most often migrate to the Netherlands or the US, but a small portion migrate to Canada or Venezuela. Many black British and mixed race people have Southern Caribbean heritage, and a few possess dual heritage of two Caribbean nations. Mostly with Jamaica, (Jamaican/Trinidadian), (Jamaican/Bajan), (Jamaican/Grenadian), and to a lesser extent, a mixture of the Southern nations, (Bajan/Guyanese), (Trini/Grenadian), and (Trini/Bajan). In the United Kingdom, parts of Canada, and the US, Caribbean independence days are held in cities and are celebrated by people of Caribbean descent.[7][8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Flinch, J. F.; Rambaran, V.; Ali, W.; Lisa, V. De; Hernández, G.; Rodrigues, K.; Sams, R. (1999-01-01), Mann, P. (ed.), "Chapter 17 Structure of the Gulf of paria pull-apart basin (Eastern Venezuela-Trinidad)", Sedimentary Basins of the World, Caribbean Basins, vol. 4, Elsevier, pp. 477–494, retrieved 2024-11-30
- ^ Rull, Valentí (2023-08-10). "Rise and fall of Caribbean mangroves". Science of The Total Environment. 885: 163851. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163851. ISSN 0048-9697.
- ^ Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report Archived May 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Reid, Basil A. Myths and Realities of Caribbean History, University of Alabama Press, 2009.
- ^ Roitman, Jessica Vance; Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2023-11-01). "Worlds Apart: Island Identities and Colonial Configurations in the Dutch Caribbean". Island Studies Journal. 18 (2): 1–27. doi:10.24043/isj.401.
- ^ Jones, Francis (14 March 2024). Population and development in the Caribbean (2018–2023) (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. ISSN 1728-5445. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ Crosson, J. Brent (2022). "Race, Nation, and Diaspora in the Southern Caribbean: Unsettling the Ethnic Conflict Model". The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology. 27 (3): 408–429. doi:10.1111/jlca.12625. ISSN 1935-4940.
- ^ Roopnarine, Lomarsh (2022-11-22), "South Asian Diaspora in the Caribbean", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1131, ISBN 978-0-19-936643-9, retrieved 2024-11-30