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Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People

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"Milli Mejlis" redirects here. For the Milli Mejlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan, see National Assembly (Azerbaijan).
Mejlis building in Simferopol confiscated by the Russian authorities[1]
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The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People (Crimean Tatar: Qırımtatar Milliy Meclisi) is the single highest executive-representative body of the Crimean Tatars in period between sessions of the Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People. The Mejlis is a member institution of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience.

The Mejlis was outlawed by Russia in 2016 for "the use of propaganda of aggression and hatred towards Russia, inciting ethnic nationalism and extremism in society"[2] and listed as an extremist organization[nb 1] two years after the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea.[3][nb 2] In April 2017, the International Court of Justice delivered its order on the request for the indication of provisional measures, according to which Russia must lift the ban;[5] Russia has since ignored and refused to comply with the Court's decision.[6]

Etymology

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Majlis is the Arabic word for a sitting room,[7] however it can also refer to a legislature as well, and is used in the name of legislative councils or assemblies in some states of the Islamic world.[8][9][10]

Leadership

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From its foundation in 1991 until 2013, the chairman of the Mejlis was Mustafa Dzhemilev.[11] Since October 2013, the chairman is Refat Chubarov.[12] The Mejlis's deputy leader is İlmi Ümerov.[13]

History

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Creation

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The current Mejlis was founded in 1991, to act as a representative body for the Crimean Tatars which could address grievances to the Ukrainian central government, the Crimean government, and international bodies.[14] In its activities Mejlis is subordinated to Qurultai, guided by its decisions, current regulations, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people statute, norms of international law and legislative acts of Ukraine not contradicting with these standards. The main goal of the Mejlis is the liquidation of consequences of genocide conducted by the Soviet state in regard to the Crimean Tatars (Surgun of 1944), reinstatement of national and political rights of the Crimean Tatar people and realization of their rights on the free national state self-determination on its national territory. Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people consists of 33 members including the Mejlis chair person. The Mejlis initially used a building located in Simferopol.[citation needed]

On 30 June 1991, the Mejlis declared its sovereignty over the Crimean Tatars, and adopted the Crimean Tatar's national anthem and national flag.[15] Also, the Crimean Tatars elected 14 Crimean Tatar Deputies to the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea. These 14 deputies were the first Crimean Tatar representatives in the Crimean Parliament in over 50 years.[15]

1991–2014: Activities and relation to Ukrainian politics

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During the 1998 parliamentary elections, members of the Mejlis joined the Rukh election list.[16]

On 6 April 2010, several pro-Russian Crimean political leaders in Crimea demanded the disbanding and banning of the Mejlis and all other forms of political representation for the Crimean Tatars, including the Qurultay, claiming that these were "organized criminal groups" and their activities "unconstitutional."[17] Crimean Tatar organizations urged President Viktor Yanukovych to "protect Crimea's indigenous people from discrimination".[18]

During the 2012 parliamentary elections, members of the Mejlis joined the All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" election list.[19] Since 2012, Mejlis is member of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience.

The status of Mejlis was legalized by the Ukrainian Presidential decree of 18 May 1999 "About the council of representatives of Crimean Tatar people".[20][21] In 2010, the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych reformed the council, cutting its membership almost in half and establishing control over it by having its members be appointed by the president.[22]

2014–2022: Russian occupation

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On 20 March 2014, two days after the annexation of Crimea by Russia, the Ukrainian parliament officially and explicitly recognized the Mejlis as the executive body of the Qurultay and the Qurultay itself as the highest representative body of the Crimean Tatar people.[23] The Ukrainian parliament also recognized the Crimean Tatars as indigenous people of Ukraine.[24]

In March 2014, following the ousting of the Ukrainian president in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution and the subsequent takeover of Crimea by pro-Russian separatists and Russian special forces,[25] local authorities held a referendum on "reunification with Russia", the official result of which was a large majority in support of the reunification.[26] The Mejlis boycotted the referendum.[27][nb 3] Russia then officially annexed Crimea on 18 March 2014.[29] (Ukraine does not recognise the annexation and, backed by most of the international community, continues to assert its right over the peninsula.[4][nb 4]) After the annexation, most Mejlis members did not cooperate with the new Russian-Crimean authorities; of the six members that did, one became deputy speaker of the Crimean parliament, and another head of the Crimean State Committee for Interethnic Relations and Deported Peoples.[30]

In May 2014, Crimean Tatar leader Mustafa Dzhemilev was prevented from entering Crimea, resulting in Tatars organizing large protests. There was a failed attempt to help Dzhemilev enter Crimea after Tatars broke through a border checkpoint. In response, Crimean authorities accused the Mejlis of "extremist activity" causing "illegal" gatherings marked by "violence and threats of violence", and warned that the Mejlis could be dissolved and outlawed across Russia.[31][32][33]

On 3 July 2014, it was announced that for the first time, Mejlis would hold its session outside of Crimea in Henichesk.[34] Russian law enforcement seized the Mejlis building in Simferopol on 20 September 2014.[1]

