Shahid
Shaheed (Arabic: شهيد, romanized: Shahīd [ʃahiːd], fem. شهيدة [ʃahiːdah], pl. شُهَدَاء [ʃuhadaː]) is an Arabic word for martyr,[4] that has been adopted as a loanword in a wide variety of languages and cultures.[4]
The word usually retains a similar or broader meaning,[4] but has been recently adopted in Modern Hebrew and Israeli English (Hebrew: שהיד, romanized: Shahid, a loanword from Palestinian Arabic) with a different meaning. According to Haaretz the word "Shahid" has become "synonymous" with "terrorist" among Hebrew speakers in Israel.[5]
The Arabic word is used frequently in the Quran in to mean "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the association with Martyrdom acquires wider usage in the hadith.[6][7] The first martyr for Islam was a woman. The term's usage is also borrowed by non-Muslim communities where persianate Islamic empires held cultural influence, such as amongst Hindus and Sikhs in India. One of the most famous is Shaheed Bhagat Singh, a revolutionary executed by the British in Lahore in 1931. The movie 23rd March 1931: Shaheed is about Bhagat Singh, and the 1948 Bolywood film Shaheed was also made about the movement.
Like the English-language word martyr, in the 20th century, the word shaheed came to have both religious and non-religious connotations, and has often been used to describe those who died for non-religious ideological causes.[8][9]
The word is controversially sometimes used as a posthumous title for those who are considered to have accepted or even consciously sought out their own death in order to bear witness to their beliefs.[9]
History
[edit]In Arabic, the word shahid means "witness". Its development closely parallels that of the Greek word martys (μάρτυς, lit. 'witness'; also "martyr" in the New Testament), the origin of the term martyr.[10][11][12][13]
In the course of the eighteenth century, there were several wars of independence within the colonial territories of the Muslim World. Many of the soldiers who died during these conflicts were given the title shaheed upon their burial.[14]
Gender
[edit]A woman is considered "shahida" (شَهِيدَة šahīdah) if she dies during the fulfillment of a religious commandment. A woman can also be considered a martyr if she dies during childbirth.[15] There are examples of women fighting in war such as Nusaybah bint Ka'ab. The first martyr (male or female) in Islam was Sumayyah bint Khayyat, who was executed for her conversion to Islam. After stabbing her abdomen, Abu Jahl, an anti-Muslim leader of the Quraysh, asked her to renounce her Muslim faith, to which she replied by spitting at him and calling him lower than an insect she'd crush under her feet. She died after Abu Jahl physically tortured her by stabbing her while she was tied to the ground.[16] Though her name is not common in the modern Muslim dialogue, ancient Islamic literature makes note of the events at the end of her life.[17]
Indo-European languages
[edit]Martyrdom in colonial British India
[edit]
Shaheed Bhagat Singh
[edit]- Shaheed (1965 film)
- 23rd March 1931: Shaheed (2002 film)
- Shaheed Bhagat Singh College
- Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district
Husaineevaala Raashtreey Shaheedee Smaarak
[edit]
The Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial (Hindi: हुसैनीवाला राष्ट्रीय शहीदी स्मारक, romanized: Husaineevaala Raashtreey Shaheedee Smaarak) is a monument to 3 Indian freedom fighters at Hussainiwala village, near Firozpur in Punjab, India.[18] The monument marks the location on the banks of the Sutlej river where Shaheed Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were cremated on 23 March 1931, after they were hanged in the Lahore Central Jail.[19] The BSF has showcased the pistol with which Bhagat Singh killed British officer Saunders.[20] The memorial was built in 1968.[21] It is 1km from the India–Pakistan border, on the Indian side. After the Partition of India, the cremation spot became a part of Pakistan, but on 17 January 1961, it was returned to India.[22] Part of remains of a railway line that previously connected Firozpur with Lahore is also preserved here.[23]
Every year, on 23 March, the Shaheedi Mela is observed at the memorial and a daily flag lowering ceremony at Hussainiwala-Ganda Singh Wala border, similar to the Wagah-Attari border ceremony is also held here jointly by the Indian and Pakistan Armed Forces.[24][25]
Shaheed Minar in West Bengal
[edit]
The Shaheed Minar is in Maidan in Kolkata in West Bengal in India. It was originally built 200 years ago, in memory of Major-general Sir David Ochterlony, commander of the British East India Company, to commemorate both his defense of Delhi against the Marathas in 1804 and the victory of the East India Company’s armed forces over the Gurkhas in the Anglo-Nepalese War.[26] On 9 August 1969, it was rededicated to the memory of the martyrs of the Indian freedom movement and renamed the "Shaheed Minar", which means "Martyrs' Monument" in both Bengali and Hindi.
