Razakars (Hyderabad)
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 Razakar units being trained | |
| Formation | 1938 |
|---|---|
| Founder | Bahadur Yar Jung |
| Dissolved | 1948 |
| Type | Paramilitary |
| Purpose | Supporting Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII in resisting the integration of Hyderabad with India |
| Headquarters | Hyderabad |
Region served | Hyderabad State |
| Leader | Bahadur Yar Jung Qasim Razvi |
| Affiliations | Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |
The Razakars were a paramilitary wing of the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (MIM; transl. Council for Muslim Unity), an Islamic political party in the Hyderabad princely state of British India. Formed in 1938 by MIM leader Bahadur Yar Jung, the organisation expanded considerably during the leadership of Qasim Razvi around the time of the partition of India.[1][2] Its primary objective was to maintain the rule of the Muslim Nizams of Hyderabad and prevent the accession of Hyderabad to India.[3]
One of the pretexts for Operation Polo by India which led to its annexation of Hyderabad was the refusal by the Nizam to disband the Razakars. The Razakars were the main resistance to the Indian Army during the operation.[4] After they were defeated, the Nizam surrendered and agreed to disband the Razakars.[5] Qasim Razvi was initially jailed and then allowed to move to Pakistan where he was granted asylum.[6]
They were involved in various human right abuses and committed atrocities including mass killings, rapes and looting of villages, against the Hindu majority (which overwhelmingly favored Hyderabad's accession with India), and against participants of the Telangana Rebellion.[7][8]
History
With the Indian Independence Act 1947, the British left the princely states with the option of join either India or Pakistan or opting for full independence. However, by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan.[9] One major exception was Hyderabad, where Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII, a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with the help of Razakars and entered into a standstill agreement with India on 29 November 1947 to maintain the status quo.[10] The move was strongly resisted primarily by the Hindu subjects of the kingdom, who wanted state's accession with India.[11]
In 1926, Mahmud Nawaz Khan, a retired Hyderabad official, founded the Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen (also known as MIM). The MIM became a powerful organization, with a principal focus of marginalizing the political aspirations of Hindus and progressive Muslims through its actions, including the insistence that Hyderabad be declared a Muslim state.[12]
MIM "had its storm troopers in the Razakars who were headed by Kasim Razvi, a Muslim educated at Aligarh University who claimed Hyderabad was a Muslim state and that Muslim supremacy was based upon the right of conquest".[13] The Razakars demanded special powers from the Nizam, which they started to misuse and the Nizam had to abide by their dictats. The Nizam sent a delegation to the United Nations to refer the Hyderabad State case to the UN Security Council.
The Razakar militia brutally put down the armed revolts by Communist sympathizers and the peasantry and even eliminated Muslim activists such as journalist Shoebullah Khan who advocated merger with India.[14][15] The Razakars terrorised the Hindu population and its sympathizers, causing many to flee to safety into the jungles, uninhabited mud forts, or neighboring Indian provinces.[16] The Hyderabad State Congress was banned and its leaders forced to flee to Bezawada or Bombay.[citation needed]
Annexation after Operation Polo
Finally, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Indian Minister for Home Affairs, decided to undertake "police action" in Hyderabad State to force the Nizam's hand. Operation Polo was launched and the Indian Army, led by Major General J. N. Chaudhuri, entered the state from five directions. The Razakars fought briefly against the overwhelming attack by Indian forces before surrendering on 18 September 1948. Mir Laik Ali, the prime minister of the Nizam, and Kasim Razvi were arrested.
On 22 September 1948, the Nizam withdrew his complaint from the UN Security Council. The merger of Hyderabad into the Indian Union was announced. Major General Chaudhuri took over as military governor of Hyderabad and stayed in that position till the end of 1949. In January 1950, M. K. Vellodi, a senior civil servant was made the Chief Minister of the state and the Nizam was given the position of "Raj Pramukh" or "Governor".
