Jump to content

Small-lift launch vehicle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Small-lift carrier rocket)

Clockwise from top left: Scout, Kosmos-3M and Electron, three of the most launched small-lift launch vehicles
Class overview
NameSmall-lift launch vehicle
Preceded bySounding rocket
Succeeded byMedium-lift launch vehicle
BuiltSince 1957
General characteristics
Capacity
  • US definition: <2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
  • Russian definition: <5,000 kg (11,000 lb)

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) or less (by NASA classification) or under 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) (by Roscosmos classification)[1] of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.[2]

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[3][4][5] The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.[6][7] However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race.[8][9]

Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads to space. Medium-lift launch vehicles, heavy-lift launch vehicles, and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles. Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft, and can also be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.[10]

Rated launch vehicles

[edit]

Operational

[edit]
Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		Launches First flight
Qased  Iran IRGCASF 10−50 3 2020
Qaem 100  Iran IRGC 80[11] 3(+1) 2023
SK solid fueled TV2  Republic of Korea MND >100 1 2023
Shavit 2  Israel IAE 160[12] 12 1988
Unha  North Korea KCST 200[13] 4 2009
KAIROS  Japan Space One 250 150 to SSO 1 2024
Electron  New Zealand
 United States 		Rocket Lab 300[14] 200 to SSO[14] 49 2017
Jielong 1  China CALT 200 to SSO 1[15] 2019
Hyperbola-1  China i-Space 300[16] 6 2020
Chollima-1  North Korea NADA ≥300[17] 3 2023
Simorgh  Iran Iranian Space Agency 350[18] 6(+1) 2016
Ceres-1  China Galactic Energy 350[19] 11 2020
Kuaizhou-1  China CASC 400[20] 250 to SSO 28[a] 2013[20]
SSLV  India ISRO / NSIL 500 300 to SSO 2 2022
Start-1  Russia MITT 532[21] 350 to SSO[22] 5[23] 1993
Minotaur I  United States Northrop Grumman 580[24] 12[25] 2000
Long March 6  China CALT 500 to SSO 11 2015
Long March 11  China CALT 700[26] 17 2015[27]
Alpha  United States Firefly 1,000[28] 600 to SSO 5 2021
Epsilon  Japan IHI[29] 1,200[30] 5 2013
RS1  United States ABL 1,350[31] 400 to GTO 1 2023
Strela  Russia Khrunichev 1,400[32] 3[33] 2003
Minotaur-C  United States Northrop Grumman 1,450[34] 1,050[34] to SSO 10[35] 1994
Kuaizhou-11  China CASC 1,500 1,000 to SSO 2
SK solid fueled LV  Republic of Korea MND 1,500 1(+2) 2023[36]
Minotaur IV  United States Northrop Grumman 1,735[37] 7[38] 2010[39]
Kinetica 1  China CAS Space 2,000 1,500 to SSO 3 2022
Tianlong-2  China Space Pioneer 2,000[40] 1,500 to SSO 1 2023
Jielong 3  China CALT 1,500 to SSO 3[41] 2022
OS-M[b]  China OneSpace 205[42] 73 to SSO 1 2019

Under development

[edit]
Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		First flight

(expected)

Blue Whale 1  South Korea Perigee Aerospace 63[43] 50 to SSO 2022
Agnibaan  India Agnikul Cosmos 100 2022
ZERO  Japan Interstellar Technologies 100 to SSO[44] 2023
Chetak  India Bellatrix Aerospace 150 2023
VLM[45]  Brazil Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology 150 2027
Haribon SLS-1  Philippines OrbitX 200[46] 2023
DNLV  Malaysia Independence-X Aerospace[47] 200 2023
Volans  Singapore Equatorial Space Systems[48] 220 150 to SSO 2023
Zuljanah  Iran Iranian Space Agency 220 2021
Vikram 1  India Skyroot Aerospace 315 255 to SSO[49] 2023
Skyrora XL  United Kingdom Skyrora 315[50] 2023[51]
Hapith V  Taiwan TiSPACE 390[52] 350 to SSO
Vikram II  India Skyroot Aerospace 520 410 to SSO[49] TBD
Rocket 4  United States Astra Space, Inc. 600[53] 2023
Vikram III  India Skyroot Aerospace 720 580 to SSO[49] TBD
Tronador II  Argentina CONAE 750[54] 2029
Miura 5  Spain PLD Space 900 2024[55]
Spectrum  Germany Isar Aerospace 1,000 700 to SSO 2023
Hyperbola-2  China i-Space 1,900[56]