Bangladesh
[edit]Shaheed Minar, Dhaka
[edit]
The Shaheed Minar (Bengali: শহীদ মিনার, romanized: Shohid Minar, lit. 'The Martyr Tower') is a national monument in Dhaka, Bangladesh, established to commemorate those killed during the Bengali Language Movement demonstrations of 1952 in then East Pakistan.[27][28] On 21 and 22 February 1952, students from Dhaka University and Dhaka Medical College and political activists, were killed when the Pakistani police force opened fire on Bengali protesters who were demanding official status for their native language, Bengali.[29] The massacre occurred near Dhaka Medical College and Ramna Park.[30][31]
Shaheed monuments at the University of Rajshahi
[edit]
The Shaheed Minar Complex at the University of Rajshahi in Bangladesh has many murals and the Shaheed Minar (Martyrs' monument). A mural near the Golden Jubilee Tower depicts the struggle of men and women. The obelisk of martyred professor Shamsuzzoha has a mural depicting him. The Bangabandhu Hall, Sher-e-Bangla Hall and Syed Ameer Ali Hall have murals of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, AK Fazlul Haque and Syed Ameer Ali respectively. The campus also had the Shaheed Minar, Mass-Graveyard monument and the Shabash Bangladesh. The sculptures are the martyred intellectual memorial monument near the central library, Sfulingo in the Shaheed Samsuzzoha Hall premises, and martyred professor Habibur Rahman's sculpture on Shaheed Habibur Rahman Hall's entrance.[32][33]
Martyrdom in Pakistan
[edit]Pakistan People's Party
[edit]
In Pakistan, the term Shaheed is mainly used for martyrs of the Armed Forces, or civilians killed in terror attacks.[citation needed] The Pakistan Armed Forces' ideologies are largely motivated by Islamic teachings of sacrificing ones self in the name of God (Allah), and protecting innocents.[citation needed]
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto
[edit]Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan and leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), was assassinated in a terrorist attack on 27 December 2007.[1][34][35] Benazir and 23 other people were killed by a gunshots and a suicide bomber.[2]
Following this, many schools and universities were named in honour of her martyrdom:
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University
- Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College
- Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto City University in Karachi, Sindh
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Dewan University in Karachi, Sindh
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Shaheed Benazirabad) in Nawabshah, Sindh
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences in Sakrand, Sindh
- Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University (Karachi) in Karachi, Sindh
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Sheringal) in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University (previously known as the Frontier Women University, in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto)
[edit]The Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto), abbreviated PPP-SB, was one of three breakaway factions of the Pakistan Peoples Party.[36][37] The party was headed by Ghinwa Bhutto, the widow of Murtaza Bhutto.[38][39] Ghinwa was a refugee from the Lebanese Civil War.[40]
Martyrs and martyrdom in Iran
[edit]Shahid Beheshti
[edit]Iranian drones
[edit]In Bosnia and Herzegovina
[edit]Bosnians who died during the Bosnian War and the Bosnian genocide are considered martyrs by many due to them being killed for being Muslim.[citation needed]
Religious texts in Indo-European languages
[edit]Sanskrit
[edit]In South Asia, Hindus adopted the word "shaheed" as a synonym to the Sanskrit word "hutātmā" (हुतात्मा in Devanagari and হুতাত্মা in Bengali; हुत् and হুত্ hut = sacrificing, आत्मा and আত্মা ātmā = soul, thus hutātmā = sacrificing soul / martyr), to denote Hindu martyrs.[citation needed]
Sikh scripture
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Martyrdom (called shahadat in Punjabi) is a fundamental concept in Sikhism and represents an important institution of the faith. Sikhs believe in Ibaadat se Shahadat (from love to martyrdom). Some famous Sikh martyrs include:[41]
The word shahid (Punjabi: ਸ਼ਹੀਦ) is also found in Sikhism, a religion founded by Guru Nanak in the northwest part of the Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and India). It means a martyr.[42][43][44]
The term was borrowed from the Islamic culture in Punjab when Sikhism was founded, and before the start of the British Raj it referred to the Sikh people who met death at the hands of oppressors.[42] Another related term is shahid-ganj, which means a "place of martyrdom".[42][45]
The most discussed shahid in Sikhism have been two of their Gurus, namely Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur for defying Islamic rulers and refusing to convert to Islam.[44] Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and asked to convert to Islam.[46][47] He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE.[46][48] Historical records and the Sikh tradition are unclear whether Guru Arjan was executed by drowning or died during torture.[46][49] His martyrdom, that is becoming a shahid, is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.[46][50]
Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom resulted from refusing to convert and for resisting the forced conversions of Hindus in Kashmir to Islam because he believed in freedom of conscience and human rights.[51] He was publicly beheaded in 1675 on the orders of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi.[52][53] Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi marks the shahid-ganj, or place of execution of the Guru.[54]
The Sikh have other major pilgrimage sites, such as the shahid-ganj in Sirhind, where two sons of Guru Gobind Singh were bricked alive[55] by the Mughal Army in retaliation of their father's resistance. In Muktsar, near a lake is a shahid-ganj dedicated to forty men who died defending Guru Gobind Singh.[45]
Semitic languages
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Classical Arabic
[edit]There are at least five different kinds of martyrs according to Hadith.
