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Shigir Idol

Coordinates: 57°22′51″N 60°08′27″E / 57.3809°N 60.1407°E / 57.3809; 60.1407
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Shigir Idol
The sculpture as displayed in the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore
MaterialWood
Height2.8 m (possibly more than 5m originally)
Createdc. 11,500 years ago
Discovered24 January 1890
Perm Governorate, Russia
Present locationSverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore (Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk, Russia)

The Shigir Sculpture, or Shigir Idol (Russian: Шигирский идол), is the oldest known wooden sculpture.[1][2] It is estimated to have been carved c. 11,500 years ago, or during the early Holocene period, and is twice as old as Egypt's Great Pyramid.[3] The wood it was carved from is approximately 12,000 years old.[4]

It was discovered in 1890 in a Russian peat bog, and is displayed in the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore in Yekaterinburg, Russia.[5]

Discovery

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The sculpture was discovered on January 24, 1890 at a depth of 4 m (13 ft) in the peat bog of Shigir,[6] on the eastern slope of the Middle Urals, near the village of Kalata (modern Kirovgrad) and approximately 100 km (62 mi) from Yekaterinburg. Investigations in this area had begun 40 years earlier, after the discovery of a variety of prehistoric objects in an open-cast gold mine.

It was extracted in ten parts. Professor D. I. Lobanov combined the main fragments to reconstitute a sculpture 2.8 m (9.2 ft) high.[7]

In 1914, archaeologist Vladimir Tolmachev [ru] proposed a variant of this reconstruction by integrating the unused fragments. His reconstruction suggested that the original height of the statue was 5.3 m (17.4 ft).[7]

Later, some of these fragments were lost, so only Tolmachev's drawings of them remain.[8]

Dating

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The "small" Shigir Idol.[9]

The initial radiocarbon dating carried out by G. I. Zajtseva of the Institute of the History for the Material Culture [ru] in Saint-Petersburg, confirmed by the Geological Institute [ru] of Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, gave an age of around 9,500 years. In the 1990s, when this first radiocarbon dating was carried out, scholars suggested that the dating was incorrect, because they believed that the hunter-gatherers who inhabited the area 9,500 years ago would have been incapable of crafting and decorating such a massive object.[10]

A later German analysis gave an age of 11,500 years.[11][10] It is the most ancient wooden sculpture of its kind known in the world. Typically, wood degrades in most environments and does not endure for archaeological discovery so readily as other materials such as stone and metal - unless in peat. A decorated antler was found near the Shigir Idol and dated to the same period, giving credence to the estimated age of 11,500 years.[8]

In 2021, in the journal Quaternary International, researchers from the University of Göttingen, and the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences published the results of a series of recent AMS-results dating the Idol close to the beginning of the Holocene (c. 10,000 years ago). This dating makes it the oldest known monumental wooden sculpture in the world.[4] Researchers note that, while any direct parallel to this find is not yet known, nevertheless, the contextualization can be assisted by some very limited evidence of wooden objects from the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic.[6][12]

The geometric decorations, such as simple lines and zigzags of the Idol are commonly found in Late Palaeolithic and Early Mesolithic decorations. Thus, various elements of the Shigir sculpture are consistent with the record of Late Glacial to Early Mesolithic art in Eurasia.[4]

Description

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Some of the lower faces on the sculpture are visible in this image

The sculpture is carved from larch. As identified from the annual rings, the tree was at least 159 years old when felled. Stone tools were used for carving the markings. The top portion is a head with a face with eyes, nose, and mouth. The body is flat and rectangular. Geometrical motifs decorate its surface, including zigzag lines and depictions of human faces and hands.[10] Horizontal lines at the level of the thorax may represent ribs, and lines broken in chevrons cover the rest of what often is described as the body;[11] however, along with the face at the top, several faces are visible at various points along the sculpture.[13] The arrangement resembles a totem pole.[14]

Scholars have proposed various theories about the carvings' meaning. Svetlana Savchenko, a researcher at the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum, suggested that the decoration tells the creation myth those who carved it believed in.[7] Other researchers at the museum have suggested that the markings could have served as a navigational aid or map.[7] Mikhail Zhilin, an archaeologist at the Institute of Archaeology in Moscow, guessed that the statue could depict mythological creatures such as forest spirits.[15] Archeologist Peter Vang Peterson, of the National Museum of Denmark, speculated that the idol could serve as a warning not to enter a dangerous area.[14]

