Silkie

Silkie
	A white Silkie hen
Other names	Silky; Chinese silk chicken
Country of origin	China
Traits
Weight	Male: 0.9–1.4 kg (2–3 lb); Female: 0.7–0.9 kg (1+1⁄2–2 lb);
Skin color	black or brown or blue
Egg color	cream or tinted
Comb type	walnut
Classification
APA	Asiatic
PCGB	Soft Feather: Light
	Chicken; Gallus gallus domesticus;

The Silkie (also known as the Silky or Chinese silk chicken) is a Chinese breed of chicken named for its atypically fluffy plumage, which is said to feel like silk and satin. The breed has several other unusual qualities, such as black skin and bones, blue earlobes, and five toes on each foot, whereas most chickens have only four. They are often exhibited in poultry shows, and also appear in various colors. In addition to their distinctive physical characteristics, Silkies are well known for their calm and friendly temperament. It is among the most docile of poultry. Hens are also exceptionally broody, and care for young well. Although they are fair layers themselves, laying only about three eggs a week, they are commonly used to hatch eggs from other breeds and bird species due to their broody nature. Silkie chickens have been bred to have a wide variety of colors which include but are not limited to: Black, Blue, Buff, Partridge, Splash, White, Lavender, Paint and Porcelain.

History

It is unknown exactly where or when these fowl with their singular combination of attributes first appeared, but the most well documented point of origin is ancient China. Other places in Southeast Asia have been named as possibilities, such as India and Java.^[1] The earliest surviving Western written account of Silkies comes from Marco Polo, who wrote of a "furry" chicken in the 13th century during his travels in Asia.^[3] In 1598, Ulisse Aldrovandi, a writer and naturalist at the University of Bologna, Italy, published a comprehensive treatise on chickens which is still read and admired today. In it, he mentions "wool-bearing chickens" and ones "clothed with hair like that of a black cat".^[4]

Silkies most likely made their way to the West via the Silk Route and maritime trade. The breed was recognized officially in North America with acceptance into the Standard of Perfection in 1874.^[1] Once Silkies became more common in the West, many myths were perpetuated about them. Early Dutch breeders told buyers they were the offspring of chickens and rabbits,^[3] while sideshows promoted them as having actual mammalian fur.^[5]

In the 21st century, Silkies are one of the most popular and ubiquitous ornamental breeds of chicken. They are often kept as ornamental fowl or pet chickens by backyard keepers, and are also commonly used to incubate and raise the offspring of other chickens and waterfowl like ducks, geese and game birds such as quail and pheasants.^[1]

Characteristics

Silkies are considered a bantam breed in some countries, but this varies according to region and many breed standards class them officially as large fowl; the bantam Silkie is actually a separate variety most of the time. Almost all North American strains of the breed are bantam-sized, but in Europe the standard-sized is the original version. However, even standard Silkies are relatively small chickens, with the males weighing only 1.8 kilograms (4 pounds), and females weighing 1.4 kg (3 lb).^[3] The American Standard of Perfection calls for males that are 1 kg (36 oz), and females that are 900 g (32 oz).^[1]

Silkie plumage was once unique among chicken breeds, however in recent years silkie feathering has been developed in several breeds, mostly notably the Chabo, where it is now standardised in Britain and the Netherlands.^[6]^[7] It has been compared to silk,^[8] and to fur. The overall result is a soft, fluffy appearance. Their feathers lack functioning barbicels, and are thus similar to down on other birds. This characteristic leaves Silkies unable to fly.^[1]

Silkies appear in two distinct varieties: bearded and non-bearded. Bearded Silkies have an extra muff of feathers under the beak area that covers the earlobes. They also are separated according to color. Colors of Silkie recognized for competitive showing include black, blue, splash, lavender, buff, grey, partridge, and white. Alternative hues, such as cuckoo, mottled, chocolate, mauve, mille fleur, and red, are in various stages of development and/or awaiting official recognition. The standards of perfection call for all Silkies to have a small walnut-shaped comb, dark wattles, and turquoise-blue earlobes. In addition to these defining characteristics, Silkies have five toes on each foot. Other breeds which exhibit this rare trait include the Dorking, Faverolles, Houdan, and Sultan.^[3]

All Silkies have black or bluish skin, bones and grayish-black meat; they are in the group of Chinese fowls known by the Chinese language name of wu gu ji (烏骨雞^[9]), meaning 'black-boned chicken'.^[8] More specifically, the Silkie breed itself is named Taihe wu ji (泰和乌鸡), 'black-boned chicken from Taihe'.^[10] Other wu gu ji may not share characteristics of the Taihe breed, such as the mulberry comb, white fur, blue ears, and polydactyly.