Allah's Apostle said, "Five are regarded as martyrs: They are those who die because of plague, abdominal disease, drowning or a falling building etc., and the martyrs in Allah's cause.
Palestine
[edit]In modern political usage, various Palestinian groups consider all Palestinians killed in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to be martyrs for the cause, whether they be civilians or fighters.[57] Militant groups such as Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad consider martyrdom as the highest form of sacrifice for the Palestinian cause.[58][59][additional citation(s) needed]
Lebanon
[edit]Arab Christians
[edit]Arab Christians used the word Shaheed, which also means witness, before Islam, as it literally means those who saw Christ, and was originally used for the early Christians who saw Jesus with their own eyes and were later killed for their faith. The word is still used by Christians in Arab-speaking countries, including the names of churches. Examples are the Forty Martyrs Cathedral (Arabic: كنيسة الأربعين شهيد) in Aleppo, Syria and the "Saint George the Martyr Cathedral" (Arabic: كنيسة القدّيس الشهيد مار جرجس)[60] in Damascus.[citation needed]
Israel and Modern Hebrew
[edit]The word usually retains a similar or broader meaning,[4] but has been recently adopted in Modern Hebrew and Israeli English (Hebrew: שהיד, romanized: Shahid, a loanword from Palestinian Arabic) with a different meaning. According to Haaretz the word "Shahid" has become "synonymous" with "terrorist" among Hebrew speakers in Israel.[5]
Different words in Jewish scriptures
[edit]The concept of martyrdom exists in Judaism, but uses words with different etymology. In Judaism, martyrdom is one of the main examples of Jews performing kiddush Hashem, a Hebrew term which means "sanctification of the Name".[61]
Other languages
[edit]Turkish
[edit]In Turkish the word is Şehi̇d (Romanized: Shahidh).[62]
North Caucasus
[edit]The first suicide bomber was possibly a Russian revolutionary in 1881.[63]
"Shahidka" is a Chechen word for female Islamist suicide bombers.[citation needed]
In China
[edit]The Muslim General Ma Fuxiang stated on how Chinese Muslims were willing to die to accomplish tasks assigned to them.[64] Imams sponsored by the Kuomintang called for Muslims to go on Jihad to become martyrs in battle, where Muslims believe they will go automatically to heaven. Becoming a shaheed in the Jihad for the country was encouraged by the Kuomintang, which was called "glorious death for the state" and a hadith promoting nationalism was spread.[65] A song written by Xue Wenbo at the Muslim Chengda school, which was controlled by the Kuomintang, called for martyrdom in battle for China against Japan.[66] The Muslim General Bai Chongxi himself was a member of a Dare to Die corps in the Xinhai revolution.[67]
Some activists have referred to victims of the Uyghur genocide in China as martyrs.[citation needed]
Baháʼí Faith
[edit]In the Baháʼí Faith, martyrs are those who sacrifice their lives serving humanity in the name of God.[68] However, Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, discouraged the literal meaning of sacrificing one's life. Instead, he explained that martyrdom is devoting oneself to service to humanity.[68]
Martyrdom in Islamic scripture
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Quranic references
[edit]A shahid is considered one whose place in Paradise is promised according to these verses in the Quran:
Think not of those who are slain in Allah's way as dead. Nay, they live, finding their sustenance in the presence of their Lord; They rejoice in the bounty provided by Allah. And with regard to those left behind, who have not yet joined them (in their bliss), the (Martyrs) glory in the fact that on them is no fear, nor have they (cause to) grieve.
Allah hath purchased of the believers their persons and their goods; for theirs (in return) is the garden (of Paradise): they fight in His cause, and slay and are slain: a promise binding on Him in truth, through the Torah, the Gospel, and the Qur’an: and who is more faithful to his covenant than Allah? then rejoice in the bargain which ye have concluded: that is the achievement supreme.
