Shihong Temple Caves
| Shihong Temple Caves | |
|---|---|
石泓寺石窟 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Buddhism |
| Location | |
| Location | Zhiluo Town, Fu County, Yan'an, Shaanxi |
| Country | China |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Chinese architecture |
The Shihong Temple Caves, (Chinese: 石泓寺石窟, Pinyin: Shíhóngsì Shíkū) also known as Shikong Temple, one of the Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level, is a Buddhist site and one of the four greatest Northern Yan'an Grottoes. They are located in Shaanxi province, near Zhiluo Town, which is 65 km (40 mi) away from Fu County, Yan'an. The temple is situated on a cliff that is about 70 m (230 ft) long, arranged from east to west, with ten caves distributed along the cliff. The sixth and seventh caves from the east are particularly renowned and significant.
Caves in Yan'an exemplify Shaanxi province's cave art.[1] They are typically integrated into mountains, cliffs, and along the river valleys, simplifying their construction. Notably, the ancient paths in front of the caves are a distinct feature.[2] These geographical features are defining aspects of the Shihong Temple Caves.[3] The mountains mainly consist of red sandstone and conglomerate, rock types that are easily excavated, shaped, and carved.[1]
History
[edit]Historical records about the origins of Shihong Temple Caves are scarce.[4][5][6][7] However, researchers know that these caves were initially crafted in the fourth year of the Daye reign (608 CE) during the Sui dynasty (581-618 CE).[8][9] The intricate carving work persisted for over a millennium, concluding in the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 CE). The early statues in the cave have characteristics of the Northern Wei (386-534 CE) style, which has led some scholars to suggest that it may have originated during that era.[10]
Caves
[edit]Among the ten caves, there are three types of architectural shapes: rectangular, square-like, and irregular. Seven of the caves were used for worship, two for burials, and one for meditation. The statues in Cave 7 are relatively well preserved, while the majority of the statues in the caves are headless or have damaged faces. The sixth and seventh caves from the east are particularly renowned and significant.[11][12]
| Cave # | Cave size | Construction time | Cave types | Contents | Current conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cave 1 | Depth: 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in), Width: 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in), Height：0.7 m (2 ft 4 in) | Uncertain | Cave for Burial | No statues | |
| Cave 2 | Depth: 3.6 m (12 ft) , Width: 3.3 m (11 ft), Height: 2.96 m (9 ft 9 in) | No later than Ming dynasty (1368 CE-1644 CE), 22nd year of Jiajing (1543 CE) | Cave for Worship | The three remaining statues on the altar—Śākyamuni, Laozi, and Confucius — are representatives of Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism. The cave was called "Three Religions Cave" (Chinese: 三教石洞, Pinyin: Sānjiào Shídòng) in the past. | The statues in the middle and right are headless. The face of the statue on the left has been eroded. |
| Cave 3 | Depth: 4.9 m (16 ft), Width: 3.8 m (12 ft), Height: 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) | No later than Song dynasty (960CE-1279 CE), second year of Kaibao (969 CE) | Cave for Worship | Śākyamuni, two disciples and five warriors are on the center altar. Cave 3 also includes images of twelve arhats and bodhisattvas on the side walls. | Some heads were damaged, and many faces were eroded. |
| Cave 4 | Depth: 3.5 m (11 ft), Width: 3.1 m (10 ft), Height: 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) | No later than Tang dynasty (618CE-690 CE, 705CE-907CE), fifth of Xiantong (864 CE) | Cave for Worship | Two square niches are on the left and right sides of Cave 4 and each niche contains a heavenly king statue. The upper right corner contains a bodhisattva in the Royal Ease Position. The statue of Tathāgata is in the northern section of Cave 4. | The heavenly king on the left has a damaged left arm. The heavenly king on the right has a damaged right arm, a bent left leg, and is stepping on an unknown object. The bodhisattva in the upper right corner is relatively intact. The statue of Tathāgata is well preserved. |
| Cave 5 | Depth: 3.5 m (11 ft), Width: 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in), Height: 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) | Started from the first year of Xiande, Later Zhou (954) | Cave for Worship | Two square niches are on the left and right sides of Cave 5, and each niche contains a heavenly king statue. Each niche contains a bodhisattva above the kings. | The two heavenly king's bodies are severely damaged, and the bodhisattva' faces are eroded. |
| Cave 6 | Depth: 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in), Width: 3.9 m (13 ft), Height: 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) | No later than Sui dynasty, 4th year of Daye (608 CE) | Cave for Worship | The right side of the cave has three niches. One Buddha, two bodhisattvas, two disciples, and a single sitting Buddha are distributed on the niches. Reliefs of Avalokiteśvara are also found on the walls. | The statues on the altar are completely destroyed. Statues on the side wall are eroded to different extents. |
| Cave 7 | Depth: 10.6 m (35 ft), Width: 10.2 m (33 ft), Height: 5.4 m (18 ft)
|
Excavated in 1144 CE, during the Jin dynasty (1115CE-1234CE) | Cave for Worship | Buddha (Śākyamuni), Ānanda , Kaśyapa, Vairocana, and Mañjuśrī, are found on the center platform. On both the right and left walls of Cave 7, three bodhisattvas sit facing the center of the cave. Four columns were constructed on each corner of the platform. Eight arhats are found on the back of both northwest and northeast columns. | Some of the faces are destroyed; the head of the Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī on the platform is missing. Most statues are well preserved, and some still have colors on them. |
| Cave 8 | Depth: 4.6 m (15 ft), Width: 5.6 m (18 ft), Height: 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) | Uncertain | Cave for Meditation | No statues | |
| Cave 9 | Depth: 8.7 m (29 ft), Width: 5.4 m (18 ft), Height: 3.7 m (12 ft) | No later than Qing dynasty, 5th year of Daoguang (1825 CE) | Cave for Worship | Symbols of different flowers and animals were sculpted on the back wall. No other statues. | |
| Cave 10 | Depth: 0.88 m (2 ft 11 in), Width: 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), Height: 0.85 m (2 ft 9 in) | Uncertain | Cave for Burial | No statues |
Important caves
[edit]The sixth and seventh caves from the east are the most important caves.
