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RATP Group

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"RATP" redirects here. For the RATP in Romania, see RATP Iași.
RATP Group
Company typeEPIC
IndustryPublic transport
FoundedJanuary 1, 1949; 75 years ago (1949-01-01) in Paris
Headquarters
Paris
,
France
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Jean Castex (CEO)
Revenue€5.704 billion (2019)
OwnerGovernment of France
Number of employees
64,000 (2019)
Subsidiaries
Websiteratp.fr/en/groupe-ratp

The RATP Group (French: Groupe RATP) is a French state-owned enterprise (EPIC) that operates public transport systems primarily in Paris, France. Headquartered in Paris, it originally operated under the name Régie autonome des transports parisiens (English: Parisian Autonomous Transport Administration). Its logo represents, in a stylized version, the Seine's meandering through the Paris area as the face of a person looking up. The company had described itself as the fourth-largest presence in public transport.[1]

RATP Group was established in 1949 with the express purpose of operating Paris's public transport system. During the twentieth century, it focused solely on the provision of the capital's various forms of transit, from the Paris Métro, Île-de-France tram, and the RATP bus network, as well as part of the regional express rail (RER) network. However, since 2002, RATP Group's operations have no longer been geographically restricted; it has competitively pursued contracts to operate transit systems around the world. It also had a partnership with, and a minority shareholding in, Transdev, which has further involved RATP Group in various global transport operations. During 2002, RATP Dev was created as the Group's dedicated international operations and maintenance subsidiary; it is present in 16 countries across Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America.

RATP Group's Paris-related activities are still a major part of its business through to the present day; in 2019, it was recorded that, in the Île-de-France region, it carried roughly 3.3 billion passengers per year.[1] In 2019, RATP Group's consolidated revenue was €5.704 billion; it employed 64,000 people at that time.[1] In recent decades, the company has operated on an increasingly competitive basis as a result of legislative changes.

History

[edit]

The RATP was created on 1 January 1949 by combining the assets of the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), which operated the Paris Métro, and the Société des Transports en Commun de la Région Parisienne (STCRP), which operated the city's bus system.

Prior to this, the CMP had absorbed the Nord-Sud Company in 1930 and the Ligne de Sceaux in 1937, which operated commuter rail to the suburbs.[citation needed] The STCRP had been created on 1 January 1921 by the merger of about half a dozen independent bus and streetcar operators in the Paris area. By the time the STCRP was merged into the RATP, all of its streetcars had been replaced by bus routes.[citation needed]

Shift towards competitive operations

[edit]

A major change in French law came on 3 November 2009, when article 5 of the ARAF (French rail regulatory body) law came into effect. This law opens public transport operation to competition. The law was part of a broader push by the European Union to open all passenger transport operation to competition. Under this law, the RATP Group lost the exclusive right to operate all new public transport lines immediately. The company's exclusive operation rights for existing lines would expire over time, with the bus network going out to bid 15 years later in 2024, the tram network (Lines T1, T2 & T3) going out to bid 20 years later in 2029, and the Metro and RER lines out to bid 30 years later in 2039.[2]

With the RATP anticipating this shift to a competitive environment, the company began to reorganize itself.

In the early years of the 21st century, a partnership with Transdev resulted in RATP acquiring a minority shareholding in that group, with its many worldwide transport operations. However, in 2009, the Caisse des dépôts et consignations, the majority owner of the Transdev, started negotiations with Veolia to merge Transdev with Veolia Transport. As part of the resulting agreement, made in May 2010, it was agreed that RATP would take over ownership of some of Transdev's operations in lieu of cash payment for its holdings in Transdev. This gave RATP a considerable number of international operations.[3][4][5]

In 2009, RATP entered the United States by purchasing transit contractor McDonald Transit Associates.[6] McDonald operated Fort Worth Transportation Authority (now Trinity Metro) in Texas, Votran in Florida, and Waco Transit System in Texas, among others. On 1 August 2011, the RATP Group purchased Stagecoach Metrolink's contract to operate the Metrolink light rail system in Greater Manchester, England until July 2017.[7] Two years later, in 2013, RATP purchased the nearby long-established coach company, Selwyns Travel, a National Express operator.

