Rabatak inscription

Rabatak Inscription
Rabatak Inscription
	The Rabatak Inscription
Period/culture	2nd century CE
Discovered	36°08′58″N 68°24′15″E / 36.149434°N 68.404101°E
Place	Rabatak, Afghanistan
Present location	Kabul Museum, Kabul, Afghanistan
	Rabatak

The Rabatak Inscription is a stone inscribed with text written in the Bactrian language and Greek script, found in 1993 at Rabatak, near Surkh Kotal in Afghanistan. The inscription relates to the rule of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, and gives remarkable clues on the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty. It dates to the 2nd century CE.

Discovery

The Rabatak inscription was found near the top of an artificial hill, a Kushan site, near the main Kabul-Mazar highway, to the southeast of the Rabatak pass which is currently the border between Baghlan and Samangan provinces. It was found by Afghan mujahideen digging a trench at the top of the site, along with several other stone sculptural elements such as the paws of a giant stone lion, which have since disappeared.

An English aid worker who belonged to the demining organization HALO Trust, witnessed and took a photograph of the inscription before reporting the discovery. The photograph was sent to the British Museum, where its significance as an official document that named four kings of Kushan, was recognised by Joe Cribb. He determined that it was similar to an inscription found in the 1950s at Surkh Kotal by the French Archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan. Cribb shared the photograph with one of only a handful of living people able to read the Bactrian language, Nicholas Sims-Williams of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). More photographs arrived from HALO Trust workers, and a first translation was published by Cribb and Sims-Williams in 1996.

1.

[….]νο

[….]no

βωγο

bōgo

στοργο

storgo

κανηþκε

kanēške

κοþανο

košan

ραþτογο

raštog

λαδειγo

lādeigo

χοαζαοαργο

xoazaoargo

βαγ[η]-

bag[ē]-

. . . of the great salvation, Kanishka the Kushan, the righteous, the just, the autocrat, the god

2.

ζνογο

znogo

κιδι

kidi

ασo

aso

νανα

Nana

oδo

odo

ασo

aso

oισπoανo

oispoan

µι

mi

βαγανo

bagano

ι

i

þαoδανo

šaodano

αβoρδo

abordo

κιδι

kidi

ιωγo

iōg

χþoνo

xšono

worthy of worship, who has obtained the kingship from Nana and from all the gods, who has inaugurated the year one

3.

νoβαστo

nobasto

σ(α)γωνδι

s(a)gōndi

βαγανo

bagano

σινδαδo

sindado

oτηια

otēia

ι

i

ιωναγγo

iōnaggo

oασo

oaso

oζoαστo

ozoasto

ταδηια

tadēia

αριαo

ariao

ωσ-

ōs-

as the gods pleased. And he *issued a Greek *edict (and) then he put it into Aryan.

4.

ταδo

tado

αβo

abo

ιωγo

iōg

χþoν(o)

xšon(o)

αβo

abo

[ι]

[i]

ιυνδo

iundo

φρoαγδαζo

froagdazo

αβo

abo

þατριαγγε

šatriagge

þαoρε

šaore

αγιτα

agita

κoo-

koo-

In the year one it has been proclaimed unto India, unto the *whole of the realm of the *kshatriyas, that (as for)

5.

αδηανo

adēano

oδo

odo

ι

i

oα(σ)πo

oa(s)po

oδ(o)

od(o)

[ι

[i

ζ]αγηδo

z]agēdo

oδo

odo

ι

i

κωζ(αµ)βo

kōz(am)bo

oδo

odo

ι

i

παλαβoτρo

palabotro

oιδρα

oidra

αδα

ada

αβo

abo

ι

i

ζιριτ-

zirit-

them – both the (city of) . . . and the (city of) Saketa, and the (city of) Kausambi, and the (city of) Pataliputra, as far as the (city of) Sri-Campa

6.

αµβo

ambo

σιδηιανo

sidēiano

πρoβαo

probao

oδo

odo

µανδαρσι

mandarsi

ζαopανo

zaorano

αβo

abo

ι

i

σινδo

sindo

ωσταδo

ōstado

oτη(ι)α

otē(i)a

αρoυγo

arougo

– whatever rulers and other *important persons (they might have) he had submitted to (his) will, and he had submitted all

7.

