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Red Ball Express

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For film, see Red Ball Express (film).

Military policeman and sign posted along the Red Ball route

The Red Ball Express was a famed truck convoy system that supplied Allied forces moving quickly through Europe after breaking out from the D-Day beaches in Normandy in 1944.[1] To expedite cargo shipment to the front, trucks emblazoned with red balls followed a similarly marked route that was closed to civilian traffic. The trucks also had priority on regular roads.[citation needed]

Conceived in an urgent 36-hour meeting, the convoy system began operating on August 25, 1944.[2] Staffed primarily with African-American soldiers, the Express at its peak operated 5,958 vehicles that carried about 12,500 tons of supplies a day.[2] It ran for 83 days until November 16, when the port facilities at Antwerp, Belgium, were opened, enough French rail lines were repaired,[3] and portable gasoline pipelines were deployed.

History

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Use of the term "Red Ball" to describe express cargo service dated at least to the end of the 19th century. Around 1892, the Santa Fe railroad began using it to refer to express shipping for priority freight and perishables.[4] Such trains and the tracks cleared for their use were marked with red balls. The term grew in popularity and was extensively used by the 1920s.

The need for such a priority transport service during World War II arose in the European Theater following the successful Allied invasion at Normandy in June 1944. To hobble the German army's ability to move forces and bring up reinforcements in a counter-attack, the Allies had preemptively bombed the French railway system into ruins[3] in the weeks leading up to the D-Day landing.

At the time of the landing, traditional French ports were mostly inoperable and, after supporting the troops of the Allied invasion, the Normandy beaches needed to then become the makeshift port that would supply the march toward Germany. The temporary piers and docks that would create the port had been brought from England and had, by the end of June, unloaded 170,000 vehicles, 7.5 million US gal (28 million L) of fuel and 500,000 tons of supplies.[5] Some 28 Allied divisions needed constant resupply. During offensive operations, each division consumed about 750 tons of supplies per day (about 100 pounds per man) totaling about 21,000 tons in all. The only way to deliver them was by truck – thereby giving birth to the Red Ball Express.

At its peak, it operated 5,958 vehicles and carried about 12,500 tons of supplies per day.[2][6] Colonel Loren Albert Ayers, known to his men as "Little Patton", was in charge of gathering two drivers for every truck, obtaining special equipment, and training port battalion personnel as drivers for long hauls. Able-bodied soldiers attached to other units whose duties were not critical were made drivers.[2] Almost 75% of Red Ball drivers were black.[7]

Over 36 hours of planning, 132 already existing military trucking operations were combined into a truck force composed primarily of 2.5 ton GMC “Jimmy’s” and 1.5 ton Dodges. The Dodge trucks had a reputation for reliability. The GMCs were prone to breakdown, but were available in greater numbers.[8] The larger concept of the Express and its routing would be the work of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, based on a French model (and would be an influence in Eisenhower’s role in the development of the U.S. Interstate Highway System in the 1950s).[9]

To keep supplies flowing without delay, two routes were opened from Cherbourg (Cherbourg-en-Cotentin since 2016) to the forward logistics base at Chartres. The northern route was used for delivering supplies, the southern for returning trucks. Both roads were closed to civilian traffic.[10]

The highways in France are usually good, but are ordinarily not excessively wide. The needs of the rapidly advancing armies, consequently, promptly put the greatest possible demands upon them. To ease this strain, main highways leading to the front were set aside very early in the advance as "one way" roads from which all civil and local military traffic were barred. Tens of thousands of truckloads of supplies were pushed forward over these one way roads in a constant stream of traffic. Reaching the supply dumps in the forward areas, the trucks unloaded and returned empty to Arromanches, Cherbourg and the lesser landing places by way of other one way highways. Even the French railroads were, to some degree, operated similarly, with loaded trains moving forward almost nose to tail.[11]

— For Want of a Nail: The Influence of Logistics on War (1948) by Hawthorne Daniel

The Red Ball was at the center of a number of other named supply tracks. The Green Diamond operated in the region of Cherbourg; the White Ball from Le Havre to Paris; the Lions Express between Bayeux and Brussels; and the ABC Express eastward from Antwerp.[9]

Only convoys of at least five trucks were allowed,[2] escorted in front and behind by a jeep. In reality, it was common for individual trucks to depart Cherbourg as soon as they were loaded. It was also common to disable the engine governors to travel faster than 56 miles per hour (90 km/h).[2]

Convoys were a primary target of the German Luftwaffe but by 1944 German air power was so reduced that even these tempting and typically easy targets were rarely attacked. The biggest problems facing the Express were maintenance, finding enough drivers, and lack of sleep for the overworked truckers.[1]

The most problematic natural enemy of the Express was mud. The trucks used 11-inch (28 cm) wheels that could be easily overwhelmed, and efforts to escape could burn out transmissions while dried mud could immobilize their brakes.

To control traffic and provide security for the route, the 793rd Military Police Battalion, activated December 1942, was sent to the Red Ball from August through December 1944. The early beginnings of the battalion are commemorated on the distinctive unit insignia, with two red balls on a diagonal line of yellow, with a field of green behind (green and gold are the colors of the U.S. Army Military Police).

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  • Red Ball Express trucks moving through a Regulating Point, 1944
    Red Ball Express trucks moving through a Regulating Point, 1944
  • A Red Ball Express truck stuck in the mud, 1944
    A Red Ball Express truck stuck in the mud, 1944
  • Soldiers of the 4185th Quartermaster Service Company loading Red Ball Express truck, Liège, Belgium, 1944
    Soldiers of the 4185th Quartermaster Service Company loading Red Ball Express truck, Liège, Belgium, 1944
  • Commemorative stone in the village of La Queue-lez-Yvelines
    Commemorative stone in the village of La Queue-lez-Yvelines
  • Corporal Charles H. Johnson of the 783rd Military Police Battalion, waves on a "Red Ball Express" motor convoy.
    Corporal Charles H. Johnson of the 783rd Military Police Battalion, waves on a "Red Ball Express" motor convoy.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b "Red Ball Express | HistoryNet". www.historynet.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "The Red Ball Express, 1944". U.S. Army Transportation Museum. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  3. ^ a b Eisenhower, John S. D. (1995) [1969]. The Bitter Woods. Da Capo Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-306-80652-5.
  4. ^ "Handling Fast Freight on the Santa Fe". The Railroad Gazette. 39 (8). The Railroad Gazette: 184–. August 25, 1905. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  5. ^ "The Clarence Ketterman Memorial Red Ball Express Information Page". Archived from the original on November 22, 2004.
  6. ^ The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past by Alan Axelrod, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008, ISBN 1-4027-4090-5, 978-1-4027-4090-9
  7. ^ Rudi Williams (February 15, 2002). "African Americans Gain Fame as World War II Red Ball Express Drivers". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  8. ^ Esteve, Michael (July 30, 2020). Sherman: The M4 Tank in World War II. Casemate Publishers & Book Distributors, LLC. ISBN 9781612007403. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  9. ^ a b Kirkels and Dickon, Mieke and Chris (2020). Dutch Children of African American Liberators. McFarland Publications. ISBN 978-1476676937.
  10. ^ Roland G. Ruppenthal (1995). The European Theater of Operations: Logistical Support of the Armies Vol 1. Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History. p. 560.
  11. ^ Daniel, Hawthorne (1948). For Want of a Nail: The Influence of Logistics on War. New York: Whittlesey House. pp. 270–271. OCLC 1296750.

General and cited references

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