Presidents

[edit]
Main article: List of Presidents of the RATP

The current president and CEO of the RATP, Jean Castex, is in office since 28 November 2022.[8]

Hiba Farès is the Chairman of the Board of RATP Dev since January 2022.[9]

Operations in Paris

[edit]
Two MP 05 train sets of Paris Métro Line 1 at Bastille station.
RATP tram on tramway line T3a at Porte de Versailles.
RATP hybrid bus on Paris route 38.

In Paris, RATP operates, under its own name, on behalf of and under contract with Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM), the Paris region transit authority. RATP's services constitute, in their own right, a multi-mode public transportation infrastructure, but also contribute to a larger multi-mode system extending out into the surrounding Île-de-France communities.

RATP's services in the Greater Paris area include:

  • The Paris Métro, a system of mostly underground rapid transit lines which run throughout the city, with some lines extending somewhat beyond the city boundaries. The Métro has 16 lines with 226.9 km (141.0 mi) of track and 308 stations.[10][11] Three metro lines are fully automated and driverless: Line 1 (since 2012), Line 4 (since 2023) and Line 14 (since its opening in 1998).
  • Orlyval, the automated shuttle serving Orly Airport.[12]
  • Parts of the RER, the Paris regional express rail network that runs mostly underground in the centre of Paris and overground in the rest of the region. RATP owns and operates most of lines A and B, both together representing approximately 115 km (71 mi) and 66 stations. The rest of the RER network is operated by SNCF.
  • Nine out of the fourteen lines of the Paris tram system (T1, T2, T3a, T3b, T5, T6, T7, T8, T10) totaling 109.6 km (68.1 mi) and 197 stops.[13][14][15]
  • The extensive Paris city bus system (351 lines with a total length of 3,861 km (2,399 mi)), including the night buses of the Noctilien network.
  • Two BRT lines: the Trans-Val-de-Marne (TVM, 19.7 km (12.2 mi)) and line 393 (11.7 km (7.3 mi)).
  • The Montmartre funicular.

Paris bus route 341 was RATP's first line equipped with 100% electric full-size buses (starting June 2016).[16] By early 2021, there were over 150 full battery electric buses in the fleet with a target of 1,500 by 2025.[17]

Operations outside Paris

[edit]

RATP Dev (Dev being a contraction of Développement, French for development[18]), established in 2002 as a 100% subsidiary of the RATP Group, provides operations and maintenance of passenger transport services outside of the "historical" RATP network in the Greater Paris area although it also operates some specialised services within Paris. RATP Dev is present in France as well as in 15 other countries, namely Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Egypt, Hong Kong, Italy, Morocco, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Wholly and partly owned operations include the following:[19][20][21]

Operations in France

[edit]

Heavy rail

[edit]

Other modes

[edit]

Other activities

[edit]

In December 2022, RATP Dev launches hydrogen training center in La Roche-sur-Yon.[47]

In June 2024, RATP partnered with Wabtec to equip all its RER A trains with a new brake lining that eliminates 70-90% of the health-damaging fine particles found on platforms. Similar tests are being carried out on some metro lines.[48] The same year, RATP and Île-de-France Mobilités signed an accessibility charter to make it easier for blind and partially-sighted people to travel on Île-de-France's transport network.[49]

Operations outside France

[edit]

Heavy rail

[edit]
A Gautrain Bombardier Electrostar unit in South Africa.

Metro and tramway

[edit]
A Casablanca Tramway Alstom Citadis 302 in Casablanca
A typical Hong Kong tram double-deck car.

Bus and coach

[edit]
Italy
[edit]
United Kingdom
[edit]
A London United Alexander Dennis Enviro400EV battery electric bus on route 94.

