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Marvel Studios

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Marvel Studios, LLC
FormerlyMarvel Films (1993–1996)
Company typeSubsidiary
Industry
  • Film
  • Television
  • Animation
  • Music
GenreSuperhero fiction
Founded
  • December 7, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-12-07) (as Marvel Films)
  • August 7, 1996; 28 years ago (1996-08-07) (as Marvel Studios)
FoundersAvi Arad
HeadquartersFrank G. Wells Building, 2nd Floor, 500 South Buena Vista Street,
Burbank, California
,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
  • Motion pictures
  • Television shows
BrandsMarvel Cinematic Universe
Parent
Divisions
Subsidiaries
Websitewww.marvel.com/movies
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Marvel Studios, LLC, formerly known as Marvel Films, is an American film and television production company. Marvel Studios is the creator of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), a media franchise and shared universe of films and television series produced by the studio, based on characters that appear in Marvel Comics publications. The studio was founded in 1993 by Avi Arad as part of Marvel Entertainment Group and has been led by producer Kevin Feige, who serves as its president since 2007. The studio originally licensed the film rights to several Marvel characters before beginning to produce its own films in 2004, and has since regained many of those rights. In 2009, the Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Studios' parent company Marvel Entertainment, and in 2015, they transferred Marvel Studios to the Walt Disney Studios, which has been a part of the Disney Entertainment division since 2023. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures has distributed most of the studio's films since The Avengers (2012).

Since 2008, Marvel Studios has released 34 films within the MCU, from Iron Man (2008) to Deadpool & Wolverine (2024); 11 television series since 2021, from WandaVision (2021) to Agatha All Along (2024); and two television specials: Werewolf by Night (2022) and The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022). The television series What If...? (2021–present) is the first animated property produced solely by the studio, through its "mini-studio" Marvel Studios Animation.[7] These films, television series, and television specials all share continuity with each other, along with five short films called Marvel One-Shots produced by the studio that were released from 2011 to 2014. From 2013 until 2020, Marvel Television released 12 television series, which also acknowledge the MCU continuity. These were produced before that company was folded into Marvel Studios in December 2019 and became a production label.

Eleven of Marvel Studios' films are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time. These include: The Avengers, Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Captain Marvel (2019), Avengers: Endgame (2019), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), and Deadpool & Wolverine;[8] Avengers: Endgame was the highest-grossing film of all time from July 2019 until March 2021.[9][10] In addition to the MCU, Marvel Studios has also been involved with the production of other Marvel-based film franchises that have grossed over $1 billion at the box office, including the X-Men and Spider-Man multi-film franchises, as well as eight direct-to-video short films with Marvel Animation called Marvel Animated Features that were released from 2006 until 2011. Since 2024, Marvel Studios has used "Marvel Television" and "Marvel Animation" banners to release their television and animated projects, respectively.

Background

[edit]

During what is known as Marvel's "Timely era", Captain America was licensed out to Republic Pictures for a 1944 serial film only for the free advertising. Timely failed to provide any drawing of Captain America with his shield or any further background, and Republic created a whole new background for the character and portrayed the character using a gun.[11] From the late 1970s through the early 1990s, Marvel Comics Group and Marvel Entertainment Group (MEG) sold options to studios to produce films based on Marvel Comics characters. One of Marvel's superheroes, Spider-Man, was optioned in the late 1970s, and rights reverted to Marvel without a film having been produced within the allocated time frame. From 1986 to 1996, most of Marvel's major characters were optioned, including the Fantastic Four, X-Men, Daredevil, the Hulk, Silver Surfer, and Iron Man.[12] Marvel's first big-screen adaptation of one of its properties was the 1986 film Howard the Duck,[13] which was a box-office bomb.[14] MEG was purchased by New World Entertainment in November 1986[15] and moved to produce films based on the Marvel characters. It released The Punisher (1989) before MEG was sold to Ronald Perelman's Andrews Group. Two other films were produced: Captain America (1990) released in the United Kingdom on screens and direct to video in the United States, and The Fantastic Four (1994), not intended for release.[16]

History

[edit]

Marvel Films (1993–1996)

[edit]
"Marvel Films" redirects here. For a list of films based on Marvel Comics, see List of films based on Marvel Comics publications.
The logo used under the Marvel Films branding

Following a deal between MEG and ToyBiz in 1993, Avi Arad of ToyBiz was named president and chief executive officer (CEO) of both the Marvel Films division and New World Family Filmworks, Inc., a New World Entertainment subsidiary. New World was MEG's former parent corporation and later a fellow subsidiary of the Andrews Group.[17][18] Marvel Productions became New World Animation by 1993 as Marvel would start up Marvel Films, including Marvel Films Animation.[17][19][20] Marvel Films Animation shared Tom Tataranowicz with New World Animation as head of development and production.[21] New World Animation (The Incredible Hulk), Saban (X-Men: The Animated Series) and Marvel Films Animation (Spider-Man) each produced a Marvel series for television for the 1996–1997 season.[22][20][23] By the end of 1993, Arad and 20th Century Fox struck a deal to make a film based on the X-Men.[24] New World Animation and Marvel Films Animation were sold along with the rest of New World by the Andrews Group to News Corporation and Fox as announced in August 1996. As part of the deal, Marvel licensed the rights to Captain America, Daredevil, and Silver Surfer to be on Fox Kids Network and produced by Saban. New World Animation continued producing a second season of The Incredible Hulk for UPN.[22][25]

Formation of Marvel Studios and licensing films (1996–2004)

[edit]
Avi Arad at the San Diego Comic-Con in 2013
Avi Arad, the founder of Marvel Studios

