Song of the Watchmen of Modena
The Song of the Watchmen of Modena (Italian: Canto delle scolte modenesi), also known by its incipit O tu qui servas ("O you who serve"),[1] is an anonymous late ninth-century Latin lyric poem encouraging the guards who stood watch on the walls of Modena. The poem contains later interpolations (lines 11–16, 25–26, 30–34), but its musical notation has survived. Peter Godman called it "hauntingly beautiful".[2]
Francesco Novati proposed that the song was written by a cleric in his cell as he listened to the chant of the guardsmen echo on the walls.[2] This Romantic interpretation has been superseded.[3] At about the same time as the lyric was composed the walls of Modena were augmented for defence against the Magyars, and prayers pleading deliverance from their raids are preserved in the same manuscript as the watchmen's song. The song falls into the tradition of liturgical vigils (known to have been kept at Modena during this time) and the secular vigiliae murorum (vigils of the walls). It was probably composed for use at Mass sending off the guards for duty. The poet invokes the blessing of Christ, the Virgin, and John, who had lately seen a chapel consecrated in their honour on 26 July 881, a date which helps place the poem in time.[4] The chapel of Santa Maria e San Giovanni was beside a city gate, and it was probably there that the guards assembled before their watch and joined the clergy in singing the song.[2]
The poet cites two stories from classical history to encourage the guards: the Trojan War, and how the city was safe while Hector kept watch; and the Sacred Geese (derived from Virgil and Servius), who defended the Rome from the Gauls.[5] Lines 17–18 of the song—Pro qua virtute facta est argentea / Et a Romanis adorata ut dea[6]—seem to be the poet's invention, based on his reading of Servius, or Isidore of Seville, who copied Servius.[7]
Further reading
[edit]- Roncaglia, Aurelio. 1948. Il «Canto delle scolte modenesi». Cultura neolatina 8:5–46, 205–22.
References
[edit]- ^ Frederick Brittain (1951), The Medieval Latin and Romance Lyric to A. D. 1300 (Cambridge University Press), pp. 85–86.
- ^ a b c Peter Godman (1985), Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), 71–72 (analysis), 324–327 (poem, with translation).
- ^ Neil Christie (2006), From Constantine to Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy, AD 300–800 (Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 1-85928-421-3), 163.
- ^ Godman and Roncaglia date it to the late ninth century with later interpolations. Brittain puts it between 892 and 900. According to J. J. Savage (1927), "The Song of the Soldiers of Modena," Speculum, 2:4, 475–76, Edelestand du Méril and Domenico Comparetti place its composition between about 924 and 934.
- ^ The tradition of the Sacred Geese becomes that of the Sacred Goose in the watch-song, due to the influence of Servius, cf. Godman and Savage.
- ^ Godman's translation: For this virtuous deed [saving Rome] its [the goose's] image was made in silver / and was adored as a goddess by the Romans.
- ^ Savage, 477. Scholarly opinion has varied as to the origin of this story, of the goose's deification and idolisation. Hans Ferdinand Massmann believed it was a Germanic concoction based on the moving figures of a clock in the Capitol. Arturo Graf believed it was a four- or fifth-century transformation of the idea of the Capitol as the seat of the empire. Comparetti believed it was a Byzantine legend.