RATP Dev's presence in the United Kingdom is mainly concentrated in London with its portfolio of bus services on behalf of Transport for London. Through its three subsidiaries London United, Quality Line (acquired as Epsom Coaches in April 2012) and London Sovereign (acquired in April 2014), RATP Dev manages 1129 vehicles on 96 routes out of 10 garages, and has 3387 employees, as of 2020.[81][82] Early 2021, RATP Dev announced that it is to close its Quality Line subsidiary and Epsom depot.[83] The closure was effective as of July 2021.[84]

On 16 June 2021, the firm announced it had placed an order for 195 electric buses for its London operations to be delivered jointly by Alexander Dennis and BYD Auto, the by then largest ever full battery electric bus order in the UK.[85]

On 22 September 2021, RATP Dev and SeaLink Travel Group (now Kelsian Group) announced that their respective West London bus operations (including London United, London Sovereign and Tower Transit's Westbourne Park garage) would merge into a new joint venture called RATP Dev Transit London, with RATP Dev holding 87.5% of shares and SeaLink 12.5%.[86] The incorporation of the joint venture was finalised on 11 December 2021.[87] Tower Transit's Lea Interchange garage, located in East London, was not part of the joint venture and remained unaffected[86][88] until sold off separately to Stagecoach London.[89]

Outside of London, RATP Dev manages, since 2011, the Air Decker, a bus service operated by Bath Bus Company connecting Bristol Airport with Bath.[90]

United States
[edit]
RATP Dev has numerous operations in the United States, including the DC Circulator.
RATP Dev manages the CT Fastrak, a bus rapid transit system in Connecticut.

RATP operates various transit systems in the United States under the name RATP Dev USA:

Saudi Arabia
[edit]
  • All of Riyadh's urban bus network which will progressively grow to about 100 lines and 1,000 vehicles over three depots.[115][116][117] RATP Dev and its Saudi Arabian partner SAPTCO have established the network since 2014 and launched revenue service in March 2023[118]
  • Autonomous shuttles in Al-'Ula, on behalf of the Royal Commission for Al-'Ula (since 2022)[119]
Switzerland
[edit]
Basque Country
[edit]
  • RATP Dev operates the coastal zone, and Transdev will handle the retro-coastal zone in association with local transport company Hiruak Bat (since 2024).[122]

Tootbus

[edit]

RATP Dev operates hop-on hop-off tours using double-decker buses under the Tootbus brand in several cities:

Other

[edit]

Since 2013, RATP Dev, in a consortium with TPG and Pomagalski, manages the Salève cable car, in the French Alps.[127] Ridership of the cable car has increased by 50% since 2013, notably after the introduction of shuttle buses from Annemasse and Saint-Julien-en-Genevois.[128] The contract of the RATP Dev-led consortium has been renewed in 2019 for 12 additional years, until 2031.[128]

RATP Dev established in 2018 a "regional office" in Singapore for Asia-Pacific albeit not having any operational activity in the city-state.[129] In December 2020, RATP Dev and SBS Transit announced a partnership for future rail projects in Singapore, without referencing specific commercial targets.[130] RATP Dev and SBS Transit are expected to bid for operations and maintenance of the future Jurong Region MRT line and the future Cross Island MRT line.[131] In November 2024, RATP Dev and SBS Transit were successful in their tender for the Jurong Region MRT Line.[76]

In September 2020, RATP Dev announces a partnership with Getlink to jointly bid under the "Régionéo" brand name for regional rail services in France which will gradually opened to competitive tendering.[132]

In February 2023, Sepulveda Transit Corridor Partners (STCP), one of the two private sector teams executing the project development agreement with the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority for the future Sepulveda Transit Corridor, announced to have selected RATP Dev as its operations and maintenance partner.[133]

In October 2024, RATP Dev and the East Japan Railway Company announce their association to jointly bid for operations and maintenance of the North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR), in the Philippines.[134]

Former operations

[edit]

(selection / non comprehensive list)