On August 7, 1996, Marvel Studios was created by Marvel. Filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to raise money to finance the new corporation, Marvel, Isaac Perlmutter's Zib, Inc. and Avi Arad sold ToyBiz stocks.[12][26] ToyBiz filed an offering of 7.5 million shares with a closing price of $20.125 at the time, making the offering worth approximately $150 million. ToyBiz sought to sell 1 million shares.[27] Jerry Calabrese, the president of Marvel Entertainment Group, and Avi Arad, head of Marvel Films and a director of ToyBiz, were assigned tandem control of Marvel Studios. Under Calabrese and Arad, Marvel sought to control pre-production by commissioning scripts, hiring directors, and casting characters, providing the package to a major studio partner for filming and distribution. Arad said of the goal for control, "When you get into business with a big studio, they are developing a hundred or 500 projects; you get totally lost. That isn't working for us. We're just not going to do it anymore. Period."[12] Marvel Studios arranged a seven-year development deal with 20th Century Fox to cover markets in the United States and internationally.[28]

In December 1996, Marvel Entertainment Group underwent a Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization plan, including Marvel Studios as part of its strategic investment.[29] By 1997, Marvel Studios was actively pursuing various film productions based on Marvel characters, including the eventual films X-Men (2000), Daredevil (2003), Elektra (2005), and Fantastic Four (2005). Unproduced projects included Prince Namor, based on the character Namor and to be directed by Philip Kaufman, and Mort the Dead Teenager, based on the comic book of the same name and written by John Payson and Mort creator Larry Hama.[30] Marvel's Captain America animated series with Saban Entertainment for Fox Kids Network was set to premiere in late 1998. However, due to the bankruptcy, the series was canceled after only character designs and a one-minute promotional reel were made.[31][32][33]

The first film packaged and licensed by Marvel Studios was Blade (1998), based on the vampire hunter Blade. The film was directed by Stephen Norrington and starred Wesley Snipes as Blade. It was released on August 21, 1998, grossing $70,087,718 in the United States and Canada and $131,183,530 worldwide.[34] Blade was followed by X-Men, which was directed by Bryan Singer and was released on July 14, 2000. X-Men grossed $157,299,717 in the United States and Canada and $296,250,053 worldwide.[35] Blade and X-Men demonstrated that widely popular films could be made out of comic book characters not familiar to the general public.[36] Leading up to X-Men's release, Marvel Studios negotiated a deal with then-functional Artisan Entertainment, successful with the low-budget The Blair Witch Project, for a co-production joint venture that included rights to 15 Marvel characters including Captain America, Thor (as a television series), Black Panther (with Snipes attached to produce and star), Deadpool, Iron Fist, Morbius, the Living Vampire, Longshot, Power Pack, Mort the Dead Teenager, Ant-Man,[37] and the Punisher.[38] Artisan would finance and distribute while Marvel would develop licensing and merchandising tie-ins. The resulting production library, which would also include television series, direct-to-video films, and internet projects, would be co-owned.[37] By 2001, the success of Marvel Entertainment's Ultimate Marvel imprint comics created leverage in Hollywood for Marvel Studios, pushing more properties into development.[39]

David Maisel conceived a plan for Marvel to finance its own films and became the president of Marvel Studios in 2004.[40][41]

The next film licensed from Marvel Studios was Spider-Man (2002) by Columbia Pictures, directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as Spider-Man. The film was released on May 3, 2002, grossing $403,706,375 in the United States and Canada and $821,708,551 worldwide.[42] The early success of Spider-Man led the film's studio to issue a seven-figure advance for a sequel. Arad spoke of the deal, "Movies make sequels. Therefore, it's a big economic luxury to know that a movie's going to get a second and third. This is a business of precedence."[43] According to a Lehman Brothers analysis, Marvel Studios made only $62 million for the first two Spider-Man films.[44] Marvel was making more from half the consumer product licensing fees while making relatively little from the films, but was enough for Marvel to regain its financial footing.[41] In October 2002, Marvel Studios announced deals for the Sub-Mariner and Prime with Universal Pictures.[45]

In contrast to the original storylines of DC Comics' Superman and Batman films, Marvel films often emphasized more fidelity to their comics, applying set pieces, scenes, plots, and dialogue drawn from them.[36] In 2003, David Maisel approached Arad about earning Marvel more for their films. Maisel, Arad, and Perlmutter met, leading to Maisel being hired as president and chief operating officer (COO). The studio's office was small on Santa Monica Boulevard, with around a dozen staff members. Kevin Feige, who later became the president of Marvel Studios, was then a junior executive generating script notes to the licensed studios.[41] In January 2003, Marvel, the Sci-Fi Channel, and Reveille Productions agreed to develop two pilot films based on Brother Voodoo and Strikeforce: Morituri.[46] In December 2003, Lionsgate purchased Artisan Entertainment and they decided to let all of the character rights Artisan held, except Punisher, revert to Marvel.[47][48]: 279  Marvel Studios partnered with Lionsgate in 2004 to produce eight animated films, called Marvel Animated Features, for the direct-to-DVD market with Lionsgate Home Entertainment handling distribution.[49][50] The line was a proof of concept for Maisel's later plan.[41] Eric Rollman was hired by Marvel as Executive Vice President of home entertainment & TV production for Marvel Studios to oversee the deal with Lionsgate.[51]

Transition to film production (2004–2009)

[edit]

Maisel was hired in 2004 as president and chief operating officer of Marvel Studios as he had a plan for the studio to self-finance its films.[40][41] Marvel entered into a non-recourse debt structure with Merrill Lynch that was collateralized by certain film rights to a total of ten characters from Marvel's vast vault. Marvel received $525 million to make a maximum of ten films based on the company's properties over eight years, according to the parameters of the original deal. Those characters were Ant-Man, the Avengers, Black Panther, Captain America, Cloak & Dagger, Doctor Strange, Hawkeye, Nick Fury, Power Pack, and Shang-Chi.[52] Ambac insured the films would succeed or they would pay the interest payment on the debt and get the film rights as collateral.[44] Initially, Marvel Studios was in talks with Universal Pictures as a possible distributor, because Universal owned the film rights to both the Hulk and Namor during that time.[53][54] Negotiations dragged on, so the studio began talks with Paramount Pictures. In the second quarter of 2005, Merrill attempted to back out of full financing of each film, demanding that Marvel finance one-third of the budget. Marvel took back rights in five foreign territories from Paramount for pre-sell to meet that demand.[41] In September 2005, Marvel announced the Merrill Lynch financing deal with Paramount was on as marketer and distributor. Marvel Studios' parent company Marvel Enterprises, Inc. then changed its name to Marvel Entertainment, Inc. to reflect the change to self-production.[52]

Kevin Feige speaking at the San Diego Comic-Con in 2024
Kevin Feige has been the primary producer at Marvel Studios since 2007 and became its president a year later.