ιυνδo

iundo

(αβo)

(abo)

ι

i

σινδo

sindo

ωσταδo

ōstado

ταδι

tadi

þαι

šai

κανηþκε

kanēške

αβo

abo

þαφαρo

šafaro

καραλραγγo

karalraggo

φρoµαδo

fromado

India to (his) will. Then King Kanishka gave orders to Shafar the Karalrang^{[Note 1]}

8.

(α)βειναo

(a)beinao

βαγoλαγγo

bagolango

κιρδι

kirdi

σιδι

sidi

β…αβo

b…abo

ριζδι

rizdi

αβo

abo

µα

ma

καδγε

kadge

ραγα

raga

φαρειµoανo

fareimoano

β-

b-

*at this . . . to make the sanctuary which is called B . . . ab, in the *plain of Ka . . ., for these

9.

(α)γα(ν)o

(a)ga(n)o

κιδι

kidi

µαρo

maro

κιρδαν(ε)

kirdan(e)

ι

i

µα..o[φ]αρρo

ma…o[f]arro

oµµα

omma

ooηλδι

ooēldi

ια

ia

αµσα

amsa

νανα

nana

oδo

odo

ια

ia

αµ-

am-

gods, (of) whom the . . . *glorious Umma leads the *service here, (namely:) the *lady Nana and the

10.

σα

sa

oµµα

omma

αoρoµoζδo

aoromozdo

µoζδoo(α)νo

mozdoo(a)no

σρoþαρδo

srošardo

ναρασαo

narasao

µιιρo

miiro

oτηια

otēia

oυδoα-

oudoa-

lady Umma, Aurmuzd, the gracious one, Sroshard, Narasa, (and) Mihr. [interlinear text: . . . and he is called Maaseno, and he is called Bizago] And he likewise

11.

νo

no

πι(δo)γιρβo

pi(do)girbo

φρoµαδo

fromado

κιρδι

kirdi

ειµoανo

eimoano

βαγανo

bagano

κιδι

kidi

µασκα

maska

νιβιχτιγενδι

nibixtigendi

oτ-

ot-

gave orders to make images of these gods who are written above, and

12.

ηια

ēia

φρoµαδo

fromado

αβειµoανo

abeimoano

þαoνανo

šaonano

κιρδι

kirdi

αβo

abo

κoζoυλo

kozoulo

καδφισo

kadfiso

þαo

šao

αβo

abo

ι

i

φρ-

fr-

he gave orders to make (them) for these kings: for King Kujula Kadphises (his) great

13.

oνιαγo

oniago

(o)δo

(o)do

α(βo

a(bo

o)oηµo

o)oēmo

(τ)ακτoo

(t)akto

þαo

šao

α(β)[o]

a(b)[o]

ι

i

νια(γ)o

nia(g)o

oδo

odo

αβo

abo

ooηµo

ooēmo

καδφισo

kadfiso

þαo

šao

αβo

abo

grandfather, and for King Vima Taktu, (his) grandfather, and for King Vima Kadphises

14.

(ι)

(i)

πιδα

pido

oδo

odo

αβo

abo

ι

i

χoβιε

xobie

αβo

abo

κανηþκo

kanēško

þαo

šao

tα

ta

σαγωνδι

sagōndi

þαoνανo

šaonano

þαo

šao

ι

i

βαγoπoo-

bagopoo-

(his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka. Then, as the king of kings, the Devaputra^{[Note 2]}

15.

ρακ[α]νε

rak[a]ne

[…]

φρ(o)µαδo

fr(o)mado

κιρδι

kirdi

ταδι

tadi

þαφαρε

šafare

καραλραγγε

karalraggo

κιρδo

kirdo

ειo

eio

βαγoλαγγo

bagolaggo

. . . had given orders to do, Shafar the Karalrang made this sanctuary.

16.

