Sarandoy
| Sarandoy | |
|---|---|
 Sarandoy gendarmes at a checkpoint (LIFE magazine) | |
| Active | 1978–1992 |
| Country | Afghanistan |
| Allegiance | Democratic Republic of Afghanistan |
| Branch | Ministry of Interior Affairs |
| Type | Gendarmerie Military reserve force |
| Role | Reserve army Internal security Anti-tank warfare Counter-insurgency Counter-intelligence Covert operation Desert warfare Mountain warfare Executive protection Force protection HUMINT Law enforcement Manhunt Raiding Reconnaissance Security checkpoint Tracking Traffic police |
| Size | 115,000 men (at height) |
| Headquarters | Kabul |
| Nickname(s) | "Defenders of the Revolution" |
| Engagements | Soviet–Afghan War Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) Afghan Civil War (1992-1996) Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | General Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy General Mohammad Aslam Watanjar |
The Sarandoy (Pashto: څارندوی - "Defenders of the Revolution"; also spelled Tsarandoi) were the gendarmerie force of the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan under the Ministry of Interior from 1978 to 1992,[1] during the Soviet–Afghan War.
History
[edit]Successor of the former Afghan Regional Gendarmerie, the Sarandoy were raised in 1978 with an initial strength of 30,000–35,000 officers and enlisted men, intended to be used on internal security duties.[2][3][4]
The Soviet MVD Kobalt unit was responsible for providing training assistance to Sarandoy officers from 1980/1981.[5] 5,000 Soviet advisors were brought to Afghanistan to assist in training.[6]
The unit was disbanded by 1992 after the collapse of the DRA and start of the Afghan Civil War (1992-1996) due to mass cases of desertion.[7][8]
Lack of cooperation
[edit]The Sarandoy was subjected to internal politics of the ruling PDPA,[9] as its forces were controlled by the Khalq faction, opposed to the Parcham faction which controlled the KhAD intelligence service. Accordingly, armed clashes occurred on occasion between the Sarandoy and the KHAD.[10]
In some instances, the Sarandoy's assets were mobilized against pro-Parcham factions.[6]
Missions
[edit]The Sarandoy were tasked to provide support for Soviet and Afghan forces during anti-guerrilla operations.[5] They were also tasked to arrest any deserters and ensure conscription compliance.[5] The unit was tasked to investigate and join in operations to arrest anyone deemed to enemies of the government.[6]
From 1985, the Sarandoy were tasked to protect economic assets such as oil fields and gas pipelines.[5] When the Soviets started to leave Afghanistan, they were used to provide security during humanitarian missions and were seen speaking to locals about the purpose of these missions.[5]
A Russian source mentioned that Sarandoy personnel moonlighted as bodyguards under orders from Gulabzoy.[5] Additionally, Osama Bin Laden personally led Arab Mujahideen fighters to fight against the Sarandoy’s 7th Operative Regiment, only to fail and take massive casualties.[11]
Organization
[edit]Placed under the control of the Ministry of Interior Affairs,[8] the Sarandoy was commanded by the Minister of Interior General Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy, a former Afghan Air Force officer.[12][13] At one point, the Sarandoy fielded some 115,000 men, compared to the Afghan Army's 160,000,[14] while at other times the Sarandoy were said to exceed the Army. The unit grew its size in respond to the rise of the mujahideen insurgency.[6]
Those who served in the Sarandoy were paid 162 dollars a month, a wage which was higher than that of Deputy Minister of National Defence before the April 1978 Saur Revolution and some of them would prove effective fighters, although many were little more than thugs.[4]
Mark Urban wrote in 1988 that '...By 1985 there were 20 identified Sarandoy Operational Battalions and Mountain Battalions. They were attached to provincial Sarandoy commands and include[d] armoured vehicles and light artillery. The Kabul Security Command controlled two mobile regiments (the 1st and 2nd)... A further four Sarandoy brigades/regiments have been identified in Badakhshan (24th Sarandoy Brigade), Kandahar, Baghlan and Parwan.[15] At the beginning of 1986, operational control of some units passed to the new unified Ministry of State Security.
A number of previously Sarandoy units were eventually upgraded to Afghan Army formations,[6] as part of the regularization of the militia.
While the Sarandoy were reported to be effective in fighting the mujahideen, Soviet military personnel reported concerns that they're likely to be infiltrated by mujahideen groups.[5] In turn, this forces them to limit sharing whatever information they have to Sarandoy officers.[5]
Training
[edit]Some prospective Sarandoy personnel were chosen to be trained in the USSR.[6] 12,000 of these Sarandoy personnel were trained at MVD facilities in the Soviet Union between 1978 and 1986, many of them being junior commanders and NCOs (non-commissioned officers). 2,500 of these Sarandoy personnel would be trained in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic for past excellence in combat.[16]
See also
[edit]
- Afghan Local Police (ALP)
- Defense of the Revolution (DotR)
- A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts since 1947 by Rob Johnson
References
[edit]- ^ Karp, Craig (March 1988), US Department of State Bulletin, US Department of State
- ^ Isby & Volstad 1993, p. 20.
- ^ O'Ballance 1993, p. 88.
- ^ a b Galeotti 2021, p. 19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Oliker, Olga (2011). Building Afghanistan's Security Forces in Wartime: The Soviet Experience (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-5168-4.
- ^ a b c d e f Landsford 2017, p. 409.
- ^ Landsford 2017, p. 410.
- ^ a b "Afghanistan — not so great games". Archived from the original on 10 June 2006.
- ^ Johnson, Robert (2005). A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947. Reaktion Books. pp. 176–. ISBN 978-1-86189-257-7. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007). A brief history of Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-8160-5761-0. Retrieved 29 March 2011 – via Google Books.
- ^ Roy Gutman (2008). How we missed the story. Internet Archive. US Inst Peace Pr. ISBN 978-1-60127-024-5.
- ^ Urban 1988, p. 46.
- ^ Urban 1988, p. 182.
- ^ Bearden, Milt; Risen, James (6 May 2003). The main enemy: the inside story of the CIA's final showdown with the KGB. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 310–. ISBN 978-0-679-46309-2. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Urban 1988, p. 226.
- ^ Oliker, Olga (2011). "Building Afghanistan's Security Forces in Wartime: The Soviet Experience" (PDF). RAND Corporation.
Bibliography
[edit]- O'Ballance, Edgar (1993). Afghan Wars, Battles in a hostile land - 1839 to the present. UK: Brassey's. ISBN 1-85753-308-9.
- Isby, David; Volstad, Ron (1993). Russia's War in Afghanistan. UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-691-6.
- Galeotti, Mark (2021). Storm‑333: KGB and Spetsnaz seize Kabul, Soviet–Afghan War 1979. UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472841872.
- Landsford, Tom (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. USA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847598.
- Urban, Mark (1988). War in Afghanistan. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333432648.
Further reading
[edit]- Guest, Ken (1994). Flashpoint! At the Front Line of Today's Wars. UK: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-247-2.
- Zaloga, Steven J.; Lucznak, Wojciech; Beldam, Barry (1992). Armor of the Afghanistan War. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. ISBN 978-0333432648.