Retired

[edit]
Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		Launches First flight Last flight
SS-520  Japan IHI 4 2 2017 2018
Vanguard  United States Martin 9[57] 11(+1) 1957 1959
Juno I[58]  United States Chrysler 11 6 1958 1959
Veloce 17  United States Eldorado Space[59] 12 0
Lambda 4S  Japan Nissan[60] 26[30] 5 1966 1977[61]
SLV  India ISRO 40[62] 4 1979 1983
Juno II[63]  United States Chrysler 41 10 1958 1961
Boeing Small Launch Vehicle[64]  United States Boeing 45[65] 0
Rocket 3  United States Astra 45[66] 7(+2) 2020 2022
Safir  Iran Iranian Space Agency 50[67] 8 2008 2019
Vector-R  United States Vector 60[68] 0(+2)
Diamant  France SEREB 107[69][70] 12 1965 1975
Vector-H  United States Vector 110[71] 0
Capricornio[72]  Spain INTA 140 0
ASLV  India ISRO 150 4 1987 1994
Scout  United States US Air Force/NASA 174[73] 125 1961 1994
Mu-4S  Japan Nissan[60] 180[30] 4 1971 1972
Mu-3C  Japan Nissan[60] 195[30] 4 1974 1979
Shtil'  Russia Makeyev 280 – 420[74] 2[75] 1998 2006
Mu-3H  Japan Nissan[60] 300[30] 3 1977 1978
Mu-3S  Japan Nissan[60] 300[30] 4 1980 1984
Long March 1  China CALT 300[76] 2[77] 1970[77] 1971[77]
Zhuque-1  China LandSpace 300[78] 200 to SSO 1 2018 2018
Delta 1913  United States McDonnell Douglas 328[79] 1[80] 1973 1973
Delta 2310  United States McDonnell Douglas 336[81] 3[80] 1974 1981
Delta 1410  United States McDonnell Douglas 340[82] 1[80] 1975 1975
VLS-1  Brazil AEB, INPE 380[83] 2[note 1] 1997 2003
Delta 1604  United States McDonnell Douglas 390[84] 2[80] 1972 1973
Falcon 1  United States SpaceX 420[85] 5 2006 2009
Pegasus  United States Orbital 443[86] 45[87] 1990 2021
Conestoga  United States Space Services Inc. 500[88] 3 1982 1995
Sputnik 8K71PS  Soviet Union RSC Energia 500[89] 2 1957 1957
Launcher One  United States Virgin Orbit 500[90] 300 to SSO 6 2020
Paektusan  North Korea KCST 700[91] 1 1998
Long March 1D (CZ-1D)  China CALT 740[92] 0(+3) 1995[note 2] 2002
Mu-3SII  Japan Nissan[60] 770[30] 8 1985 1995
Athena I  United States Lockheed Martin 795[93] 515 to GTO 4[94] 1995 2001
Delta 3913  United States McDonnell Douglas 816[95] 1[80] 1981 1981
J-I  Japan IHI, Nissan[60] 1,000[96] 0(+1) 1996 1996
Delta 1910  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,066[97] 1[80] 1975 1975
N-I  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi 1,200[98] 7 1975 1982
Terran 1  United States Relativity Space 1,250 1 2023 2023
Delta 0900  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,300[99] 818 to SSO[80] 2[80] 1972 1972
Sputnik 8A91  Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,327 2 1958 1958
Atlas LV-3B[100]  United States Convair 1,360 9 1960 1963
H-I  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi 1,400[101] 9 1986 1992
Kosmos-3M  Soviet Union
 Russia 		NPO Polyot 1,500[102] 442[103] 1967 2010
M-V  Japan IHI, Nissan[29][60] 1,800[30] 7 1997 2006
Athena II  United States Lockheed Martin 1,800[104] 3[105] 1998 1999
Delta 1900  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,800[80] 1[80] 1973 1973
Delta 2910  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,887[80] 6[80] 1975 1978
Rokot  Soviet Union
 Russia 		Khrunichev 1,950[106] 1,200 to SSO 34 1990 2019
Vega  Italy
 Europe[c] 		Avio 1,450 to SSO 22 2012 2024