The Quranic passage that follows is the source of the concept of Muslim martyrs being promised Paradise:
Those who leave their homes in the cause of Allah, and are then slain or die,- On them will Allah bestow verily a goodly Provision: Truly Allah is He Who bestows the best provision. Verily He will admit them to a place with which they shall be well pleased: for Allah is All-Knowing, Most Forbearing.
Hadiths
[edit] |
The importance of faith is highlighted in the following hadith:
It has been narrated on the authority of Anas b. Malik that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Who seeks martyrdom with sincerity shall get its reward, though he may not achieve it.
It is thus not the outcome that determines the placement in Heaven but rather the intention.
Nonetheless, Paradise for a shahid is a popular concept in the Islamic tradition according to Hadith, and the attainment of this title is honorific.
Muhammad is reported to have said these words about martyrdom:
By Him in Whose Hands my life is! I would love to be martyred in Allah's Cause and then get resurrected and then get martyred, and then get resurrected again and then get martyred and then get resurrected again and then get martyred.
The Prophet said, "Nobody who enters Paradise likes to go back to the world even if he got everything on the Earth, except a Mujahid who wishes to return to the world so that he may be martyred ten times because of the dignity he receives (from Allah).
Several hadith also indicate the nature of a shahid's life in Paradise. Shahids attain the highest level of Paradise, the Paradise of al-Firdous.
Haritha was martyred on the day (of the battle) of Badr, and he was a young boy then. His mother came to the Prophet and said, "O Allah's Apostle! You know how dear Haritha is to me. If he is in Paradise, I shall remain patient, and hope for reward from Allah, but if it is not so, then you shall see what I do?" He said, "May Allah be merciful to you! Have you lost your senses? Do you think there is only one Paradise? There are many Paradises and your son is in the (most superior) Paradise of Al-Firdaus.
Furthermore, Samura narrated:
The Prophet said, "Last night two men came to me (in a dream) and made me ascend a tree and then admitted me into a better and superior house, better of which I have never seen. One of them said, 'this house is the house of martyrs.'
A Muslim who is killed defending his or her property[ambiguous] is considered[who?] a martyr.[75]
One who dies protecting his property is also considered a martyr according to Hadith:
I heard the Prophet saying, "Whoever is killed while protecting his property then he is a martyr.
While the Qur'an does not indicate much about martyrs' death and funeral, the hadith provides some information on this topic. For example, martyrs are to be buried two in one grave in their blood, without being washed or having a funeral prayer held for them. The following Hadith highlight this:
The Prophet collected every two martyrs of Uhud in one piece of cloth, then he would ask, "Which of them had (known) more of the Quran?" When one of them was pointed out for him, he would put that one first in the grave and say, "I will be a witness on these on the Day of Resurrection." He ordered them to be buried with their blood on their bodies and they were neither washed nor was a funeral prayer offered for them.
Films called Shaheed
[edit]
- Shaheed (1948 film)
- Shaheed (1962 film)
- Shaheed (1965 film)
- Martyr (2017 film)
- 23rd March 1931: Shaheed (2002 film)
See also
[edit]- Istishhad, in Islam, the act of martyrdom or the seeking of martyrdom
- Jihad, an Islamic religious duty, meaning "struggle"
- Martyrdom in Christianity
- Martyrdom in Judaism
- Martyrdom in Sikhism
- Martyrdom video, a video recording the acts of Islamic martyrs
- Olei Hagardom
- Persecution of Muslims
- Shahada, the Islamic creed.
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Bhutto 'wounded in suicide blast'". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ a b "Bhutto exhumation OK, Pakistan official says". CNN. 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ Matthew Moore; Emma Henry (28 December 2007). "Benazir Bhutto killed in gun and bomb attack". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ a b c d Khalid Zaheer (November 22, 2013). "Definition of a shaheed". Dawn. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^ a b Zbeedat, Nagham (23 June 2024). "Explained: What 'shahid' or 'martyr' means for Palestinians and Israelis". Haaretz.com.
Since the Palestinian suicide bombings of the 1990s, for Hebrew speakers in Israel, the word 'shahid' has been synonymous with 'terrorist'.
- ^ {{cite| quote = The word shahid (plural shahada) has the meaning of "martyr" and is closely related in its development to the Greek martyrios in that it means both a witness and a martyr [...] in the latter sense only once is it attested (3:141). | author = David Cook | url = http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0124.xml Oxford Bibliographies] Archived 2015-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μάρτυ^ς". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ^ Habib, Sandy (2017). "Dying for a Cause Other Than God: Exploring the Non-religious Meanings of Martyr and Shahīd". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 37 (3): 314–327. doi:10.1080/07268602.2017.1298395. S2CID 171788891.