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "2019 RATP Group Highlights" (PDF). 2 October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  2. ^ "The essence of our Group". RATP Group. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Merger of Veolia Transport and Transdev". Veolia Transport. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  4. ^ "Completion of the merger of Veolia Transport and Transdev". Transdev. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  5. ^ "The new scale of the RATP Group". RATP. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  6. ^ "RATP Dev North America adopts one brand". Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  7. ^ "RATP buys Manchester Metrolink operator". Railway Gazette International. 2 August 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  8. ^ Décret du 23 novembre 2022 portant nomination du président-directeur général de la Régie autonome des transports parisiens - M. CASTEX (Jean), archived from the original on 9 February 2023, retrieved 11 February 2023
  9. ^ "Info VRT. RATP Dev est désormais seul à bord de Régionéo". VRT. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  10. ^ Île-de-France Mobilités - Omnil (9 October 2016). "Caractéristiques du réseau, accessibilité et intermodalité" (in French). Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  11. ^ The figure of "308" (stations) does not include the fictional Montmartre funicular station. The latter is indeed considered as a metro station by RATP and statistically attached to line 2, which explains why RATP announces 309 stations and not 308.
  12. ^ Orlyval is part of the "historic" RATP network but operated by RATP Dev, on behalf of RATP.
  13. ^ Line T4 is operated by SNCF, line T9 is operated by Keolis and lines T11 and T13 are operated by Transkeo (Keolis/SNCF).
  14. ^ The operations and maintenance contract for Île-de-France tramway Line 10 was awarded to RATP Dev following a competitive procurement process
  15. ^ "Ile-de-France: la RATP exploitera le tramway T10" (in French). 12 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  16. ^ "La RATP inaugure sa première ligne de bus standard 100% électrique" (in French). 1 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  17. ^ "Ile-de-France : les bus polluants, c'est (bientôt) fini" (in French). 22 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  18. ^ "Company Overview of RATP Développement S.A." Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  19. ^ "RATP Group". RATP Group. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  20. ^ "Our Subsidiaries". RATP Group. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  21. ^ "The new scale of the RATP Group" (PDF). RATP Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  22. ^ "Keolis-RATP Dev retenu pour exploiter le CDG Express" (in French). 20 November 2018. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  23. ^ "Keolis and RATP Dev selected for Paris' CDG Express operating contract". 20 November 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  24. ^ "RATP Dev renouvelé à Bourges" (in French). 13 June 2017. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  25. ^ "Le syndicat intercommunal des transports AggloBus reconduit RATP Dev comme opérateur du réseau AggloBus pour 8 ans" (in French). 2 December 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  26. ^ a b c d "RATP Dev remporte 8 nouveaux contrats en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes et Suisse" (in French). 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  27. ^ "Un référé de Keolis contre le choix de RATP Dev" (in French). 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  28. ^ "Brest Métropole retient RATP Dev pour l'exploitation du réseau multimodal Bibus" (in French). 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  29. ^ "RATP Dev remporte le réseau de Lorient" (in French). 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  30. ^ "RATP Dev renouvelée à La Roche-sur-Yon" (in French). 20 July 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  31. ^ "Angers : RATP Dev choisi pour gérer le réseau de transports de l'agglomération" (in French). 22 February 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  32. ^ "RATP Dev remporte le réseau de Vannes face à Transdev" (in French). 30 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  33. ^ "RATP Dev reconduit à Vienne" (in French). 8 October 2013. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  34. ^ "Vierzon; France - A more appealing, consistent transit system". Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  35. ^ "RATP Dev exploitera le réseau de bus de Boulogne-sur-Mer" (in French). 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  36. ^ "La RATP, nouveau gestionnaire du Réseau Mistral à Toulon" (in French). 23 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  37. ^ "Un nouveau directeur chez Mouvéo à Épernay" (in French). 7 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  38. ^ "RATP Dev exploitera le réseau de bus d'Aix-les-Bains à partir de 2015" (in French). 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  39. ^ "Réseau Oise - Région Hauts-de-France - À propos de nous" (in French). Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  40. ^ "Taam : ce qui change au 20 décembre" (in French). 