Melanism which extends beyond the skin into an animal's connective tissue is a rare trait, and in chickens it is caused by fibromelanosis, which is a rare mutation believed to have begun in Asia. The Silkie and several other breeds descended from Asian stock possess the mutation.^[11] Disregarding color, the breed does not generally produce as much as the more common meat breeds of chicken.^[1]

Bantams

In the American Standard of Perfection, the standard male weight for the bantam Silkie is 1 kg (35 oz) and for the female, 900 g (32 oz).^[12] The Australian Poultry Standard and British Poultry Standard call for Silkie bantams much smaller; in the Australian, the standard weights are 680 g (25 oz) for males and 570 g (20 oz) for females.^[13] The British standard weight for bantam Silkies is 600 g (22 oz) for males, and 500 g for females (18 oz).^[14]

Polydactyly

Silkies are also known for their polydactyly, usually manifesting as an additional 1–2 digits in the foot. The genetic cause of this extra digit formation has been shown to be a SNP in a regulator of the SHH gene, called the ZPA Regulatory Sequence (ZRS).^[15]^[16] This causes ectopic SHH expression in the anterior of the developing limb bud, leading to increased tissue growth and digits. While the feet of the Silkie display polydactyly, the wings have the standard tridactyly (three digit) arrangement. The Japanese Silkie initially develops additional digits in the wing as an embryo, but these are lost prior to hatching.^[17] The genetic cause behind Silkie polydactyly differs from those that cause polydactyly in the Dorking chicken breed, which is due to ectopic FGF4 expression in the AER, with ectopic SHH a secondary effect.^[18]

Use

Silkies lay a fair number of eggs, ranging from white to cream or light tan, but production is often interrupted due to their extreme tendency to go broody. A silkie hen can produce 100 eggs in an ideal year. Their capacity for incubation, which has been selectively bred out of most fowl bred especially for egg production, is often exploited by poultry keepers by allowing Silkies to raise the offspring of other birds.^[3]

In cuisine

Silkie soup sold in Bukit Batok, Singapore

The black meat of a Silkie is generally considered an unusual attribute in European and American cuisines.^[8] In contrast, several Asian cuisines consider Silkie meat a gourmet food. Chinese cuisine especially values the breed, but it is also a common ingredient in some Japanese, Cambodian, Vietnamese and Korean dishes. Areas where Chinese cuisine has a strong influence, such as Malaysia, may also cook Silkie. As early as the 7th century, traditional Chinese medicine has held that chicken soup made with Silkie meat is a curative food.^[8] The usual methods of cooking include using Silkie to make broth, braising, and in curries. Traditional Chinese soup made with Silkie also uses ingredients such as wolfberries, Dioscorea polystachya (mountain yam), aged dried citrus peel, and fresh ginger.^[19] A few fusion restaurants in metropolitan areas of the West have also cooked it as a part of traditional American or French cuisine, such as in confit.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ekarius, Carol (2007). Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-1-58017-667-5.
^ Breed Classification. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived 12 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Graham, Chris (2006). Choosing and Keeping Chickens. London: Octopus Publishing. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-0-7938-0601-0.
^ Smith, Page; Daniel, Charles (1975). The Chicken Book. Little, Brown & Company. p. 49. ISBN 0-3168-0151-8.
^ Percy, Pam (2002). The Complete Chicken. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-8965-8557-3. OCLC 49231856.
^ Ahrens, Udo; Warnshuis, Ardjan (2012). "Chabo Photos" (PDF). ChaboClub.de. Chabo Club, Aviculture Europe. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
^ British Poultry Standards. John Wiley & Sons. 2009. p. 142. ISBN 9781444309386.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Louie, Elaine (January 17, 2007). "Now, a Chicken in Black". The New York Times. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
^ Dunlop, Fuchsia (2003). Land of Plenty. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 236, 372. ISBN 0-393-05177-3.
^ "泰和乌鸡泰和乌鸡的品种特征 (Breed characteristics of Taihe black-bone chicken)". www.ncZfj.com. Noncun Zhifu Jing. December 25, 2017. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^ "Genetic study of black chickens shed light on mechanisms causing rapid evolution in domestic animals". ScienceDaily. December 22, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
^ "Bantam Silkie Standard". American Poultry Association. Archived from the original on 2017-08-05.
^ Australian Poultry Standard. Victorian Poultry Association. 1998.
^ "British Poultry Standard for Silkies". Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived from the original on 2011-10-26.
^ Dunn, I. C.; Paton, I. R.; Clelland, A. K.; Sebastian, S.; Johnson, E. J.; et al. (May 2011). "The chicken polydactyly (Po) locus causes allelic imbalance and ectopic expression of Shh during limb development". Developmental Dynamics. 240 (5): 1163–1172. doi:10.1002/dvdy.22623. PMID 21465618. S2CID 9641673.
^ Lettice, L. A.; Horikoshi, T.; Heaney, S. J.; van Baren, M. J.; van der Linde, H. C.; et al. (May 2002). "Disruption of a long-range cis-acting regulator for Shh causes preaxial polydactyly". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (11): 7548–7553. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.7548L. doi:10.1073/pnas.112212199. PMC 124279. PMID 12032320.
^ Arisawa, K.; Yazawa, S.; Atsumi, Y.; Kagami, H.; Ono, T. (January 2006). "Skeletal Analysis and Characterization of Gene Expression Related to Pattern Formation in Developing Limbs of Japanese Silkie Fowl". Journal of Poultry Science. 43 (2): 126–134. doi:10.2141/jpsa.43.126.
^ Bouldin, C. M.; Harfe, B. D. (May 2011). "Aberrant FGF signaling, independent of ectopic hedgehog signaling, initiates preaxial polydactyly in Dorking chickens". Developmental Biology. 334 (1): 133–141. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.07.009. PMID 19616534.
^ Wong, Yvonne (January 17, 2007). "Recipe: Black-Skinned Chicken Soup". The New York Times. Retrieved June 23, 2008.