The Mejlis was labeled an "extremist organisation" by Russian authorities in Crimea and banned by the Russian-appointed Supreme Court on 26 April 2016.[2] According to Regional Prosecutor General Natalia Poklonskaya, it was banned because its leaders had sought to "destabilise" the region since the 2014 annexation by Russia through the use of "propaganda of aggression and hatred towards Russia, inciting ethnic nationalism and extremism in society".[2] The Mejlis was also said to be responsible for stopping cargo traffic in the autumn of 2015 between mainland Ukraine and the peninsula and for a late November series of explosions that damaged voltage power lines, which led to a massive power outages.[35] The Mejlis denied involvement in these events.[35]

Also, on 26 April 2016, Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights Nils Muižnieks urged the Court to reverse the ban since he believed "equating [the Mejlis] with extremism paves the way for stigmatisation and discrimination of a significant part of the Crimean Tatar community and sends a negative message to that community as a whole".[2] Exiled in mainland Ukraine, Chairman of the Mejlis Refat Chubarov stated the Court's decision had been unjustifiable and that "the occupiers in Crimea are doing everything to crush Crimean Tatars and force everyone to be silent".[2] Amnesty International stated that the ban "demolishes one of the few remaining rights of a minority that Russia must protect instead of persecute".[36] Deputy Chairman of the Mejlis Nariman Celâl [uk] vowed that the organization would try to continue its work despite the ban, saying "it will continue working in Ukraine and other countries".[36]

Deputy head of the Mejlis İlmi Ümerov was on 7 September 2016 released after a three weeks' involuntary detention for tests of his "mental capacity" in a psychiatric hospital in Simferopol, where he was taken after stating on TV that Crimea should be returned to Ukraine; doctors ruled him entirely sane.[37] Ümerov was then charged with calling for Russia's borders to be changed, a charge punishable with up to five years in jail.[37]

The Supreme Court of Russia upheld the ban on 29 September 2016.[3] The Mejlis is contesting this ban in the European Court of Human Rights.[38]

On 1 October 2016, Head of the Republic of Crimea Sergei Aksyonov explained that Natalia Poklonskaya accused Mejlis of energy blockade through diversion.[39] The same day, Aksyonov's Vice-Prime Minister Dmitry Polonsky claimed that Mejlis is a "puppet organization" of the United States Department of State.[40]

By late December 2016, nine Mejlis members were in mainland Ukraine, in Russia, or in self-imposed exile.[30] One was imprisoned, and more than ten had been charged with criminal and administrative offences in Crimea.[30]

In April 2017, the UN International Court of Justice issued an interim order against the Russian Federation to allow Crimean Tatar Mejlis' activities,[41] and in July 2018, reminded Russia of its legal obligation.[42]

In the 2019 Ukrainian Presidential Election, the Mejils supported the re-election campaign of then incumbent President Peter Poroshenko.[43]

2022–present: Russian invasion of Ukraine

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On 28 February 2022, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People condemned the Russian Federation, describing it as a "a terrorist state", and calling its military and political leaders international criminals on account of Russia's full-scale invasion of other parts of Ukraine.[44]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ see List of organisations banned in Russia
  2. ^ Since the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the status of the Crimea and of the city of Sevastopol is under dispute between Russia and Ukraine; Ukraine and the majority of the international community considers the Crimea and Sevastopol an integral part of Ukraine, while Russia, on the other hand, considers the Crimea and Sevastopol an integral part of Russia, with Sevastopol functioning as a federal city (Russian authorities are in control of both).[4]
  3. ^ The Mejlis also boycotted the 2016 Russian legislative election.[28]
  4. ^ See: Political status of Crimea.