The studio moved to a new location over a Mercedes-Benz dealership in Beverly Hills, California. Maisel was also named vice-chairman of the studio, but reported to Marvel Entertainment CEO Isaac Perlmutter.[41] In November 2005, Michael Helfant joined the studio as president and chief operating officer.[55] Also that month, Marvel gained the film rights to Iron Man from New Line Cinema. Marvel then revealed that it had regained the film rights to the Hulk from Universal in February 2006,[56] in exchange for letting Universal own the distribution rights to The Incredible Hulk (2008) and the right of first refusal to pick up the distribution rights to any future Marvel Studios-produced Hulk films.[57] In April 2006, Thor was announced to be a Marvel Studios production,[58] while Lions Gate Entertainment subsequently dropped the Black Widow film it had in development since 2004 and returned the rights to Marvel.[59]

Maisel and Arad fought over the rate of film releases and the strength of characters in the film lineup. Perlmutter supported Maisel and thus, in May 2006, Arad quit as studio chair and CEO.[40][60] In March 2007, Helfant was "forced out" of the studio while Maisel was named chairman and Kevin Feige was named president of production to replace Helfant as Iron Man (2008) began filming.[61][62] In January 2008, Marvel Animation was incorporated to direct Marvel's efforts in animation and home entertainment markets including then animation efforts with Lionsgate and Nickelodeon.[51] In March, the company agreed to a five picture basic cable distribution with FX for the films Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk, with additional films to be named later.[63] Following the successful opening weekend of Iron Man in May 2008, Maisel had his contract extended through 2010 and Feige was promoted to president of Marvel Studios.[64] In November, Marvel Studios signed a lease with Raleigh Studios to host its headquarters and production offices and film the next four films on the studios' slate, including Iron Man 2 (2010) and Thor (2011), at their Manhattan Beach Studios Media Campus facilities.[65] By September 2008, Paramount added five additional Marvel films' foreign distribution to its domestic film distribution contract.[66]

In 2009, producer Stephen Broussard was tasked with forming a writers program for the studio. The writers were hired for a year to be on call to do emergency script polishes for films in production,[48]: 165  as well as develop scripts based on some lesser-known properties, such as Black Panther, Cable, Iron Fist, Nighthawk, and Vision.[48]: 165 [67] Writers included: Edward Ricourt, who was encouraged to write a script for Luke Cage as it was of high interest to the studio;[48]: 165  Nicole Perlman, who chose to write a script based on the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy team;[48]: 167  Christopher Yost, who was asked to pitch a Black Panther film for his interview,[48]: 166  and took interest in writing scripts about the Thunderbolts, Power Pack, and Brian Braddock / Captain Britain;[48]: 173  Joe Robert Cole, who initially pitched a War Machine film before joining the writers program where he created scripts for the Inhumans;[48]: 169  and Eric Pearson, who was asked to pitch a Cloak and Dagger film and also worked to rewrite a Luke Cage script.[48]: 171  After Broussard moved on to the production of Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Marvel Studios hired Nate Moore to oversee the writers program, who at times was assisted by the also newly hired executive Jodi Hildebrand. Particular properties Feige was interested in having screenplays for were Black Panther, Iron Fist, and Blade.[48]: 167–168, 171  The program was shut down in 2014 before being revived in 2016.[48]: 172  In early 2009, Sony returned all Spider-Man television rights (including live-action) in exchange for an adjustment to the film rights.[68]

Disney conglomerate subsidiary (since 2009)

[edit]

Acquisition by Disney and immediate changes (2009–2015)

[edit]

On August 31, 2009, the Walt Disney Company announced that it had reached a deal to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion.[69] The deal was completed on December 31, with Marvel Entertainment becoming a subsidiary of Disney.[70] Both Marvel and Disney stated that the merger would not affect any pre-existing deals with other film studios for the time being,[71] although Disney said they would distribute future Marvel projects with their own studio once the deals expired.[72] Maisel stepped down from the studio following the sale to Disney.[73] In April 2010, rumors circulated that Marvel was looking to create $20–40 million films based on properties such as Doctor Strange, Ka-Zar, Luke Cage, Dazzler, and Power Pack.[74] Feige responded by saying, while budgets are generally never discussed early in development, Marvel was considering films for all characters mentioned in the rumor, except Dazzler, whose rights were at Fox.[75]

The "Marvel" logo on a blue background with "Studios" in white underneath and "Project Rebirth" in the top corner of the screen at D23 Expo.
The typeface "Marvel" logo with "Studios" spaced out underneath on a red background.
The logos for Marvel Studios at the 2011 D23 Expo (top) and its typeface logo from 2013–2016 (bottom)

In June 2010, Marvel Entertainment set up a television division within Marvel Studios called Marvel Television to be headed up by Jeph Loeb as Executive Vice President,[76] under which Marvel Animation would be operated.[77] In October, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures acquired the distribution rights for The Avengers (2012) and Iron Man 3 (2013) from Paramount Pictures[78] with Paramount's logo and credit remaining on those films.[79] In August 2011, at Disney's behest, the studio dismissed most of its marketing department, including EVP of Worldwide Marketing Dana Precious, VP of Worldwide Marketing Jeffrey Stewart, and Manager of Worldwide Marketing Jodi Miller. Disney subsequently began marketing Marvel's films.[80] In April 2012, the Walt Disney Company China, Marvel Studios, and DMG Entertainment announced an agreement to co-produce Iron Man 3 in China. DMG partly financed, produced in China with Marvel, and handled co-production matters. DMG also distributed the film in China in tandem with Disney.[81]