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Includes 2 Kuaizhou-1 launches and 26 Kuaizhou-1A launches.
  2. ^ OS-M1 Variant of OS-M was launched
  3. ^ The lead manufacturer is from Italy, but the rocket has significant contributions from companies based in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Osipov, Yuri (2004–2017). Great Russian Encyclopedia. Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  2. ^ NASA Space Technology Roadmaps – Launch Propulsion Systems, p. 11 Archived 24 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads"
  3. ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  4. ^ "Sputnik launch vehicle 8K71PS (M1-1PS)". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  5. ^ "ЦЭНКИ – Центр эксплуатации объектов наземной космической инфраструктуры". Russian.space. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  6. ^ "Vanguard Project – U.S. Naval Research Laboratory". Nrl.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  7. ^ "The Vanguard Satellite Launching Vehicle — An Engineering Summary". B. Klawans. April 1960, 212 pages. Martin Company Engineering Report No 11022, PDF of an optical copy.
  8. ^ Kennedy, John F. (20 April 1961). "Memorandum for Vice President". The White House (Memorandum). Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  9. ^ Launius, Roger D. (July 1994). "President John F. Kennedy Memo for Vice President, 20 April 1961" (PDF). Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis. Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 31825096. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Key Apollo Source Documents Archived 8 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ^ "The Space Review: The case for smaller launch vehicles in human space exploration (part 2) (page 2)". www.thespacereview.com. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  11. ^ "Iran test launches new satellite-carrying rocket". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  12. ^ "Shavit Data Sheet". Spacelaunchreport.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ "Status of North Korean Satellite unknown after prolonged Radio Silence, Reports of Tumbling – Spaceflight101". 12 February 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  14. ^ a b "Rocket Lab Increases Electron Payload Capacity, Enabling Interplanetary Missions and Reusability". Rocketlab USA. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  15. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-1 (Smart Dragon-1, SD 1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  16. ^ ""双曲线一号S火箭"首飞成功!星际荣耀近期型谱计划出炉!(The Hyperbola 1-S Rocket Made Its First Flight Successfully! Interstellar Glory releases its future plans)". spaceflightfans.cn (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  17. ^ Jeongmin Kim (1 June 2023). "North Korea rushed satellite launch after seeing ROK rocket success, Seoul says". NK News. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  18. ^ "Photographic image of Simorga SIV". I004.radikal.ru. Archived from the original (JG) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  19. ^ Clark, Stephen (8 November 2020). "New Chinese rocket successful in debut launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  20. ^ a b "Kuaizhou". Gunter's Space Pages. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  21. ^ "fas.org Start1". Fas.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  22. ^ "EROS B". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  23. ^ "Start-1". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  24. ^ "Minotaur I Space Launch Vehicle—Fact Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012. Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 580 kg to LEO (28.5 deg, 185 km)
  25. ^ "Minotaur Rocket". Northrop Grumman. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  26. ^ "China reveals CZ-11 anti-ASAT rocket". Chinadailymail.com. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  27. ^ Barbosa, Rui (25 September 2015). "China debuts Long March 11 lofting Tianwang-1 trio". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  28. ^ "Firefly Alpha". Firefly Aerospace. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  29. ^ a b "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). Retrieved 4 March 2011. Cite error: The named reference "ISAS" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  31. ^ "Rocket". ABL Space Systems. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  32. ^ "Strela launcher". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  33. ^ "Strela". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  34. ^ a b "Minotaur-C Factsheet" (PDF). Orbital Science Corporation. 2014.
  35. ^ "Taurus / Minotaur-C". Gunter's Space Page. May 2014.
  36. ^ Krebs, Gunter Dirk. "GYUB (South Korean Solid Fueled LV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  37. ^ "Minotaur IV Fact sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  38. ^ "Minotaur-3/-4/-5/-6 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  39. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-3/-4/-5 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  40. ^ China 'N Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (16 October 2022). "Finally we have more data of the mysterious Tianlong-2: 32.8m tall 5.7m D3.35m fairing 190t liftoff thrust with 7 TH-11(?) 1 300KN closed-cycle kerolox TH-11 vacuum in 2nd stage TH-31 upper stage for payloads deployment 2t to LEO 1.5t to 500km SSO" (Tweet). Retrieved 16 October 2022 – via Twitter.
  41. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon-3, SD 3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  42. ^ Jones, Andrew (12 March 2019). "China's OneSpace completes rocket assembly ahead of first orbital launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  43. ^ "Perigee Aerospace Inc". Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  44. ^ "インターステラテクノロジズ株式会社 - Interstellar Technologies Inc". インターステラテクノロジズ株式会社 - Interstellar Technologies Inc.
  45. ^ "Novos lançadores de satélites e nova empresa espacial para Alcântara". Tecnodefesa. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  46. ^ Matias, Jairus (7 January 2019). "Local space venture gears up for first rocket launch". BusinessWorld. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  47. ^ "Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle".