[ ]o

καραλραγγo

karalraggo

oδo

odo

þαφαρo

šafaro

καραλραγγo

karalraggo

oδo

odo

νoκoνζoκo

nokonzoko

ι

i

αþτoo-

aštoo-

[Then . . .] the Karalrang, and Shafar the Karalrang, and Nukunzuk [led] the worship

17.

α[λγo

a[lgo

κιρ]δo

kir]do

ια

ia

φρoµανo

fromano

ειµιδβα

eimidba

βαγε

bage

κιδι

kidi

µαρo

maro

νιβιχτιγενδι

nibixtigendi

ταδανo

tadano

αβo

abo

þαoν-

šaon-

[according to] the (king's) command. (As for) *these gods who are written here – may they [keep] the

18.

αν(o)

an(o)

þαo

šao

αβo

abo

κανηþκε

kanēške

κoþανo

košano

αβo

abo

ιαoηδανι

iaoēdani

ζoρριγι

zorrigi

λρoυ(γ)o

lrou(g)o

αγγαδ…γo

aggad…go

oανινδ-

oanind-

king of kings, Kanishka the Kushan, for ever healthy, *secure, (and) victorious.

19.

o

π[…]ι(ν)δι

p[…]i(n)di

oδ[…](δ)ι

od[..](d)i

βα(γ)επooρo

ba(g)epooro

ασo

aso

ιωγo

iōgo

χþoνo

xšono

αβo

abo

ιo

io

(α)

(a)

χþoνo

xšono

ιυνδo

iundo

αρoυγo

arougo

ν-

n-

And [when] the devaputra, the *ruler of all India from the year one to the year *one *thousand,

20.

αρα[

ara[

]ι

]i

β(α)γoλαγγo

b(a)golaggo

αβo

abo

ιωγo

iōgo

χþoνo

xšono

ασπαδo

aspado

ταδι

tadi

αβo

abo

ι

i

αρηµεσo

arēmeso

χþoνo

xšono

αγγαρ[…]

aggar[…]

had *founded the sanctuary in the year one, then *also to the . . . year. . .

21.

[]χα[

[]xa[

π]ιδo

p]ido

þαo

šao

φρoµανα

fromana

αβισσι

abissi

παρηνα

parēna

λαδo

lado

αβισσι

abissi

ρηδγε

rēdge

λαδo

lado

αβισσ[ι..]

abiss[i..]

according to the king's command . . . (and) it was given also to the . . ., (and) it was given also to the . . ., (and) also to

22.

[

]þαι

]šai

µαδ...α

mad…a

(α)βo

(a)bo

βαγανo

bagano

λαδo

lado

oδo

ado

φαρειµoανo

fareimoano

αχoδανo

axodano

[σι]δι

[si]di

[α]βo

abo

µι

mi

βαγε

bage

λ[αδo]

l[ado]

. . . the king gave an *endowment to the gods, and . . .

23.

[

]ατιδ(η)oσ[

]atid(ē)os

Because of the civil war in Afghanistan years passed before further examination was possible. In April 2000 Jonathan Lee, an English specialist in Afghan history, travelled with Robert Kluijver, director of the Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage, from Mazar-i Sharif to Pul-i Khumri, the provincial capital of Baghlan, to locate the stone. It was eventually found in a storehouse at the Department of Mines and Industry. Lee took photographs that allowed Sims-Williams to publish a more accurate translation, and another translation once Sims-Williams had examined the stone in person (2008).

In July 2000 Robert Kluijver travelled with a delegation of the Kabul Museum to Pul-i Khumri to retrieve the stone inscription (weighing between 500 and 600 kilograms [1,100 and 1,300 lb]). It was brought by car to Mazar-i Sharif and flown from there to Kabul. At the time the Taliban had a favorable policy towards the preservation of Afghan cultural heritage, including pre-Islamic heritage. The inscription, whose historical value had meanwhile been determined by Sims-Williams, became the centrepiece of the exhibition of the (few) remaining artifacts in the Kabul Museum, leading to a short-lived inauguration of the museum on 17 August 2000. Senior Taliban officials objected to the display of pre-Islamic heritage, which led to the closing of the museum (and the transfer of the Rabatak inscription to safety), a reversal of the cultural heritage policy and eventually leading to the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamyan and other pre-Islamic statuary (from February 2001 onwards).