In April 2013, Marvel Studios moved its executive production offices from the Manhattan Beach Studios Media Campus to the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California.[82] In July 2013, Disney purchased the distribution rights to Iron Man, Iron Man 2, Thor, and Captain America: The First Avenger from Paramount.[83][84] In September 2014, TNT acquired the cable rights for Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), and three other films, to air on the network two years after their theatrical releases. The films had previously aired on FX since 2008.[85]

Walt Disney Studios subsidiary and expansion to television and animation (since 2015)

[edit]

In August 2015, Marvel Studios was placed into Walt Disney Studios, with Feige reporting directly to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn instead of Marvel Entertainment CEO Isaac Perlmutter. Marvel Television and subsidiary Marvel Animation were left under Marvel Entertainment and Perlmutter's control.[86][87] As of April 2017, Marvel Studios was housed on the second floor of the Frank G. Wells Building at the Disney studio lot.[1][2] Fast Company ranked Marvel Studios number eleven on its 2018 World's Most Innovative Companies list.[88]

In September 2018, it was reported that Marvel Studios was developing several limited series for the streaming service Disney+, to be centered on "second tier" characters from the MCU films who had not and were unlikely to star in their own films. Characters being considered for series included Loki and Scarlet Witch, with the actors who portrayed the characters in the films expected to reprise their roles for the limited series. Each series was expected to be six to eight episodes, with a "hefty [budget] rivaling those of a major studio productions". The series would be produced by Marvel Studios rather than Marvel Television, with Feige taking a "hands-on role" in each series' development.[89] In October 2019, Feige was given the title of Chief Creative Officer, Marvel, and would oversee the creative direction of Marvel Television and Marvel Family Entertainment, with both being returned to being under the Marvel Studios banner.[90] Two months later, Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios, with Marvel Studios overseeing development of all the Marvel Television series in production at the time of its closing. Karim Zreik, Marvel Television's senior vice president of current programming and production, would join Marvel Studios alongside his team to oversee the production of the Marvel Television series inherited by Marvel Studios.[91]

In May 2022, Marvel Studios signed a 20-year licensing deal with Stan Lee Universe to license the name and likeness of Lee for use in future films, television series, Disney theme parks and cruises, various "experiences", and merchandising. A digitally recreated Lee was not expected to make cameo appearances in future projects, rather the deal allows Marvel to use Lee's name, voice, likeness, signature, and existing images and archival material.[92] In June 2023, the distribution rights to The Incredible Hulk reverted from Universal back to Marvel and Disney.[93]

The logo for the Marvel Television label of Marvel Studios introduced in 2024

By October 2023, Marvel Studios was planning to hire dedicated executives to focus on their television efforts, as part of their larger plan to change their approach to their television series.[94] Production and development executive Richie Palmer was serving as a television executive by January 2024.[95] In May 2024, Marvel Studios revealed that its live-action Disney+ series would be released under a new "Marvel Television" banner, separate from the previous company of the same name, starting with Agatha All Along later in 2024.[96]

Marvel Studios Animation
[edit]
Main article: Marvel Studios Animation

In June 2021, ahead of Marvel Studios' first solely produced animated series What If...?, executive vice president of film production Victoria Alonso noted that the studio was creating an "animation branch and mini-studio" to focus on more animated content beyond What If...?.[97] Marvel Studios outsources the animation for its animated series to third-party animation studios, though executive Brad Winderbaum indicated Marvel would work with fellow Disney studios Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios "under the right circumstances".[98] In September 2021, Alonso was promoted to President of Physical, Post Production, VFX and Animation.[99] In November 2021, Marvel Studios announced the animated series X-Men '97 (2024–present), a revival of X-Men: The Animated Series (1992–1997) that is set in that series' continuity.[100] The animation branch of Marvel Studios and "mini-studio" is known as Marvel Studios Animation.[7] By April 2022, Marvel Studios had taken over production of the preschool animated series Spidey and His Amazing Friends, starting from its second season; the first season was produced under the Marvel Entertainment banner.[101] The "Marvel Animation" name and banner was used for the division's projects by May 2024.[96]

Firing of Victoria Alonso and relationship with VFX workers
[edit]
Victoria Alonso being interviewed at the premiere of Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania in 2023
Victoria Alonso was the president of physical and post-production, VFX, and animation until her firing in 2023.

In March 2023, Alonso was fired from her role at Marvel Studios by a group including Disney Entertainment co-chairman Alan Bergman and Disney's human resources and legal departments for serving as a producer on the Amazon Studios film Argentina, 1985 (2022); this was a breach of a 2018 agreement between Alonso and Disney which stated employees would not work for a competing studio.[102][103] Alonso reportedly did not seek permission to work on the film, and was asked by Disney to stop working on the film, as well as not to promote or publicize it, with the situation "deemed serious enough" that Disney requested a new agreement be signed. Despite this, Alonso continued to promote the film following its September 2022 premiere, and was consistently reminded of her agreement and breach of contract, ultimately leading to her firing.[102] Alonso's lawyers refuted this claim, stating Disney was aware of, and agreed to, Alonso's work on Argentina, 1985, and that she was instead "silenced[... and] was terminated when she refused to do something she believed was reprehensible";[104] this incident was reported to be a disagreement with a Disney executive over the censoring of gay pride elements in Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023) to release the film in Kuwait and comply with its restrictive anti-LGBTQ laws.[105][106] A Disney spokesperson reiterated the notion that she was fired due to "an indisputable breach of contract and a direct violation of company policy" among other "key factors".[104] Disney and Alonso reached a multimillion-dollar compensation settlement in April.[107]