References

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  1. ^ a b Crimean Leader Says Mejlis Does Not Exist, Radio Free Europe (22 September 2014)
  2. ^ a b c d e Crimean court bans Tatar ruling body in blow to minority, Thestar.com.my (26 April 2016)
  3. ^ a b Russia's Supreme Court Upholds Ban On Crimean Tatars' Mejlis, Radio Free Europe (29 September 2016)
  4. ^ a b UKRAINE REPORTS RUSSIAN MILITARY ACTIVITY ON CRIMEA BORDER, Newsweek (8 August 2016)
    Gutterman, Steve (18 March 2014). "Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions". Reuters.com. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
    Ukraine crisis timeline, BBC News
    UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity Archived 2018-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, China Central Television (28 March 2014)
  5. ^ "The Court finds that Russia must refrain from imposing limitations on the ability of the Crimean Tatar community to conserve its representative institutions, including the Mejlis, and ensure the availability of education in the Ukrainian language" (PDF). International Court of Justice. April 19, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  6. ^ "Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on the human rights situation in temporarily occupied Crimea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  7. ^ "المجلس". Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo. 1998.
  8. ^ "عن المجلس". Federal National Council. 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  9. ^ Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran Archived 25 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ^ The Majlis Of The Future Today Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine — Leading UAE Interior Designers Set To Reveal Their Visions At Index, Dubai City Guide, 9 November 2009.
  11. ^ Regions and territories: Crimea, BBC News
  12. ^ "Jamestown Foundation: Crimean Tatar Mejlis Elects New Chairperson as Mustafa Cemilev Steps Down; Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 10 Issue: 204, 13. November 2013". 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  13. ^ Astakhova, Olesya (1 June 2016). "In Crimea, Moscow labels some opponents dangerous Islamists". Reuters. BAKHCHISARAY, Crimea.
  14. ^ Ziad, Waleed; Laryssa Chomiak (20 February 2007). "A lesson in stifling violent extremism". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  15. ^ a b Altan, Mubeyyin Batu (December 1994). "Crimean Tatar Fact Sheet: Chronology". Euronet Internet. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
  16. ^ "Crimean Tatars and the Ukrainian state: the challenge of politics, the use of law, and the meaning of rhetoric". Iccrimea.org. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  17. ^ "Pro-Russia Groups Want Crimean Tatar Bodies Disbanded". Rferl.org. 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  18. ^ "Crimean Tatar Groups In Germany Appeal To Ukrainian President". Rferl.org. 2010-05-13. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  19. ^ Mustafa Dzhemiliov is number 12 on the list of the United Opposition 'Fatherland', Den (2 August 2012)
  20. ^ Mustafa Jemilev "the issue of legalization Mejlis was solved by the presidential decree on the establishment of the Council of representatives of Crimean Tatar people" Archived 2014-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. Ukrinform. September 14, 2001
  21. ^ About the council of representatives of Crimean Tatar people. Presidential decree. May 18, 1999.
  22. ^ Issue of the council of representatives of Crimean Tatar people. Presidential decree. September 3, 2010
  23. ^ Law of Ukraine. About the Declaration of the Supreme Council of Ukraine on the guarantee of rights of the Crimean Tatar people as part of the Ukrainian State. Verkhovna Rada. March 20, 2014
  24. ^ Verkhovna Rada recognized the Crimean Tatars the indigenous people of Ukraine. Ukrayinska Pravda. March 20, 2014
  25. ^ Birnbaum, Michael (15 March 2015). "Putin Details Crimea Takeover Before First Anniversary". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  26. ^ "Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot". BBC. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  27. ^ Rapoza, Kenneth (16 March 2014). "As Crimea Secession Vote Passes, Ukraine Restricts Entry By Russians". Forbes. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  28. ^ Russian election boycotted by Crimean Tatars, Daily Sabah (20 September 2016)
  29. ^ Ukraine crisis: Putin signs Russia-Crimea treaty, BBC, 18 March 2014
  30. ^ a b c A day in the life of Nariman Dzhelyal, Politico (27 December 2016)
  31. ^ Doloov, Anna (5 May 2014). "Authorities Threaten to 'Liquidate' Crimean Tatar Council". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  32. ^ "Interview: Crimean Tatar Leader Expects Tensions To Rise". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  33. ^ "Crimean Tatar activists face "extremism" warning". Agence-France Presse. Retrieved 23 May 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  34. ^ For the first time on Friday Mejlis will meet not in Crimea. Ukrayinska Pravda. 3 July 2014
  35. ^ a b Crimean Tatars’ Mejlis may be outlawed for extremism, TASS (16 February 2016)
    The Mejlis denies its implication in the blockade of Crimea Archived 2017-09-20 at the Wayback Machine, News from Crimea (17 March 2016)
  36. ^ a b Crimean court bans 'extremist' Tatar governing body, The Guardian (26 April 2016)
  37. ^ a b Russia demands loyalty or silence, say Crimea's hounded Tatars Archived 2016-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, Yahoo! News (2 October 2016)
  38. ^ Leader of Crimean Tatar Mejlis who lives in Ukraine confirms plans to go to ECHR, Interfax-Ukraine (30 September 2016)
  39. ^ Aksyonov does not intend to get distracted by the US Department of States' quirks in relation to the Mejlis' matters (Аксенов не намерен отвлекаться на "выкрутасы" Госдепа в деле по меджлису). RIA Novosti. 1 October 2016
  40. ^ Crimean authorities explained why the United States do not recognize ban on Mejlis in Russia (Власти Крыма объяснили, почему США не признают запрет меджлиса в России). RIA Novosti. 1 October 2016
  41. ^ "International Court Of Justice Orders Russia To Allow Crimean Tatar Mejlis Activities, Ensure Availability Of Ukrainian-Language Education In Crimea". ukranews.com. 2017-04-19. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
  42. ^ "UN Court of Justice: Russia must reinstate Mejlis in Crimea". uawire.org. 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
  43. ^ "Меджліс ухвалив рішення підтримати Порошенка на виборах". www.ukrinform.ua (in Ukrainian). 2019-03-10. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  44. ^ Refat Chubarov (28 February 2022). "Statement Majlis of the Crimean-Tatar people". Majlis of the Crimean-Tatar people. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
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