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  41. ^ "RATP Dev renouvelée pour l'exploitation du réseau TAC, transports d'Ardenne Métropole" (in French). 10 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  42. ^ "Le réseau de transport du pays de Quimperlé confié à RATP Dev" (in French). 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  43. ^ "RATP Dev va exploiter le réseau de transport de Laon" (in French). 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  44. ^ "RATP Dev subsidiary to continue operating Laon's TUL network following contract renewal". 13 February 2023. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  45. ^ "Transports urbains lavallois : Laval rompt avec son partenaire historique" (in French). 12 September 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  46. ^ "La RATP obtient la gestion des transports en commun à Lyon". Environnement Magazine. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  47. ^ "Lancement d'un centre de formation RATP Dev sur l'hydrogène à La Roche-sur-Yon". Environnement Magazine. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  48. ^ "La RATP va équiper le RER A d'un système contre les émissions de particules fines". Les Echos. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  49. ^ "Pour « un métro parlant », la RATP signe une Charte d'accessibilité des malvoyants". La Croix. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  50. ^ "La RATP réussit son Mondial avec le Gautrain" (in French). Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  51. ^ "RATP Dev Italia - La Ferroviaria Italiana" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  52. ^ "Une nouvelle pierre de Rosette pour RATP Dev Mobility Cairo" (in French). 3 March 2021. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  53. ^ "Egypt's president inaugurates trial run of China-made LRT" (in French). 4 July 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  54. ^ a b "RATP Dev se renforce en Algérie et se voit confier l'exploitation et la maintenance des futurs projets de tramway algériens, en partenariat avec l'EMA et l'ETUSA" (PDF) (in French). 24 May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  55. ^ "Ouargla tramway inaugurated". 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  56. ^ "Sidi Bel Abbès tramway inaugurated". 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  57. ^ "Le tramway de Sétif est dans la place" (in French). 11 May 2018. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  58. ^ "RATP Dev remporte le contrat d'exploitation et de maintenance de la ligne Sydney Metro-Western Sydney Airport au sein du consortium Parklife Metro" (in French). 21 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  59. ^ "RATP Dev to operate and maintain Cairo Line 3". 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  60. ^ "Egypt's Transport Minister witnesses full operation of Cairo Metro Line 3 by RATP Dev". 27 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  61. ^ "Le tramway de Washington opéré par RATP Dev est en service" (in French). 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  62. ^ "RATP Dev - GEST - tramway de Florence" (in French). Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  63. ^ "La RATP lance le tramway de Florence". BatiActu. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  64. ^ "Casa Transports et RATP Dev scellent un nouveau contrat d'exploitation du tramway et du bus" (in French). 16 September 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  65. ^ From 2009 to 2020, this operation was managed by RATP Dev Transdev Asia (RDTA), a 50/50 joint venture with Transdev; since 2020 RATP Dev assumes sole control of the Hong Kong tramway operation.
  66. ^ a b "RDTA website". Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  67. ^ "Hong Kong tram celebrates 110 years". Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  68. ^ "RATP Dev takes full control of RDTA transport operations in Asia" (PDF). 22 October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  69. ^ "RATP Dev apporte son expertise pour la ligne 1 du métro de Manille" (in French). Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  70. ^ a b "Memphis Area Transit Authority Board of Commissioners - Regular Meeting June 22, 2021" (PDF). 22 June 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  71. ^ "Tucson Sun Link streetcar opens". 25 July 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  72. ^ "RATP Dev renouvelé à Tucson et Charlotte" (in French). 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  73. ^ "Victoire pour Keolis et RATP Dev au Qatar" (in French). 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  74. ^ "Métro de Riyad: la RATP et Alstom remportent d'importants contrats" (in French). 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  75. ^ "Le groupe RATP renforce sa présence en Arabie Saoudite avec le contrat emblématique d'exploitation et de maintenance du métro de Riyad, attribué par ArRiyadh Development Authority (ADA) à RATP Dev et SAPTCO" (in French). 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  76. ^ a b "Jurong Region Line Operations Awarded to Joint Venture Between SBS Transit Rail and RATP Dev Asia Pacific". Land Transport Authority Singapore. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  77. ^ "RATP Dev Italia - Autolinee Toscane". Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  78. ^ "Le Conseil d'État italien débloque un gros contrat de la RATP" (in French). 24 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  79. ^ "La RATP va pouvoir déployer son réseau en Italie, un contrat de 4 milliards d'euros à la clé" (in French). 25 June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  80. ^ "RATP Dev Italia - Cilia Italia" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  81. ^ "RATP Dev acquiert une nouvelle société de bus à Londres" (PDF) (in French). 28 April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  82. ^ "RATP Dev London - About Us". Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  83. ^ "RATP Dev to close its Quality Line subsidiary". 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  84. ^ "Epsom Garage Closes". 12 July 2021. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  85. ^ Jackson, Peter (22 June 2021). "RATP Dev London places UK's largest ever electric bus order with BYD ADL partnership". CBW. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  86. ^ a b "SeaLink Enters Binding Joint Venture Agreement for West London Bus Operations". 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  87. ^ "Joint Venture Completion - RATP Dev Transit London Ltd". 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  88. ^ "RATP Dev UK and Tower Transit announce new joint venture in West London". RATP Dev. 23 September 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  89. ^ "Stagecoach welcomes Tower Transit team to its London operations". Intelligent Transport. 29 June 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  90. ^ "Air Decker History". Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  91. ^ "RATP Dev remporte la gestion du réseau de transport d'Asheville" (in French). 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  92. ^ "RATP Dev bolsters US presence with Augusta urban transport network contract win". 5 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  93. ^ "RATP Dev USA named transit management contractor for the City of Bowling Green transit management and operational services". 10 July 2020. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  94. ^ "Contract Renewal - Mountain Mobility Buncombe County, NC". 24 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  95. ^ a b c "RATP Dev USA Acquires California Based Roadrunner Management Service". Mass Transit Magazine (Press release). 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  96. ^ "Edmond Citylink McDonald Transit and Associates". Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  97. ^ "SunTran Overview". Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  98. ^ "The COMET awards new service contract for fixed route and paratransit services". 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  99. ^ "CTDOT Announces Contract with RATP Dev USA to Manage the Hartford, New Haven, and Stamford Divisions of CTtransit". 18 February 2023. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  100. ^ "D.C. Circulator will be privatized under a proposed $141M deal". 4 June 2018. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  101. ^ "RATP Dev USA awarded GoDurham fixed route operations contract In Durham, NC". 16 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  102. ^ a b "BoardDocs® Agenda Item: G.2 Contract Services – GoRaleigh / GoRaleigh Access Operating Contract – RATP Dev USA, Inc".
  103. ^ "RATP Dev USA to manage Greensboro bus system in North Carolina". 7 July 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  104. ^ "IndyGo names new contractor for paratransit services". 17 August 2021. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  105. ^ "RATP Dev USA Selected to Manage IndyGo Paratransit Services". 4 October 2021. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  106. ^ "McDonald Transit/RATP Dev to operate Fla. transit service". 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  107. ^ "Lextran awards Wheels Paratransit contract to RATP Dev USA". masstransitmag.com. 14 September 2022. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  108. ^ "GET ON OUT! OXFORD-UNIVERSITY TRANSIT". OUTransit. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  109. ^ "RATP Dev USA remporte la gestion du réseau de transport de Santa Maria en Californie" (PDF) (in French). 7 June 2018. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  110. ^ "RATP Dev USA Begins Operations as New Contract Provider for TheBus". 1 July 2020. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  111. ^ "New Operator To Help Keep Visalia Transit Moving". 27 September 2024.
  112. ^ "RATP Dev USA Selected to Manage Yuma County, Arizona's Transit Service". 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  113. ^ "City Council Approves New Contract to Operate the WSTA Bus System". 7 May 2024.
  114. ^ "RATP Dev USA Renews Contract with Zion National Park Transit Service". 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  115. ^ "RATP Dev et SAPTCO remportent l'appel d'offres pour le futur réseau de bus de Riyad" (in French). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  116. ^ "Bus et métro de Ryad : Ratp Dev veut tenter le grand chelem" (in French). Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  117. ^ "High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh - Projects - (2) Riyadh Bus Project". Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