Also at the time of Alonso's firing, criticism from VFX workers was noted,[103] who had raised complaints of Marvel's "demanding post-production schedules". Alonso was described by some as a "kingmaker",[103][7] and "challenging to work with",[105] with Chris Lee at Vulture reporting that Alonso was "singularly responsible for Marvel's toxic work environment" with VFX workers.[108][7] Alonso reportedly took days off to produce Argentina, 1985 instead of her post-production commitments for the various MCU projects, which in turn resulted in the need to delay several projects in 2022 and 2023.[105] However, Alonso was also described as the "epitome of professional" and supportive on set, with Joanna Robinson of The Ringer describing the reports as a "gross mischaracterization" and the opposite of Alonso's work.[103][109] Following Alonso's firing, visual effects vendors for the various MCU projects were working with producer Jen Underdahl, the vice president of visual effects and stereo.[102][110]

In August 2023, a group of 52 on-set VFX workers at Marvel Studios filed a petition with the National Labor Relations Board for an election to join the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) labor union the VFX Union. This was the first time any workers in the visual effects industry had petitioned for union recognition. Lee believed if this group of workers were able to secure union recognition, it "would stand as proof of concept for the overall viability of an industry-wide unionization push", particularly at the post-production effect houses.[111] All of the workers who participated in the election vote that concluded in early September voted unanimously to form a union with IATSE, with the union then set to enter into collective bargaining negotiations with Marvel, beginning at an unspecified date.[112]

Character rights

[edit]

Marvel had licensed out the film rights to many of their characters to other studios in the 1990s, starting with the X-Men,[24] the Fantastic Four, Spider-Man, and Daredevil, which were followed by Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, the Hulk, Ant-Man and the Wasp, Black Widow, Luke Cage, the Punisher, Blade, Ghost Rider, Man-Thing, Black Panther, Deadpool, and Prime, among others.[45][113]

In February 2015, Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that Spider-Man would appear in the MCU, with the character appearing in Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Sony releasing Spider-Man: Homecoming, produced by Feige and Amy Pascal, in July 2017. As part of the deal, Sony Pictures would continue to finance, distribute, own and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films.[114] In June 2015, Feige clarified that the initial Sony deal did not allow Spider-Man to appear in any of the MCU television series, as it was "very specific... with a certain amount of back and forth allowed."[115] In September 2019, it was announced that Disney and Sony had reached a new agreement allowing for Spider-Man to appear in a third standalone film (produced by Marvel Studios and Feige) and a future Marvel Studios film.[116] Disney was reported to be co-financing 25% of the film in exchange for 25% of the film's profits in the new agreement, while retaining the merchandising rights to the character.[116][117] In November 2021, Pascal announced plans for a fourth Spider-Man film set in the MCU, in addition to long-term plans for a new trilogy of films with Marvel Studios, with said film entering active development the following month.[118][119] Sony's agreement specifies that production has to start on a film within three years and nine months of the previous one, and release within five years and nine months, otherwise the rights revert to Marvel.[48]: 295  Sony has access to 856 characters within their agreement,[48]: 297  including Kingpin, who is able to be used by both Sony and Marvel Studios.[120]

In March 2023, Citigroup financial analyst Jason Bazinet felt Disney may try to include the distribution rights to the Hulk and Namor in any potential sale of the streaming service Hulu to Comcast, the owner of Universal Pictures through NBCUniversal.[121] In June 2023, the distribution rights to The Incredible Hulk reverted from Universal back to Marvel and Disney.[93]

The following table details the rights that have returned to Marvel along with the studios from which they returned and the year in which they returned.

Character rights for Marvel Studios films
Character(s) Year From Notes / Ref.
Black Panther 2005 Columbia Pictures and Artisan Entertainment [122]
Iron Man New Line Cinema [56]
Thor 2006 Columbia Pictures [58]
Black Widow Lionsgate Films [59]
Hulk 2006, 2023 Universal Pictures The film rights to the Hulk reverted to Marvel Studios from Universal Pictures in 2006, after the latter failed to enter production on a sequel to director Ang Lee's film Hulk (2003). Universal, however, for letting the rights revert to Marvel before they even expired,[41] retained the right of first refusal to distribute future standalone Hulk films.[123] In June 2023, the distribution rights to The Incredible Hulk (2008) reverted to Marvel and Disney.[93]
Blade 2012 New Line Cinema [124][125]
Daredevil 20th Century Fox and New Regency [126][127]
Ghost Rider 2013 Columbia Pictures [125]
The Punisher Lionsgate Films
Luke Cage Columbia Pictures [128]
Namor 2014 Universal Pictures In 2012, Marvel Entertainment CCO Joe Quesada believed Namor's rights had reverted to Marvel, but Feige said in August 2013 this was not so.[54] However, Feige expanded in July 2014 saying that Marvel Studios, not Universal Pictures or Legendary Pictures, could make a Namor film, "but it's slightly more complicated than that. Let's put it this way – there are entanglements that make it less easy. There are older contracts that still involve other parties that mean we need to work things out before we move forward on it. As opposed to an Iron Man or any of the Avengers or any of the other Marvel characters where we could just put them in."[129] In June 2016, Quesada again stated that, to his knowledge, the film rights to Namor had returned to Marvel.[130] In October 2018, Feige noted the character could appear in the MCU, with the studio still deciding how it would use the character.[131] The character first appeared in the MCU in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022).[132] In November 2022, Marvel Studios executive Nate Moore confirmed that they cannot make a standalone Namor film since Universal still holds the character's distribution rights, similar to the Hulk.[133]
Ego the Living Planet 2016 20th Century Fox 20th Century Fox was able to change the powers of Negasonic Teenage Warhead for Deadpool (2016) by giving Marvel Studios the rights to Ego the Living Planet, who first appears in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017).[134]
Fantastic Four 2019 20th Century Fox and Constantin Film In 1986, Constantin Film originally licensed the film rights of the Fantastic Four from Marvel[135] and produced the unreleased low-budget film The Fantastic Four in 1992 with Roger Corman's New Horizon Studios to renew the license. Marvel paid in exchange for the film's negative so Constantin could sub-license the rights to 20th Century Fox. On December 14, 2017, Disney agreed to purchase 20th Century Fox's parent company 21st Century Fox, after it spun off some of its businesses as Fox Corporation.[136] The deal was completed on March 20, 2019.[137]
X-Men 20th Century Fox On December 14, 2017, Disney agreed to purchase 20th Century Fox's parent company 21st Century Fox, after it spun off some of its businesses as Fox Corporation.[136] The deal was completed on March 20, 2019.[137]
Deadpool

