Sebaceous adenitis

Sebaceous adenitis is an uncommon skin disease found in some breeds of dog, and more rarely in cats, rabbits and horses.^[1] characterised by an inflammatory response against the dog's sebaceous glands (glands found in the hair follicles in the skin dermis), which can lead to the destruction of the gland. It was first described in veterinary literature in the 1980s.^[2]

Signs

There are two expressions of this condition, one for long or double coated breeds and one for short coated breeds, both with differing presentations.^[3]

For long- or double-coated breeds such as Poodles, Akitas and Samoyeds, the condition often presents itself with silvery dandruff which adheres to the coat, hair loss (not to be confused with moulting or "blowing coat"), a dull and brittle coat, and later on skin lesions along the back and ears^[3] as well as thickened skin and a musty or rancid odour.^[4]
For short-coated breeds such as Vizslas, the condition causes facial swellings, nodular skin lesions, fine dandruff which does not adhere to the coat, and a general "moth-eaten" appearance to the coat.^[3]

Cause

Anatomy of human skin, which shows the location of human and canine sebaceous glands

The signs of sebaceous adenitis are caused by an inflammatory disease process which affects the sebaceous glands of the skin.^[5] The cause of the inflammatory disease is unknown.^[6] Different breeds of dogs may have different underlying causes of the disease.^[6]

Research is currently underway to find if there is a genetic predisposition for sebaceous adenitis; the exact mode of inheritance remains unknown.^[7]

In Standard Poodles, sebaceous adenitis is most likely an autosomal recessive inherited disease, with variable expression.^[5]

Diagnosis

In general, sebaceous adenitis is underdiagnosed in dogs.^[1] Diagnosis confirmation requires multiple punch biopsies analysed by a dermopathologist who will comment on the condition of the sebaceous glands, revealing granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation surrounding the sebaceous glands or even complete destruction of sebaceous glands.^[8]

Other conditions with similar presentations include: bacterial folliculitis and demodicosis, dermatophytosis, endocrinopathy, pemphigus foliaceus, zinc responsive dermatosis, vitamin A-responsive dermatosis, ichthyosis, and nutritional deficiencies.^[9] As well as, superficial pyoderma, primary idiopathic seborrhea and other endocrine diseases.^[8]

Treatment

There is no cure for this condition.^[10] Treatment is generally lifelong^[3] and takes the form of bathing and soaking in mineral oils and washing with antibiotic shampoos to try to alleviate symptoms and slow the condition's progression.^[11] Antiseptic and antibiotic shampoos (chlorhexidine or benzoyl peroxide) are used to manage further secondary bacterial infection.^[9] For some breeds, cyclosporine or corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs may be effective,^[3] and it is postulated, through some studies, that large doses of vitamin A given orally may result in some improvement.^[3]

It has been suggested that the more aggressively one applies the topical methods of treatment, the less aggressively one needs to employ the immunosuppressant therapy. The suggestion is that this phenomenon may be due to a cyclic feedback whereby secondary infection, when not aggressively treated with topical therapy, increases and contributes to further sebaceous gland inflammation.^[9]

Topical therapy

This forms a major and critical part in the disease treatment and the shampoo treatment can need to be applied as often as 3 to 4 times per week.^[9] An antiseborrheic shampoo removes the scale blocking the follicles. The mineral oil soak, whereby the oil remains on the affected animal for at least 2 hours, is needed to replace epidermal lipids as well as to restore normal epidermal barrier function. The oil is then removed through the process of many baths. This oil treatment needs to be repeated at least once a week for 4 to 7 weeks until new hair growth is observed.^[9] Once new hair growth is observed, topical treatment can be decreased to every 2 to 4 weeks.