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  119. ^ "RCU launches autonomous pod vehicle service in AlUla, Saudi Arabia". 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  120. ^ "Références RATP Dev - Avenches, Suisse" (in French). Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  121. ^ "Références RATP Dev - Satigny, Suisse" (in French). Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  122. ^ "Transport en commun au Pays basque : trois nouveaux délégataires pour gérer le réseau Txik Tak, dont RATP Dev". Sud Ouest. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  123. ^ "À New York, la RATP promène des touristes en bus à impériale" (in French). 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  124. ^ "La RATP s'offre le champion des bus touristiques londoniens" (in French). 11 September 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  125. ^ "Bruxelles: les bus touristiques "hop on – hop off" seront électriques à partir de l'an prochain" (in French). 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  126. ^ "La STIB et RATP Dev inaugurent à Bruxelles le premier service de bus touristiques Hop on Hop off 100% électrique" (in French). 25 November 2021. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  127. ^ "RATP Dev se diversifie avec l'exploitation du téléphérique du Salève" (in French). Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  128. ^ a b "Téléphérique du Salève : RATP Dev resigne pour 12 ans" (in French). 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  129. ^ "Le Groupe RATP ouvre un bureau Asie-Pacifique à Singapour" (in French). 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  130. ^ "SBS Transit partners RATP to vie for new business in Singapore". 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  131. ^ "LTA Calls for Tenders to Appoint Rail Operators for Upcoming MRT Lines". Sgtrains. 9 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  132. ^ "Getlink et la RATP lancent Régionéo" (in French). 15 September 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  133. ^ "RATP Dev named O&M partner for LA Metro's Sepulveda project". 23 February 2023. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  134. ^ "RATP Dev et le Japonais JR East s'associent pour un projet ferroviaire aux Philippines" (in French). 16 October 2024.
  135. ^ "Metro d'Alger : le contrat d'exploitation de la RATP n'est pas reconduit" (in French). 2 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  136. ^ "Delivery of São Paulo Metro Line 4 – Brazil's first passenger rail public-private partnership" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  137. ^ "CCR exerce direito de compra de participação da RATP na ViaQuatro" (in Portuguese). 23 October 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  138. ^ "Brésil : Alstom et RATP Dev dans le nouveau tramway de Rio" (in French). 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
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  140. ^ "Shenyang Tramway Network operated by RATP Dev and Transdev enters service". Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  141. ^ "Transdev and RATP Dev win contract to operate tramway network in Shenyang, China". 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  142. ^ "Présentation du délégataire, Moulins Mobilité, filiale de RATP DEV" (in French). Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  143. ^ "Keolis écarte RATP Dev de Moulins Communauté" (in French). 2 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  144. ^ "Prêt à Partir fait route vers le sud" (in French). 28 June 2018. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  145. ^ "Valenciennes : la RATP va remplacer Transvilles" (in French). 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  146. ^ "RATP buys Manchester Metrolink operator". 2 August 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  147. ^ "Southern Rail operator to take over the running of Metrolink network". 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  148. ^ "RATP Dev UK - Our UK Subsidiaries - Selwys". Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  149. ^ "Metrolink operator RATP swoops for Selwyns Travel". 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  150. ^ "Companies House - SELWYNS TRAVEL LIMITED - Filing History". Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  151. ^ "RATP - Padam. Une offre sur-mesure en minibus" (in French). 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  152. ^ "New ride-to-work service in Bristol uses minibuses you can hail with an app". 29 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
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  157. ^ "Fullington Auto Bus Once Again Fully Family-Owned". 28 December 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  158. ^ RATP Dev starts Open Tour with 15 buses in NYC Metro Magazine 15 May 2014
  159. ^ RATP's Extrapolitan quits New York sightseeing Buses issue 751 October 2017 page 19
  160. ^ "Austin (Texas) renouvelle sa confiance à RATP Dev pour l'exploitation de son réseau de bus" (in French). Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
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Bibliography

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