Corporate structure

[edit]

Units

[edit]
"Marvel Music (record label)" redirects here. For the former Marvel Comics imprint, see Marvel Music. For the music released for many of their films and television shows, see Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
  • MVL Productions LLC – film slate subsidiary[138][139]
  • Marvel Studios Animation – a "mini-studio" formed in June 2021 to oversee the development of Marvel Studios' animated series part of the "Marvel Animation" banner[7][96]
  • Marvel Music, Inc. (2005–present)[140] – subsidiary involved in the publishing of music related to its productions. The company was incorporated on September 9, 2005,[141] and announced as a label for releasing music related to Marvel's film and television productions in 2009.[142] Marvel Music has released albums in conjunction with Disney's Hollywood Records.[143]
  • Marvel Television (2019–present) – a unit label used for Marvel television series[144]
  • Marvel Animation, Inc. (June 2004; 2008–2015; 2019–present) – subsidiary charged with oversight of Marvel's animation productions outside the MCU[51][145]
    • Marvel Animation Studios (2012–2020)[146]
    • MLG Productions (2006–2011) – Marvel and Lionsgate's subsidiary group for the Marvel Animated Features[147][148]
    • MVL Development LLC (Delaware) – rights subsidiary
    • Marvel Films Animation (1994–1997) – animation subdivision
    • Marvel Film Productions LLC (Delaware)

Key people

[edit]

Studio heads

[edit]

Parliament

[edit]

The "Marvel Studios Parliament", otherwise known as "The Parliament", is the creative decision-making committee at Marvel Studios and a "brain trust" of long-time executives who help to elevate each other's projects where possible.[150][151][152][94] The following executives are members of the Parliament:[153]

  • Stephen Broussard, Executive, Production and Development[154]
  • Ryan Meinerding, Head of Visual Development and Character Design;[155][156][153] formerly Visual Development Supervisor[157]
  • Nate Moore, Vice President of Production and Development[149][158] (2010–March 2025)[159]
  • Jonathan Schwartz, Vice President of Production and Development[158][94]
  • Trinh Tran, Executive, Production and Development[160]
  • Brad Winderbaum, Head of Streaming, Television and Animation;[161] formerly a Vice President of Production and Development[158]

Production and Development group

[edit]

A number of other executives serve as lead producers on films and television series, working on each project from their inception through their release as managers alongside other executives,[152][162] as part of the Production and Development group. Some of these executives include:[153]

  • Sana Amanat, Executive of Production and Development[163][164]: 23 
  • Brian Chapek, Director, Production & Development and creative executive (2011 – September 2020; June 2023–present)[165][166][167][168]
  • Grant Curtis[152][153]
  • Brian Gay, Director of Production & Development; formerly Feige's Executive Coordinator[169][153]
  • Richie Palmer, Production and Development manager and television executive; formerly Feige's Production Assistant[170][95][171]

Visual Development group

[edit]

The Visual Development group is an in-house group of artists who work on a film from its start to provide a consistent look for the studio.[157][additional citation(s) needed]

In addition to Meinerding, the group includes Andy Park, Director of Visual Development and Production Illustrator[172][173]

Other executives

[edit]
  • Mitchell Bell, Vice President of Physical Production[174]
  • Russell Bobbitt, property master[175]
  • David J. Grant, Vice President of Physical Production[176]
  • Charles Newirth, frequent executive producer[177]
  • Jen Underdahl, Vice President of Visual Effects and Stereo[110]
  • Dana Vasquez-Eberhardt, Vice President of Animation[178]

Additionally, Sarah Halley Finn has served as a frequent casting director for several MCU films and television series.[179]

Former executives

[edit]
  • Victoria Alonso, former president of physical and post-production, VFX, and animation (2006 – March 2023);[180][99] formerly Executive Vice President of Production and chief of visual effects and post-production[149][180]
  • Avi Arad, founder and former chairman and CEO[64][40]
  • Dave Bushore, VP, franchise creative & immersive development; formerly Winderbaum's coordinator (2009 – September 2024)[181]
  • Eric Hauserman Carroll, former Executive, Production and Development;[182][183][184] formerly Director of Development[185]
  • Chris Gary, former Production and Development executive[186][94][153]
  • Michael Helfant, former president and chief operating officer (November 2005 – March 2007)[55][62]
  • Jeremy Latcham, former SVP Production and Development[187]
  • David Maisel, former chairman, and before that vice-chairman, president, and chief operating officer[64][40][41]
  • Kevin R. Wright, former Production and Development manager and creative executive[162][188][189]
  • Karim Zreik, former SVP of Original Programming and Production for Marvel Television[190]
[edit]

Films and television series designs

[edit]
Logo animation (2013–2016), featuring the first Marvel Studios fanfare created by Brian Tyler (0:28).