Cave 6
[edit]According to the inscription on the east wall, Cave 6 was constructed no later than 608 CE. It is connected to the front Cave 7. The east wall of the cave is roughly divided into two rows of a total of eight statues: five in the top row and three in the bottom row. The top row consists of three buddhas—one seated—and two attendants. The second row contains four seated buddha statues. There are seven inscriptions in Cave 6, five legible and two poorly preserved.[2]
Cave 7
[edit]Cave 7 is the largest among the Shihong Temple Caves. It was constructed in the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) with its main purpose as worship. There are a total of 29 inscriptions on the walls, columns, and ceiling. These inscriptions mainly introduce the history and people who funded the construction of the caves.[2][13]
Importance and Historical Protection
[edit]As one of the four most important caves in Shaanxi, the Shihong Temple Caves are large and rich in high-quality statues, which represent northern Chinese Buddhist caves from the Song to Qing dynasties.[14] The caves preserve a total of over 3,000 statues and 49 inscriptions from the Sui, Tang, Song, Jin, Ming, and Qing dynasties.[3]
Numerous statues' faces were damaged during the Cultural Revolution by the Red Guards. However, now that the Chinese government has recognized the importance of these caves, and the State Bureau of Cultural Relics has been assigned to protect the caves.
On April 20, 1992, Shihong Temple Caves were included in the third batch of List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shaanxi. On May 25, 2005, the sixth batch of Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level was announced, and the Shihong Temple Caves were included in the list.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Zhang Zhiyun 张志云. 2014. "Distribution, Stages and Characteristics of Grottoes in Yan'an 延安地区石窟的分布、分期及其特征." 故宫学刊 Gugong Xuekan, no. (24):28-29.
- ^ a b c Wang Yanni 王燕妮. 2020. "Shanxi Fuxian Shihong Temple Caves Analysis and Exploration 陕西富县石泓寺石窟考古调查与研究." Masters, Xibei University.
- ^ a b Zhang Hua 张华, and Wang Lei 王蕾. 2018. "Typical Statues of the Grottoes of Song and Jin Dynasties in Yan’an Area 延安地区 宋金石窟典型造像." 收藏, no. 5: 146–53.
- ^ Gengchen Gu 顾耿臣. n.d. "Chronicles of Fuzhou 鄜州志."
- ^ Ma Shichang 马世长. 2009. Zhongguo fojiao shiku kaogu gaiyao 中国佛教石窟考古概要. Fojiao meishu quanji 17. Beijing: Wenwu chuban she 文物出版社.
- ^ Yuan Bi 毕沅. n.d. "History of Guanzhong 关中胜迹图志."
- ^ Qingya Shen 沈清崖. n.d. "Shaanxi Annuals 陕西通志."
- ^ Lanjia Peng 彭岚嘉. 2018. Northwest cultural resources 西北文化资源大典. 民族出版社.
- ^ Wei Wang 王巍. 2014. Dictionary of Chinese Archeology 中国考古学大辞典. 上海辞书出版社
- ^ Shumo Shan 单树模. 1992. Dictionary of Famous Chinese Mountains and Great Rivers 中国名山大川辞典. 山东教育出版社
- ^ Shi Jiangang 石建刚, and 王蕾. 2019. "Shanxi Fuxian Shihongsi Middle and Small Sized Caves Analysis and Exploration 陕西富县石泓寺中小洞窟调查及相关问题探析." no.: 350-371+424-425
- ^ Liu Zhengang 刘振刚. 2016. "Fuxian Shihong Temple Inscriptions Recognition and Analysis富县石泓寺石窟历代题记识读与分析." Dunhuang Studies Journal敦煌学辑刊, no.: 141-152.
- ^ State Cultural Relics Bureau 国家文物局. 1998. Atlas of Chinese Cultural Relics: Shaanxi Branch 中国文物地图集: 陕西分册. 西安地图出版社.
- ^ Convergence Media Center of Fu county Yan’an 延安市富县融媒体中心. 2021. "Shanxi Culture Relics, Shihong Temple Grottoes【陕西文物览】石泓寺石窟"