Sexenio (Mexico)
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Sexenio is the popular term for the term of office on the President of Mexico. Under article 83 of the Mexican Constitution, the president is limited to a single six-year term, and no one who holds the office, even on a caretaker basis, is permitted to run for or hold the office ever again.[2] It is one of the country's most important political institutions, because it is one of the few significant limitations on the holder of the Executive power in Mexico, which is strong at local, state, and national levels. The sexenio is a reaction to the failed re-election experiences occurring during the first 50 years as an independent country and, most notably, the Porfiriato era (1876–1911).
Originally known as Sexenal Plan (Plan Sexenal), the main goal of the sexenio was to provide a clear path to follow for governmental actions during a president's term of office, with the intention to fulfill the unsatisfied social and economic demands—mainly those related to agricultural, industrial and urban development and to the improvement of the precarious laboral conditions of workers—which were major root causes of the 1910 revolution.
In addition to the presidency, state governors also face this restriction; no one elected as a governor may ever hold the post again, even on an interim or substitute basis.
History
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On 4 October 1824, Mexico became a republic with the promulgation of its first federal constitution,[3] which, on its article 74, invested the Supreme Executive Power of the Federation on an individual whom was to be called president of the United Mexican States, de jure creating the office for the first time. On its article 95, it was established a four-year term of office for the presidents, whereas article 77 forbade them to be reelected for the following immediate term. However, the Constitution had no explicit limitation on the number of terms an individual could serve as president. The first president of Mexico under this Constitution was Guadalupe Victoria who, coincidentally, was the only one with a full term in almost 30 years of independent Mexico.[4]
On 30 December 1836, the conservatives enacted the Siete Leyes (lit. 'seven laws') in substitution of federalist Constitution of 1824 and established a unitary state officially known as the Mexican Republic.[5] On article 1 of the Fourth law of this new Central Constitution, it was established that the Executive branch was to be exercised by a Supreme Magistrate, whom was to be called President of the Republic (Presidente de la República) and who will remain in office for eight years, with article 5 allowing the possibility of their immediate reelection.[5] This Constitution also did not have an explicit limitation on the number of terms that an individual could be reelected president. The first president elected under the 1836 Constitutional Laws was Anastasio Bustamante, taking office on 19 April 1837.[6] Bustamante had also served as the 4th president (1 January 1830–13 August 1832) under the 1824 Constitution when, as vice-president, assumed the presidency after the conservative's coup d'état against Vicente Guerrero.[7]
After dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna was deposed in the Revolution of Ayutla, a series of laws known as La Reforma were introduced, including a new 1857 Constitution (based on the earlier 1824 constitution) which limited the president to a single four-year term.[further explanation needed] General Porfirio Díaz seized power in the Plan of Tuxtepec, got the ban on reelection repealed, and ended up winning eight elections, between 1877 and 1904, before he was deposed in 1911. This period, called the Porfiriato (1876–1911), soured public interest in reelection, and the ban was reintroduced not long after.[8]
When the Mexican Constitution of 1917 was introduced, the president was limited to a single four-year term. During the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles, the term of office was extended to six years, beginning with the 1928-1934 term. Former president Álvaro Obregón launched a successful campaign to alter the Constitution to only ban consecutive terms. He ran in the 1928 election and won, but was assassinated before he could take office again, and an out-of-cycle 1929 election was held to pick someone to serve the remainder of the term. The total ban on presidential reelection was reinstated in 1933,[1] alongside a new ban on reelection in Congress the year after that. Campaigns to end the reelection ban were launched in 1964 and 1991, both times unsuccessfully.[8]
Success
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Although the intention of the sexenio was to prevent presidential dictatorship, this system has not met with total success. This was in part because the presidency was monopolized by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) from 1929 to 2000. From 1929 to 1994, presidents approaching the end of their sexenio personally chose the PRI's presidential nominee in the next election. The PRI's dominance was so absolute that the president essentially chose his successor; in the case of Plutarco Elías Calles, there is strong evidence suggesting that he basically continued ruling through the next three presidents by using them as puppets, leading to the six-year period to being called the Maximato, after Calles's sobriquet jefe máximo (Maximum Leader). The PRI's grip on power was eventually broken at the 2000 election, where Vicente Fox (PAN) became the first opposition candidate elected president in three generations.