Today the Rabatak inscription is again on display in the reopened Afghan National Museum, or Kabul Museum.

The Rabatak site, again visited by Robert Kluijver in March 2002, has been looted and destroyed (the looting was performed with bulldozers), reportedly by the local commander at Rabatak.

Main findings

Religion

The first lines of the inscription describe Kanishka as:

"the great salvation, the righteous, just autocrat, worthy of divine worship, who has obtained the kingship from Nana and from all the gods, who has inaugurated the year one as the gods pleased" (Trans. Sims-Williams)

The "Arya language"

Follows a statement regarding the writing of the inscription itself, indicating that the language used by Kanishka in his inscription was self-described as the "Aryan language".

"It was he who laid out (i.e. discontinued the use of) the Ionian ("ιωνα", Yona, Greek) speech and then placed the Arya ("αρια", Aryan) speech."

Regnal eras

Also, Kanishka announces the beginning of a new era starting with the year 1 of his reign, abandoning the therefore "Great Arya Era" which had been in use, possibly meaning the Vikrama era of 58 BCE.

Territorial extent

Lines 4 to 7 describe the cities which were under the rule of Kanishka, among which four names are identifiable: Saketa, Kausambi, Pataliputra, and Champa (although the text is not clear whether Champa was a possession of Kanishka or just beyond it). The Rabatak inscription is significant in suggesting the actual extent of Kushan rule under Kanishka, which would go significantly beyond traditionally held boundaries:^[1]

Succession

Finally, Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time: Kujula Kadphises as his great-grandfather, Vima Taktu as his grandfather, Vima Kadphises as his father, and himself Kanishka:

"for King Kujula Kadphises (his) great grandfather, and for King Vima Taktu (his) grandfather, and for King Vima Kadphises (his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka" (Cribb and Sims-Williams 1995/6: 80)

Mukherjee translation

Kanishka ordered the carving of the Rabatak inscription.

B. N. Mukherjee also published a translation of the inscription.^[2]^[3]

1–3

"The year one of Kanishka, the great deliverer, the righteous, the just, the autocrat, the god, worthy of worship, who has obtained the kingship from Nana and from all the gods, who has laid down (i.e. established) the year one as the gods pleased."

3–4

"And it was he who laid out (i.e. discontinued the use of) the Ionian speech and then placed the Arya (or Aryan) speech (i.e. replaced the use of Greek by the Aryan or Bactrian language)."

4–6

"In the year one, it has been proclaimed unto India, unto the whole realm of the governing class including Koonadeano (Kaundinya< Kundina) and the city of Ozeno (Ozene, Ujjain) and the city of Zageda (Saketa) and the city of Kozambo (Kausambi) and the city of Palabotro (Pataliputra) and so long unto (i.e. as far as) the city of Ziri-tambo (Sri-Champa)."

6–7

"Whichever rulers and the great householders there might have been, they submitted to the will of the king and all India submitted to the will of the king."

7–9

"The king Kanishka commanded Shapara (Shaphar), the master of the city, to make the Nana Sanctuary, which is called (i.e. known for having the availability of) external water (or water on the exterior or surface of the ground), in the plain of Kaeypa, for these deities – of whom are Ziri (Sri) Pharo (Farrah) and Omma."

9-9A

"To lead are the Lady Nana and the Lady Omma, Ahura Mazda, Mazdooana, Srosharda, who is called ... and Komaro (Kumara) and called Maaseno (Mahasena) and called Bizago (Visakha), Narasao and Miro (Mihara)."

10–11

"And he gave same (or likewise) order to make images of these deities who have been written above."

11–14

"And he ordered to make images and likenesses of these kings: for king Kujula Kadphises, for the great grandfather, and for this grandfather Saddashkana (Sadashkana), the Soma sacrificer, and for king V'ima Kadphises, for the father, and for himself (?), king Kanishka."

14–15

"Then, as the king of kings, the son of god, had commanded to do, Shaphara, the master of the city, made this sanctuary."