The Pandit Sunderlal Committee Report estimated that between 27,000 and 40,000 lost their lives in the violence that ensued the operation.[17]
Disbandment
The Razakars were disbanded after the merger of Hyderabad with India and the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen was initially banned—though it was allowed to be rechartered as All India MIM (AIMIM) under new leadership in 1957. Qasim Rizvi was jailed and remained in Indian prisons for almost a decade. After his release, he emigrated to Pakistan.[6]
Popular culture
- In 2015, the Indian Marathi-language film Razzakar was released.
- Razakar – Silent Genocide of Hyderabad, a 2024 Indian film was released in Telugu, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam.[18]
See also
- Muslim National Guard
- Razakars (East Pakistan)
- Hyderabad State Forces
- Kasim Razvi
- Mallikarjun Kharge, the current president of the Indian National Congress, lost his mother and sister in a fire set off by the Razakars while he himself had a narrow escape at the age of 7
References
- ^ Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration (2000), p. 99.
- ^ Joshi, Shashi (31 December 2005). The Last Durbar. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5194-080-7.
- ^ Sayeed, Vikhar Ahmed (2 November 2023). "Hyderabad's dark history: A tale of two massacres". Frontline. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder (2007), p. 220: "A little over 800 people died on both sides during the operation, with the Razakars suffering the majority of the casualties."
- ^ Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder (2007), p. 220.
- ^ a b "Hate speech not new for Owaisi clan". The Times of India. 10 January 2013. Cite error: The named reference "clan" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Sherman, The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad (2007), pp. 6–7.
- ^ "Hyderabad's Razakars Chapter: Paramilitary Force Killed Hindus, Later Hired by Zamindars to Fight Communists". News18. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Mehrotra, S. R. (1979). Towards Indias Freedom And Partition.
- ^ Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2002). A Concise History of India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3.
- ^ "Tracing Razakar legacy: When Razvi's granddaughter visited Hyderabad". The Week. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams 1987, p. 73.
- ^ Moraes, Frank, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mumbai: Jaico. 2007, p.390
- ^ Rao, P.R., History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times to 1991, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 2012. p. 284
- ^ Remembering a legend, The Hindu, 22 August 2008; Aniket Alam, A one-man crusade, it was and still is[dead link], The Hindu, 6 January 2003.
- ^ Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams 1987, p. 84.
- ^ "Razakar: The Silent Genocide Of Hyderabad Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |eTimes". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
Bibliography
- Benichou, Lucien D. (2000) [University of Western Australia, 1985], From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-250-1847-6
- Kamat, Manjiri N. (2007), "Border incidents, internal disorder and the Nizam's claim for an independent Hyderabad", in Waltraud Ernst; Biswamoy Pati (eds.), India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism, Routledge, pp. 212–224, ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2
- Kate, P. V. (1987), Marathwada under the Nizams, 1724-1948, Mittal Publications, pp. 73–, ISBN 978-81-7099-017-8
- Sherman, Taylor C. (2007), "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56", The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 44 (4): 489–516, doi:10.1177/001946460704400404, S2CID 145000228
Further reading
- Hyder, Mohammed (2012). October Coup, A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad. Roli Books. ISBN 978-8174368508.
- Khalidi, Omar (1988). Hyderabad, after the fall. Wichita, Kansas: Hyderabad Historical Society. ISBN 093081102X.
- Menon, V. P. (1956). The Story of Integration of the Indian States. MacMillan.
- Sherman, Taylor C. (2015), Muslim Belonging in Secular India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-09507-6
- Muralidharan, Sukumar (2014). "Alternate Histories: Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India's Independence and Partition". History and Sociology of South Asia. 8 (2): 119–138. doi:10.1177/2230807514524091. S2CID 153722788.
- Noorani, A. G. (2014). The Destruction of Hyderabad. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-84904-439-4.
External links
- "This day, that year: How Hyderabad became a part of the union of India". News Minute. 16 September 2018.
- Razakars - a "rope around the neck" of the Nizam