  48. ^ "Volans". Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  49. ^ a b c "Launch Vehicle | Skyroot Aerospace". 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  50. ^ Speed, Richard. "Brit rocketeer Skyrora reckons it'll be orbital in 3 years – that is, if UK government plays ball". www.theregister.com.
  51. ^ Etherington, Darrell (3 February 2020). "Launch startup Skyrora successfully tests 3D-printed rocket engines powered by plastic waste". TechCrunch. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  52. ^ "Hapith V". www.tispace.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  53. ^ "Launch Services | Astra". 25 April 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  54. ^ Mazzini Puga, Luciana (9 June 2023). "Hacia la soberanía espacial: el lanzador de satélites Tronador II estará listo en 2029" [Towards space sovereignty: the Tronador II satellite launcher will be ready in 2029]. Agencia de Noticias Cientificas (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  55. ^ "Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch". SpaceNews. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  56. ^ "Hyperbola-2". Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  57. ^ "Vanguard". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2002.
  58. ^ "Jupiter C". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016.
  59. ^ "Not dead yet! What Bob Cringely has been up to... | I, Cringely". www.cringely.com. 23 January 2020.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h "NISSAN HERITAGE COLLECTION online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  61. ^ "Lambda". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  62. ^ "Launch Vehicles". Department of Space, Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  63. ^ "Juno II". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016.
  64. ^ "Boeing Unveils Air-Launched Space-Access Concept". www.aviationweek.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013.
  65. ^ "DARPA Awards 6 Small Airborne Launch Vehicle Contracts – Parabolic Arc". 2 July 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  66. ^ "Launch Services | Astra". 25 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  67. ^ جم, Jamejam, جام (3 February 2012). "ماهواره ملي"نويد علم و صنعت"به‌فضا پرتاب شد". Jamejam Online. Retrieved 7 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ^ "Vector-R — Vector Launch". 16 October 2016. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016.
  69. ^ "Aura / Signe 3 (D 2B)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  70. ^ "Diamant". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  71. ^ "Vector-H — Vector Launch". 16 October 2016. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016.
  72. ^ "Capricorno". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016.
  73. ^ "NASA – Scout Launch Vehicle Program". Nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  74. ^ "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  75. ^ "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  76. ^ "CZ-1". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  77. ^ a b c "CZ-1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 February 2014. Cite error: The named reference "cz-1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  78. ^ Jones, Andrew (2 August 2018). "Landspace of China to launch first rocket in Q4 2018". SpaceNews. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  79. ^ "Explorer: RAE B". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gunter, Krebs. "Delta". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011. Cite error: The named reference "GSP-Delta" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  81. ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  82. ^ "GEOS 3". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  83. ^ "VLS". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  84. ^ "Aviation History, Explorer 47 on Delta 1604, Sept. 38, 1972". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  85. ^ "Falcon-1". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  86. ^ "NASA Awards Launch for Orbital's Pegasus Rocket – Parabolic Arc". Parabolicarc.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  87. ^ "Pegasus". Gunter's Space Pages. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  88. ^ Abell, John C. (9 September 2009). "Sept. 9, 1982: 3-2-1 ... Liftoff! The First Private Rocket Launch". Wired.
  89. ^ "Sputnik 2 (PS-2 #1)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  90. ^ "Launcher One Service Gide" (PDF). Virgin Orbit. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019. Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 500 kg to LEO (low inclination, 200 km, 28 deg site)
  91. ^ Korea, Christoph Bluth, ISBN 9780745633572
  92. ^ "CZ-1D". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2002.
  93. ^ "Athena-1 (LLV-1 / LMLV-1)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  94. ^ "Athena-1". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  95. ^ "Explorer: DE 1, 2". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  96. ^ "JAXA – J-I Launch Vehicle". JAXA – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  97. ^ "OSO 8". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  98. ^ "Delta". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  99. ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  100. ^ "Atlas LV-3B". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016.
  101. ^ "JERS (Fuyo)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  102. ^ "Cosmos-1, 3, 3M and 3MU – SL-8 – C-1". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  103. ^ "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  104. ^ "NASA, Athena Mission Planner's Guide 26 August 2012" (PDF). Nasa.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  105. ^ "Athena-2". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  106. ^ "Russia's Rokot launches with three Rodnik satellites". NASASpaceFlight.com. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2019.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ A third rocket exploded before launch
  2. ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted

Further reading

[edit]
  • Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins International Guide to Space Launch Systems, AIAA. ISBN 1-56347591-X.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Small-lift_launch_vehicle&oldid=1259671117"