Starting with the release of Spider-Man in 2002, Marvel Studios introduced its "flipbook" production logo, created by Imaginary Forces.[191] This logo was accompanied by music from the film's score, sound effects or a song, to lead into the beginning of the film. This was the logo seen in front of all of the studio's films until 2013, when the logo was updated with the release of Thor: The Dark World, again created by Imaginary Forces. Feige stated that since Marvel was now their own entity within the Walt Disney Company, it "felt like the time to update it and have something that is more substantial as a standalone logo in front of our features" instead of having it be accompanied by Marvel's studio or distribution partners' logos. Feige added that they "didn't want to re-invent the wheel [with the new logo], but we wanted it to feel bigger, to feel more substantial, which is why it starts with the flip, but suddenly it's more dimensional as we go through the lettering and it reveals itself with the metallic sheen before settling into the white-on-red, well known Marvel logo, with the added flourish of the arrival and the announcement of the Studios at the bottom of the word Marvel."[192] Imaginary Forces used the same animation technique on the updated logo, as they did when they created the first version in 2002. They were given a few hundred comic books to select images from, and ultimately chose 120 that were "universal and not specific to one character" and created a narrative "where each image spoke to the one before it and after."[191] The new logo appeared on all subsequent studio productions set within the Marvel Cinematic Universe through Captain America: Civil War. With the addition of the new logo, Marvel Studios also added a fanfare to accompany the logo, composed by Brian Tyler, who wrote the scores to Iron Man 3, Thor: The Dark World, and Avengers: Age of Ultron.[192] It was featured on the films Thor: The Dark World, Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and Guardians of the Galaxy (2014).

Logo animation (2016–present), featuring the second Marvel Studios fanfare created by Michael Giacchino (0:37).

In July 2016, another new logo and opening were introduced, featuring an updated fanfare, composed this time by Michael Giacchino, who first worked with Marvel Studios on the score to Doctor Strange (2016). The new opening begins with comic book panels seen in the previous two openings but transitions into footage and art of the characters from the Marvel Cinematic Universe films.[193] It was first seen in front of Doctor Strange.[194] The updated logo was created by Perception, which was first approached in January 2016 by Marvel to update their logo. Feige specifically requested Perception "to combine the brand and the iconic characters into a single image, showcasing the heroes within the letterforms of the Marvel logo." The Perception team settled on a concept they dubbed "How to Build a Universe", which "was designed to pay tribute to [the filmmaking] process by touching on" how a film's origins are inspired by the comics, which then results in a script, followed by concept art, resulting in the final film. Perception looked to the initial "flipbook" logo for inspiration, and paid tribute to it in the new opening, as it opens identically to the flipbook logo. Next, the opening includes "various lines lifted directly from the script pages of various Marvel screenplays", with Perception picking "both iconic fan-favorites, as well as lines that helped establish the breadth of the Marvel Universe." To add in the concept art images, Perception looked "through a massive archive of concept art and "The Art Of..." books, to select the most iconic images for each beloved character. Utilizing the original digital paintings themselves, the Perception team animated each image being painted from scratch. The final touch was mapping this artwork onto 3D models to giving these once 2D paintings a sense of depth as the camera moves around them." Finally, over 70 pieces of footage from the 13 films that had been released at that time were included, with Perception arranging them in a way they called the "vault" "where luminescent footage plays on the interior walls of the "Marvel" logotype."[195]

The Marvel Studios logo for the MCU's 10th anniversary

A modified version of Perception's logo was introduced at the 2017 D23 Expo to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the MCU.[196] The logo debuted with Avengers: Infinity War on April 26, 2018, and was used again in Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018). With the release of Captain Marvel, the current Perception logo was altered at Marvel Studios' behest in honor of Stan Lee; Lee died on November 12, 2018, just a few months before the release of the film.[197] The logo was altered, replacing the characters with Stan Lee's MCU cameos and other public appearances related to the MCU, accompanied by a black screen reading "Thank You Stan".[198] Similarly, the logo was retroactively modified for the Disney+ version of Black Panther (2018) in honor of Chadwick Boseman, who died on August 28, 2020. The logo was altered, replacing the characters with images and footage of T'Challa and Boseman. The logo premiered on November 29, 2020, which would have been Boseman's 44th birthday.[199][200] Additional modifications include having the characters who disappeared in the Blip removed for Avengers: Endgame; an additional Boseman tribute one for Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022); and an all-Guardians of the Galaxy opening for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). A shortened sequence opening was used for the Disney+ series Secret Invasion (2023).[201] "What If... Strange Supreme Intervened?" (2023), the What If...? season two finale, replaced the live-action footage of the logo with animated images from What If...?.[202]

Television specials design

[edit]

Television specials from Marvel Studios, which are marketed as "Marvel Studios Special Presentation", feature a special multicolored intro with bongo drum music, reminiscent of the CBS Special Presentation theme featured before animated holiday specials of the 1980s and 1990s.[203][204] The intro was also designed by Perception,[205] with Giacchino (who directed and composed for the special Werewolf by Night) once again creating the music.[204] Jamie Lovett at ComicBook.com called the Marvel Studios Special Presentation intro "more colorful" and its fanfare "more playful" than the normal Marvel Studios intro.[206]

Production library

[edit]

Films

[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films and List of films based on Marvel Comics publications.