- ^ a b Gölz, Olmo (2019), "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East (Editorial)", Behemoth, 12 (1): 2–13, archived from the original on 2019-05-17
- ^ https://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/download/647/371/1849.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/148781/2/b30953297_Sandilands_V.pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Trites, Allison A. (1973). "Μάρτυς and Martyrdom in the Apocalypse: A Semantic Study". Novum Testamentum. 15 (1): 72–80. doi:10.2307/1559928. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 1559928.
Greek: Μάρτυς
- ^ Sasha Dehghani; Silvia Horsch (eds.). Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East (PDF). p. 7.
Martyrdom belongs to the terms and concepts of religion in general, especially the monotheist religions and here in particular Christianity. The Greek term "martys", taken from the judicial sphere and used in the sense of "blood witness", was coined during the persecution of the Christians in the second century CE. In Islamic history – at least with regard to majority Sunni Islam – readiness to engage in combat became more essential than readiness to suffer due to the different historical situation and subsequent development, beginning with the emigration of the early Muslim community to Medina. For this reason the most influential shahīd (again a term denominating the witness in the judicial sphere) became the figure of the fallen fighter, even though anybody dying an untimely death, whether from natural disasters or epidemic diseases, as well as victims of violence, is also considered a martyr. Whereas in Sunni Islam a fully fledged martyr cult did not develop before the onset of modernity, the case is different with Shiite Islam, in which Ḥusayn's martyrdom is the pivotal theme.
- ^ 5 December 2012. John L. Esposito (ed.). "Martyrdom". In The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Lumbard, Joseph E.B. (2004) Islam, Fundamentalism, and the Betrayal of Tradition. World Wisdom Publishing, ISBN 0941532607 (30)
- ^ Cook, David (2007). Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521615518.
- ^ Cook, David (2007). Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521615518. p. 14.
- ^ http://www.ferozepur.nic.in/html/HUSSAINIWALA.html
- ^ District Administration. "The National Martyrs Memorial, Hussainiwala Border". www.ferozepur.nic.in. District Administration, Ferozpur.
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- ^ Ahmed Rafique (2012), "Shaheed Minar", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.), Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, archived from the original on 24 December 2021, retrieved 6 March 2016
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- ^ a b H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
- ^ a b c d Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pages 29–62
- ^ Kulathungam, Lyman (2012). Quest : Christ amidst the quest. Wipf. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-1-61097-515-5.
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- ^ Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–121
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This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." and "This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army.
- ^ Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbooks of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.
- ^ "Religions - Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC. Archived from the original on 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
- ^ H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
- ^ "The story of Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh". 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:82
- ^ Abdulrahim, Raja; Yazbek, Hiba (31 December 2022). "For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ Hatina, M. (2005). Theology and power in the Middle East: Palestinian martyrdom in a comparative perspective. Journal of Political Ideologies, 10(3), 241–267. doi:10.1080/13569310500244289
- ^ Meir Litvak (2010) “Martyrdom is Life”: Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:8, 716-734, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170
- ^ Arabic: متري هاجي اثناسيو, 2005، اديرة وكنائس دمشق وريفها : (بحث ميداني توثيقي تاريخي اثري), pp. 57–58.
- ^ Marvin Bash, Messages of the Chofetz Chaim: 100 Stories and Parables 2006 Page 91 "Section VII Sanctification of the Name: An Introduction It is written in the Torah, as one of the commandments",
You shall be holy, for I am holy" (Lev. 19:2). According to this Biblical verse, the Jew is obligated to be holy...
(See: Chofetz Chaim) - ^ "ŞEHİD". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi.
- ^ "A Fact Sheet form the Worldwide Incidents T" (PDF). www.fbiic.gov.
- ^ Upton Close (2007). In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China. READ BOOKS. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-4067-1675-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Howard L. Boorman; Richard C. Howard; Joseph K.H. Cheng (1979). Biographical dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3. New York City: Columbia University Press. pp. 51–56. ISBN 0-231-08957-0.
- ^ a b Winters, Jonah (1997-09-19). "Conclusion". Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shi'i and Babi Religions. M.A. Thesis. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
- ^ a b c Abdullah Yusuf Ali
- ^ Sahih Muslim, 020:4694
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:54
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:72
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:318
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:49
- ^ a b Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:43:660
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:23:427
External links
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