The ban on reelection is so entrenched in Mexican politics that, even when Article 59 of the Constitution was amended to allow legislators to run for multiple consecutive terms, the ban on any sort of presidential reelection remained in place. It is also referenced in street names in Mexican cities, such as Puerto Peñasco's Calle No Reelección (lit. 'No Re-election street'), a name also present in several other cities.
Changes
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Under the original 1917 Constitution, the inauguration of a new president took place the 1st of December of the same year as the general federal election, marking the start of a new sexenio. However, in 2014, during the Enrique Peña Nieto's presidency, article 83 of the Constitution was reformed so new presidents were to be sworn-in on 1 October, starting with the 2024–2030 period.[9] As consequence, and to comply with the reform, president Andrés Manuel López Obrador's term in office had to be reduced by two months, becoming the only sexenio to date without a total full six-year cycle (5 years and 10 months).[10] The direct and immediate benefit of the reform is the reduction in about 3 months of the intergovernmental transition period, i.e., the time between the election of new presidents and their swearing-in ceremony, which allows more time for a starting administration to prepare, integrate, and present the federal budget that must be sent to Congress by November 15.[11]
Prior to the reform, and as December 31 is the deadline for Congress to approve the yearly economic package,[11] incoming administrations had limited opportunities to influence on the federal budget and were prone to rely heavily on the data and forecasts provided by the outgoing administration. This situation was evidenced during the first weeks of president Ernesto Zedillo's administration, when his antecessor, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, was accused of manipulating economic data to maintain an image of prosperity and economic stability during the last months of his administration which ended up in a major monetary crisis that had negative impacts throughout all of Zedillo's hold of office.[12]
See also
[edit]- Quinquennat, renewable five-year term of the president of France
- La ley de Herodes
- Term limits
- Term of office
Sources
[edit]- ^ a b Olachea Colome, Armando (2020-05-02). "Título Tercero. Capítulo III del Poder Ejecutivo. Artículo 83" [Title Three. Chapter III of the Executive Branch. Article 83] (PDF). Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ "Political Constitution of the United Mexican States" (PDF). Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación. p. 30. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ^ "Constitución de 1824" [1824 Constitution] (PDF). Biblioteca de la Cámara de Diputados (in Spanish). 1824-10-04. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ González-Polo, Ignacio (2007). "De cómo tómo posesión de su cargo el primer presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos" [How the First President of the United Mexican States came into office]. Boletín del IIB. XII (1 and 2). UNAM: 143–152. ISSN 0006-1719. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ a b "Leyes Constitucionales de 1836" [1836 Constitutional Laws] (PDF). Orden Jurídico (in Spanish). 1836-12-29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-03. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ Carmona Dávila, Doralicia (2011-12-06) [2004-09-15]. "La adicción al poder. Reelección o No Reelección" [Addiction to power. Re-election or no re-election.]. Instituto Nacional de Estudios Políticos, A.C. (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ Carmona Dávila, Doralicia (2011) [1830-01-01]. "Anastasio Bustamante, vicepresidente con Vicente Guerrero, asume la Presidencia de la República" [Anastasio Bustamante, Vicente Guerrero's vice-president, assumes the Presidency of the Republic]. Memoria Política de México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ a b Depalma, Anthony (1994-12-04). "The World; Do Term Limits Work? Ask Mexico". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Decreto por el que se reforman, adicionan y derogan diversas disposiciones de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, en materia política-electoral" [Decree amending, adding to and repealing various provisions of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, in political-electoral matters.]. Diario Oficial de la Federación (in Spanish). 2014-02-10. Archived from the original on 2024-09-25. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
- ^ Yañez, Brenda (2024-09-22). "Cambio de gobierno 2024: ¿Cuándo entrega la presidencia AMLO?" [Change of government 2024: When will AMLO hand over the presidency?]. Expansión Política (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2024-09-23. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
- ^ a b "Diferencias del calendario presupuestario en un año convencional y un año electoral" [Differences in the budget calendar in a conventional year and during an election year] (PDF). Portal de Transparencia Presupuestaria de la SHCP (in Spanish). 2024-06-12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ Robberson, Tod (1994-12-31). "Opposition faults Salinas in peso crisis". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2024-10-24. Retrieved 2024-10-24.