Highest-grossing films

[edit]
Further information: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films § Box office performance
† Indicates films playing in theatres in the week commencing 20 December 2024.
Highest-grossing films in North America
Rank Title Year Box office gross[207]
1 Avengers: Endgame 2019 $858,373,000
2 Spider-Man: No Way Home 2021 $814,866,759
3 Black Panther 2018 $700,426,566
4 Avengers: Infinity War $678,815,482
5 Deadpool & Wolverine † 2024 $636,333,992
6 The Avengers 2012 $623,357,910
7 Avengers: Age of Ultron 2015 $459,005,868
8 Black Panther: Wakanda Forever 2022 $453,829,060
9 Captain Marvel 2019 $426,829,839
10 Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness 2022 $411,331,607
11 Iron Man 3 2013 $409,013,994
12 Captain America: Civil War 2016 $408,084,349
13 Spider-Man: Far From Home 2019 $391,283,774
14 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 2017 $389,813,101
15 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 2023 $358,995,815
16 Thor: Love and Thunder 2022 $343,256,830
17 Spider-Man: Homecoming 2017 $334,952,829
18 Guardians of the Galaxy 2014 $333,718,600
19 Iron Man 2008 $319,034,126
20 Thor: Ragnarok 2017 $315,058,289
21 Iron Man 2 2011 $312,433,331
22 Captain America: The Winter Soldier 2014 $259,766,572
23 Doctor Strange 2016 $232,641,920
24 Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings 2021 $224,543,292
25 Ant-Man and the Wasp 2018 $216,648,740
Highest-grossing films worldwide
Rank Title Year Box office gross[208]
1 Avengers: Endgame 2019 $2,799,439,100
2 Avengers: Infinity War 2018 $2,052,415,039
3 Spider-Man: No Way Home 2021 $1,921,373,347
4 The Avengers 2012 $1,520,538,536
5 Avengers: Age of Ultron 2015 $1,405,018,048
6 Black Panther 2018 $1,349,926,083
7 Deadpool & Wolverine † 2024 $1,336,674,501
8 Iron Man 3 2013 $1,266,152,644
9 Captain America: Civil War 2016 $1,155,046,416
10 Spider-Man: Far From Home 2019 $1,132,705,055
11 Captain Marvel $1,131,416,446
12 Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness 2022 $955,775,804
13 Spider-Man: Homecoming 2017 $880,944,210
14 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 $863,756,903
15 Black Panther: Wakanda Forever 2022 $859,208,836
16 Thor: Ragnarok 2017 $855,301,806
17 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 2023 $845,555,777
18 Guardians of the Galaxy 2014 $773,350,376
19 Thor: Love and Thunder 2022 $760,928,081
20 Captain America: The Winter Soldier 2014 $714,421,503
21 Doctor Strange 2016 $677,796,833
22 Thor: The Dark World 2013 $644,783,140
23 Iron Man 2 2011 $623,933,331
24 Ant-Man and the Wasp 2018 $622,674,139
25 Iron Man 2008 $585,796,247

‡—Includes theatrical reissue(s).

Marvel Knights

[edit]
Main article: Marvel Knights § Film

Marvel Knights was a production arm of Marvel Studios intended to be used to produce some of Marvel's darker and lesser-known titles. The name originated from the "Marvel Knights" imprint of Marvel Comics. The first film produced under the Marvel Knights banner was Punisher: War Zone (2008), which served as a reboot of the Punisher franchise. This was followed by Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2011), which was the second and final title to be released under the Marvel Knights banner.[209]

Film Year Production partner Distributor Budget Gross Ref.
Punisher: War Zone 2008
$35 million $10.1 million [210]
Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance 2011
$57 million $132.6 million [211]

Short films

[edit]

Live-action short films

[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see Marvel One-Shots and Team Thor.

Animated short films

[edit]
Further information: Marvel Animated Features
Title Released Production partners Distributor Original network
I Am Groot 2022–present
Disney Platform Distribution Disney+

Television

[edit]

Animated series

[edit]
For any animated series created before 1992, see Marvel Productions. For some animated series created after 2008, see Marvel Animation.
Animated series by Marvel Films
[edit]
Animated series produced by Marvel Films
Series Released Production partner(s) Distributor Original network
X-Men: The Animated Series 1992–1997
Saban International Fox Kids
Fantastic Four 1994–1996
Genesis Entertainment (U.S.)
New World Entertainment (International) 		First-run syndication
(The Marvel Action Hour)[23][20]
Iron Man
  • Rainbow Animation Korea
  • Marvel Entertainment Group
Spider-Man 1994–1998
Genesis Entertainment (seasons 1–2)
New World Entertainment (seasons 1–3)
Saban International (season 4) 		Fox Kids
The Incredible Hulk 1996–1997
New World Entertainment (season 1)
Saban International (season 2) 		UPN
Animated series by Marvel Studios
[edit]
Animated series produced by Marvel Studios
Series Released Production partner(s) Distributor Original network
Silver Surfer 1998
Saban International Fox Kids
Spider-Man Unlimited 1999–2001
The Avengers: United They Stand 1999–2000
X-Men: Evolution 2000–2003 Film Roman Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Marvel Entertainment 		Kids' WB
Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes 2006–2007
Taffy Entertainment Cartoon Network
Wolverine and the X-Men 2009
Lionsgate Television Nicktoons
M.O.D.O.K.[a] 2021 Marvel Television Disney Platform Distribution Hulu
Hit-Monkey[a] 2021–present Marvel Television[b]
Animated series by Marvel Studios Animation
[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see Marvel Studios Animation § Production library.

Live-action series

[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series § Marvel Studios series, and List of television series based on Marvel Comics publications.
For additional live-action television series, see Marvel Television § Production library.
Series Released Production partner(s) Distributor Original network Notes
Generation X February 20, 1996 (1996-02-20) (pilot)
New World Entertainment Fox[218] Unordered TV pilot
Mutant X 2001–2004
Tribune Entertainment Syndicated Not based on Marvel Comics
Helstrom[a] 2020 ABC Signature Studios Disney Platform Distribution Hulu

Television specials

[edit]
Live-action television specials
[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see Marvel Studios Special Presentations.
Animated television specials
[edit]
Title Released Production partner(s) Distributor Original network
Lego Marvel Avengers: Mission Demolition[219] October 18, 2024 (2024-10-18) The Lego Group Disney Platform Distribution Disney+

Documentaries

[edit]
Title Released Distributor Original network
Marvel Studios: Expanding the Universe 2019 Disney Platform Distribution Disney+
Marvel Studios: Legends 2021–present
Marvel Studios: Assembled
MPower 2023

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Early development and production was overseen by Marvel Television.[91][214][215]
  2. ^ Production of Hit-Monkey moved to 20th Television Animation following its first season.[216]

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