Russula xerampelina
| Russula xerampelina | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Russulaceae |
| Genus: | Russula |
| Species: | R. xerampelina
|
| Binomial name | |
| Russula xerampelina | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Russula erythropoda | |
Russula xerampelina | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex or flat |
 | Hymenium is free |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is ochre |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is choice |
Russula xerampelina, also commonly known as the shrimp russula,[1] crab brittlegill, or shrimp mushroom, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the brittlegill genus Russula. Two subspecies are recognised. The fruiting bodies appear in coniferous woodlands in autumn in northern Europe and North America. Their caps are coloured various shades of wine-red, purple to green. Mild tasting and edible, it is one of the most highly regarded brittlegills for the table. It is also notable for smelling of shellfish or crab when fresh.
Taxonomy
[edit]Russula xerampelina was originally described in 1770 as Agaricus xerampelina from a collection in Bavaria by the German mycologist Jacob Christian Schaeffer, who noted the colour as fusco-purpureus or "purple-brown". It was later given its present binomial name by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries. Its specific epithet is taken from the Ancient Greek meaning "colour of dried vine leaves", xeros meaning "dry", and ampělinos or "of the vine".[2][3]
Two subspecies have been recognised, var. xerampelina and var. tenuicarnosa, with thinner flesh in the cap and the stipe. The name R. erythropoda is now considered a synonym, and former subspecies R. (xerampelina subsp.) amoenipes (originally named by Henri Romagnesi) now a separate species.[4] A former variety with a greenish cap, R. xerampelina var. elaeodes, is now classified as R. clavipes.[5]
As the first defined species, it gives its name to the section Xerampelinae, a group of related species within the genus Russula, occasionally all termed R. xerampelina in the past.[4]
Common names include shrimp mushroom, shrimp Russula, crab brittlegill, and shellfish-scented Russula.
Description
[edit]
Russula xerampelina has a characteristic odour of boiled crab or shrimp. Trimethylamine and its precursor, trimethylamine N-oxide, are the source of this mushroom’s distinct odour.[6] The cap is 5–20 cm (2–8 in) wide,[7][8] domed, flat, or with a slightly depressed centre, and sticky. The colour is variable, most commonly purple to wine-red, or greenish, and darker towards the centre of the cap. There are fine grooves up to a centimetre long running perpendicular to the margin. The gills have a mild to rather bitter taste, narrowly spaced, and turn creamy-yellow on aging specimens. The spore print is creamy-yellow to ochre. The oval spores measure 8.8–9.9 by 6.7–7.8 μm and are covered with 1 μm spines.[4] The stipe is 4–12 cm (1.5–4.5 in) long, 1.5–4 cm (0.5–1.5 in) wide, cylindrical, white or sometimes with a reddish blush, bruising brown.[7]
This Russula has been divided into several similar species by some mycologists. However, they all have the singular dark green colour reaction to iron salts (iron(II) sulfate) when applied to the flesh, and all smell of shellfish. This aroma is quite distinct, and becomes stronger with age.[9]
Similar species
[edit]More reddish-capped forms could be confused with the sickener (Russula emetica), although the latter always has a white stipe and gills; greener-capped species may resemble the also edible R. aeruginea.[10]
Many other species in the genus are similar, e.g. Russula graveolens,[11] but most lack the seafood smell. Russula olivacea has a more velvety cap.[8]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Russula xerampelina is widely distributed; quite common in northern temperate zones, and often ranging into the Arctic Circle, it also ranges south to Costa Rica.[12] In North America, it appears from July to October to the east and October to January in the west.[8] It grows solitary, or in groups with conifers,[1] and seems to have a preference for Douglas fir, or more rarely pine trees or larch.[4] It is sometimes found in deciduous woods, such as beech and oak.[10]
Variety tenuicarnosa has been found on sandy soils under pine in Slovakia and northern Italy in Trentino.[4]
Uses
[edit]The taste of Russula xerampelina is mild.[13] This Russula is considered one of the best edible species of its genus, although the crab, or shrimp taste and smell will persist even when cooking. This is more pronounced and less pleasant in older specimens.[14] The young caps are said to be superb stuffed with any suitable ingredients, and are rarely maggoty.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b David Arora (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ Giovanni Pacioni1993>Giovanni Pacioni (1993). The Macdonald Encyclopedia of Mushrooms and Toadstools (English version). Little, Brown & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-316-90625-5.
- ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ^ a b c d e Adamcik, Slavomir (2002). "Taxonomy of the Russula xerampelina group. Part 2. Taxonomic and nomenclatural study of Russula xerampelina and R. erythropoda". Mycotaxon. 82: 241–67.
- ^ Adamcik, Slavomir (2004). "Studies on Russula clavipes and related taxa of Russula section Xerampelinae with a predominantly olivaceous pileus". Persoonia. 18 (3): 393–409.
- ^ Wood, William F.; Largent, David L.; DeShazer, Darvin A. (2024). "The cooked shellfish-odour of the mushroom Russula xerampelina". Biosystematics and Ecology. 3: 1–3. doi:10.1553/biosystecol.3.e115244.
- ^ a b Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ a b c Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ Thomas Laessoe (1998). Mushrooms (flexi bound). Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-1070-0.
- ^ a b Nilson S & Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 122. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
- ^ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ Michael Kuo (January 2005). "Russula xerampelina". Mushroomexpert. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010) [2005]. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Mitchell Beazley Publishers >David Pegler (1981). The Mitchell Beazley Pocket Guide to Mushrooms and Toadstools. Mitchell Beasley. ISBN 0-85533-347-2.
- "Danske storsvampe. Basidiesvampe" [a key to Danish basidiomycetes] J.H. Petersen and J. Vesterholt eds. Gyldendal. Viborg, Denmark, 1990. ISBN 87-01-09932-9