Scholars noted that the Shigir Idol's decoration was similar to that of the oldest known monumental stone ruins, at Göbekli Tepe in Turkey.[3]

The ornamentation on the sculpture was carved using three different sizes of chisels. In addition, following his 2014 examination of the sculpture,[16] Zhilin discovered another face in the sculpture and asserted that the faces were carved last of all, using tools made from the lower jaw bones of a beaver, with sharpened incisor teeth. A beaver jaw tool from the same period was found at the Beregovaya 2 site.[17]

The discovery upended scholars' views on when humans began making ritual art, as opposed to the kind of realistic art seen in the Lascaux caves.[10] Scientists had previously believed that complex art comparable to the Shigir Idol began in sedentary farming populations in the Middle East around 8,000 years ago.[10]

Preservation

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Zhilin stated that the sculpture was made from the larch, which is naturally phytoncidic, then preserved in a bog that had an acid, anaerobic environment, which kills microorganisms and also has a tanning effect.[7] Scientists suspect that many more statues like the Shigir Idol existed, but that they did not benefit from the same unusual conditions and therefore were not preserved.[15]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Понизовкин, Андрей (September 2003). Куда шагал Шигирский идол? (PDF). Наука Урала (in Russian). No. 20–2003 [848]. Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  2. ^ Waugh, Rob (Aug 29, 2015). "Mysterious Russian Statue Is 11,000 Years Old - Twice As Old As The Pyramids". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Is this the original face of god?". NewsComAu. Archived from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
  4. ^ a b c ThomasTerberger, Mikhail Zhilin, Svetlana Savchenko (30 Jan 2021). "The Shigir idol in the context of early art in Eurasia". Quaternary International. 573: 14–29. Bibcode:2021QuInt.573...14T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.10.025. S2CID 225114455. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 23 Mar 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Petricevic, Ivan (2014-11-28). "The Shigir Idol, A Wooden Statue Twice As Old As The Pyramids Of Egypt". Ancient-code.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
  6. ^ a b Geggel, Laura (April 25, 2018). "This Eerie, Human-Like Figure Is Twice As Old As Egypt's Pyramids". Live Science. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Is this the world's oldest secret code?".
  8. ^ a b Zhilin, Mikhail; Savchenko, Svetlana; Hansen, Svend; Heussner, Karl-Uwe; Terberger, Thomas (April 2018). "Early art in the Urals: new research on the wooden sculpture from Shigir". Antiquity. 92 (362): 334–350. doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.48. ISSN 0003-598X.
  9. ^ Chairkina, N.M. (2014). "ANTHROPOMORPHIC WOODEN FIGURES FROM THE TRANS-URAL". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 42/1: 84. Archived from the original on 2023-09-05. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  10. ^ a b c d e McKie, Robin (2018-05-20). "Carved idol from the Urals shatters expert views on birth of ritual art". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2020-02-27. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
  11. ^ a b Liesowska, Anna (2015-08-28). "Revelations on Shigir Idol change our understanding of ancient civilisations". The Siberian Times. Novosibirsk, RU. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
  12. ^ Liesowska, Anna (2015-08-26). "Shigir Idol is oldest wooden sculpture monument in the world, say scientists". The Siberian Times. Archived from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
  13. ^ "Mysterious wooden idol with 'encrypted message' is 11,000 years old". Huffington Post. 31 August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  14. ^ a b "This 11,000 year-old statue unearthed in Siberia may reveal ancient views of taboos and demons". Science. AAAS. 2018-04-24. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
  15. ^ a b "Shigir Idol could be oldest piece of monumental art". Salon. 2018-04-28. Archived from the original on 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
  16. ^ "This eerie, human-like figure is twice as old as Egypt's pyramids". Live Science. 25 April 2018. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  17. ^ "Beaver's teeth used to carve the oldest wooden statue in the world". The Siberian Times. Novosibirsk, RU. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
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57°22′51″N 60°08′27″E / 57.3809°N 60.1407°E / 57.3809; 60.1407

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