16–17

"Then, the master of the city, Shapara, and Nokonzoka led worship according to the royal command."

17–20

"These gods who are written here, then may ensure for the king of kings, Kanishka, the Kushana, for remaining for eternal time healthy., secure and victorious... and further ensure for the son of god also having authority over the whole of India from the year one to the year thousand and thousand."

20

"Until the sanctuary was founded in the year one, to (i.e. till) then the Great Arya year had been the fashion."

21

"...According to the royal command, Abimo, who is dear to the emperor, gave capital to Pophisho."

22

"...The great king gave (i.e. offered worship) to the deities."

23

"..."

Note: This translation differs from Nicholas Sims-Williams, who has "Vima Taktu" as the grandfather of Kanishka (lines 11–14). Further, Sims-Williams does not read the words "Saddashkana" or "Soma" anywhere in the inscription.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Footnotes

^ Karalrang means "Lord of the border land". See: Sundermann, Werner; Hintze, Almut; Blois, François de (2009). Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 216. ISBN 978-3-447-05937-4.
^ "Devaputra" means "Son of the Gods" in Indian languages.

References

^ See also the analysis of Sims-Williams and J.Cribb, who had a central role in the decipherment: "A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great", in "Silk Road Art and Archaeology" No.4, 1995–1996.
^ B. N. Mukherjee, "The Great Kushana Testament", Indian Museum Bulletin, Calcutta, 1995; quoted in Ancient Indian Inscriptions, S.R. Goyal, 2005
^ Here^{[permanent dead link‍]} the greek transcription can be found.
^ "Bactrian Documents from Ancient Afghanistan" at "Sims-Williams --- Bactrian". Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-05-24..
^ Sims-Williams (1998), p.82
^ Sims-Williams (2008), pp. 56–57.

Sources

Sims-Williams, Nicholas and Cribb, Joe 1996, "A New Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great", Silk Road Art and Archaeology, volume 4, 1995–6, Kamakura, pp. 75–142.
Fussman, Gérard (1998). "L’inscription de Rabatak et l’origine de l’ère saka." Journal asiatique 286.2 (1998), pp. 571–651.
Pierre Leriche, Chakir Pidaev, Mathilde Gelin, Kazim Abdoulaev, " La Bactriane au carrefour des routes et des civilisations de l'Asie centrale : Termez et les villes de Bactriane-Tokharestan ", Maisonneuve et Larose – IFÉAC, Paris, 2001 ISBN 2-7068-1568-X . Actes du colloque de Termez 1997. (Several authors, including Gérard Fussman « L'inscription de Rabatak. La Bactriane et les Kouchans » )
S.R. Goyal "Ancient Indian Inscriptions" Kusumanjali Book World, Jodhpur (India), 2005.
Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1998): "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. 1998, pp. 79–93.[1]
Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2008). "The Bactrian Inscription of Rabatak: A New Reading." Bulletin of the Asia Institute 18, 2008, pp. 53–68.

External links

[1] Karalrang means "Lord of the border land". See: Sundermann, Werner; Hintze, Almut; Blois, François de (2009). Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 216. ISBN 978-3-447-05937-4.

[2] "Devaputra" means "Son of the Gods" in Indian languages.

[3] See also the analysis of Sims-Williams and J.Cribb, who had a central role in the decipherment: "A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great", in "Silk Road Art and Archaeology" No.4, 1995–1996.

[4] B. N. Mukherjee, "The Great Kushana Testament", Indian Museum Bulletin, Calcutta, 1995; quoted in Ancient Indian Inscriptions, S.R. Goyal, 2005

[5] Here^{[permanent dead link‍]} the greek transcription can be found.

[6] "Bactrian Documents from Ancient Afghanistan" at "Sims-Williams --- Bactrian". Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-05-24..

[7] Sims-Williams (1998), p.82

[8] Sims-Williams (2008), pp. 56–57.

[Note 1]

[Note 2]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Discovery

Main findings

Religion

The "Arya language"

Regnal eras

Territorial extent

Succession

Mukherjee translation

See also

Footnotes

References

Sources

External links