Immunosuppressant therapy

Immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory therapy serves to stop on-going destruction of the sebaceous glands. Like other inflammatory diseases, most animals receive an initial course to stop the inflammation and treatment is tapered off to the lowest dose that keeps the disease in remission.^[9] Oral cyclosporine may be used.^[9] Corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone) are used only if pruritus is a major clinical feature.^[9]

Dietary supplementation

Commonly used dietary supplements include:

Omega-6 fatty acids (e.g., safflower or sunflower oil)
Omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., fish oils)
Vitamin A.^[9]

Epidemiology

While the condition has been seen in over 60 breeds of dog (including cross breeds),^[9]^[12] certain breeds have been found to be more susceptible than others to sebaceous adenitis:

Breeds also mentioned in scientific literature as having some susceptibility include:

Sebaceous adenitis has no sex-predisposition.^[1] Sebaceous adenitis also occurs in cats,^[8] rabbits,^[3]^[17] and horses.^[18]

Etymology

Adenitis is a general term referring to inflammation of a gland. Sebaceous refers to the oil gland, which is the gland affected by this disease.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Craig, Mark (2006). "Clinical refresher: Canine sebaceous adenitis". Companion Animal. 11 (5): 62–8. doi:10.1111/j.2044-3862.2006.tb00066.x.
^ Spaterna, A.; Antognoni, M.T.; Cappuccini, S.; Tesei, B. (2003). "Sebaceous Adenitis in the Dog: Three Cases". Veterinary Research Communications. 27: 441–443. doi:10.1023/B:VERC.0000014199.39879.bb. PMID 14535449. S2CID 30352408.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Linek, Monika (2008). "Sebaceous adenitis in the dog" (PDF). Veterinary Focus. 18 (1): 12–16. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381781. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ "Sebaceous Adenitis". Canine Inherited Disorders Database. 1998. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ ^a ^b Rosser, EJ Jr (2014). "Therapy for sebaceous adenitis". In Bonagura, JD; Twedt, DC (eds.). Kirk's current veterinary therapy (15th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 9780323227629.
^ ^a ^b Paterson, Sue (2009). "Chapter 17: Keratinisation defects". Manual of Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 277–291. ISBN 9781444309324.
^ Koch, Sandra N. (June 1, 2009 – November 30, 2010). "01346-A: Genetic Basis of Sebaceous Adenitis in Dogs". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hall, Jan A. (2005). "Congenital and Hereditary Defects in Skin Disease". Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada: Omnibooks Online. Retrieved 2 June 2011.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Angus, DVM, DACVD, John C. (2009). "How I Treat Sebaceous Adenitis". Animal Dermatology Clinic, Pasadena, CA, USA: Omnibooks Online. p. 1. Retrieved 2 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Sebaceous Adenitis". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
^ "Inflammatory Skin Disease in Dogs". Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ Mr Charlie Walker BVetMed CertVD MRCVS (2010). "Skin: idiopathic/granulomatous sebaceous adenitis". Cambridge CB21 4EN, UK: VetStream. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Pfeiffer, Ina (April 1 – June 30, 2006). "577-AT: Sebaceous Adenitis in the Akita". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
^ Hernblad Tevell, E; Bergvall, K; Egenvall, A (2008). "Sebaceous adenitis in Swedish dogs, a retrospective study of 104 cases". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 50 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-50-11. PMC 2412885. PMID 18501018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gross, Thelma Lee; Peter J. Ihrke; Emily J. Walder; Verena K. Affolter (2005). Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis (second ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 186–8. ISBN 978-0-632-06452-6.
^ Frazer, Megan; Anthea E. Schick; Thomas P. Lewis; Edward Jazic (June 2011). "Sebaceous adenitis in Havanese dogs: a retrospective study of the clinical presentation and incidence". Veterinary Dermatology. 22 (3): 267–274. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00942.x. PMID 21210878.
^ Anna Meredith; Stephen White (2010). "Sebaceous adenitis". Cambridge CB21 4EN, UK: VetStream. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Osborne, Christina (2006). "Sebaceous adenitis in a 7-year-old Arabian gelding". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 47 (6): 583–6. PMC 1461412. PMID 16808233.