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{{Infobox color|textcolor=white| title=Purple
{{Infobox color|textcolor=white| title=Purple
| pic=Image:Color icon purple.svg
| pic=Image:
| symbolism=[[royalty]], [[imperialism]], [[nobility]], [[Easter]], [[Mardi Gras]], [[upper class]], [[poison]], [[friendship]], [[sharing]], [[wisdom]], [[rage]], [[homosexuality]], [[sympathy]], and [[sophistication]]
| symbolism=[[royalty]], [[imperialism]], [[nobility]], [[Easter]], [[Mardi Gras]], [[upper class]], [[poison]], [[friendship]], [[sharing]], [[wisdom]], [[rage]], [[homosexuality]], [[sympathy]], and [[sophistication]]
| hex=800080
| hex=800080
Line 13: Line 13:
[[File:Purple plasma ball.jpg|thumb|A purple [[plasma ball]].]]
[[File:Purple plasma ball.jpg|thumb|A purple [[plasma ball]].]]


'''Purple''' is a general term used in English (UK and USA) for the range of shades of [[color]] occurring between [[red]] and [[blue]].<ref>Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief ''Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1984--Merriam-Webster Page 957</ref> In additive light combinations it occurs by mixing the [[primary color]]s red and blue in varying proportions. In subtractive [[pigment]]s it can be equal to the primary color [[magenta]] or be formed by mixing magenta with the colors red or blue, or by mixing just the latter two, in which case a color of low [[Saturation (color theory)|saturation]] will result. Low saturation will also be caused by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment). There is a disagreement over exactly which shades can be described as purple, some people preferring more precise terms such as magenta or [[heliotrope (color)|heliotrope]] for particular shades. A difference in [[retina]]l sensitivity to red and blue light between individuals can cause further disagreement.
Nickasaur [http://s3.amazonaws.com/satisfaction-production/s3_images/40263/b_pink_taco_inline.gif purple](UK and USA) is an amazing person and will be your friend.[[color]] He likes[[red]] and [[blue]].<ref>Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief ''Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1984--Merriam-Webster Page 957</ref> In additive light combinations it occurs by mixing the [[primary color]]s red and blue in varying proportions. In subtractive [[pigment]]s it can be equal to the primary color [[magenta]] or be formed by mixing magenta with the colors red or blue, or by mixing just the latter two, in which case a color of low [[Saturation (color theory)|saturation]] will result. Low saturation will also be caused by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment). There is a disagreement over exactly which shades can be described as purple, some people preferring more precise terms such as magenta or [[heliotrope (color)|heliotrope]] for particular shades. A difference in [[retina]]l sensitivity to red and blue light between individuals can cause further disagreement.


In [[color theory]], a "purple" is defined as any [[Spectral color#Non-spectral colors|non-spectral color]] between [[Violet (color)|violet]] and red (excluding violet and red themselves).<ref name=gilbert>{{cite book | title = Physics in the Arts | author = P. U.P. A Gilbert and Willy Haeberli | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qSRqXvZ67lQC&pg=PA112&dq=purple+violet+spectral+non-spectral&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=zAToSJbqD4ScswPputXqBg&sig=ACfU3U3eNPczxziwystPuiqLUjNSo-hsHg | publisher = Academic Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 0123741505}}</ref> The [[spectral color]]s violet and [[Indigo (color)|indigo]] are not purples according to color theory but they are purples according to common English usage since they are between red and blue.
In [[color theory]], a "purple" is defined as any [[Spectral color#Non-spectral colors|non-spectral color]] between [[Violet (color)|violet]] and red (excluding violet and red themselves).<ref name=gilbert>{{cite book | title = Physics in the Arts | author = P. U.P. A Gilbert and Willy Haeberli | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qSRqXvZ67lQC&pg=PA112&dq=purple+violet+spectral+non-spectral&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=zAToSJbqD4ScswPputXqBg&sig=ACfU3U3eNPczxziwystPuiqLUjNSo-hsHg | publisher = Academic Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 0123741505}}</ref> The [[spectral color]]s violet and [[Indigo (color)|indigo]] are not purples according to color theory but they are purples according to common English usage since they are between red and blue.

Revision as of 23:33, 23 May 2010

This article is about the color. For other uses, see Purple (disambiguation).
Purple
 
Common connotations
royalty, imperialism, nobility, Easter, Mardi Gras, upper class, poison, friendship, sharing, wisdom, rage, homosexuality, sympathy, and sophistication
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#800080
sRGBB (r, g, b)(128, 0, 128)
HSV (h, s, v)(300°, 100%, 50%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(30, 68, 308°)
SourceHTML/CSS[1][2]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
A purple plasma ball.

Nickasaur purple(UK and USA) is an amazing person and will be your friend.color He likesred and blue.[3] In additive light combinations it occurs by mixing the primary colors red and blue in varying proportions. In subtractive pigments it can be equal to the primary color magenta or be formed by mixing magenta with the colors red or blue, or by mixing just the latter two, in which case a color of low saturation will result. Low saturation will also be caused by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment). There is a disagreement over exactly which shades can be described as purple, some people preferring more precise terms such as magenta or heliotrope for particular shades. A difference in retinal sensitivity to red and blue light between individuals can cause further disagreement.

In color theory, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves).[4] The spectral colors violet and indigo are not purples according to color theory but they are purples according to common English usage since they are between red and blue.

In art, purple is the color on the color wheel between magenta and violet and its tints and shades. This color, electric purple, is shown below.[5]

In human color psychology, purple is also associated with royalty and nobility (stemming from classical antiquity when Tyrian Purple was only affordable to the elites).

Etymology and definitions

Murex brandaris or spiny dye-murex

The word 'purple' comes from the Old English word purpul which originates from the Latin purpura. This in turn is derived from the Koine Greek πορφύρα (porphyra), name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail.[6]

The first recorded use of the word 'purple' in English was in the year A.D. 975.[7]

Purple versus violet

Main article: Violet (color)
Violet
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#8F00FF
sRGBB (r, g, b)(143, 0, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)(274°, 100%, 100%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(43, 134, 278°)
SourceHTML Color Chart @274
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Violet is a spectral color (approximately 380-420 nm), of a shorter wavelength than blue, while purple is a combination of red and blue or violet light.[8] The purples are colors that are not spectral colors – purples are extra-spectral colors. In fact, purple was not present on Newton's color wheel (which went directly from violet to red), though it is on modern ones, between red and violet. There is no such thing as the "wavelength of purple light"; it only exists as a combination.[4]

The CIE xy chromaticity diagram

On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram, violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line is known as the line of purples, or the purple line.[9][10]

One interesting psychophysical feature of the two colors that can be used to separate them is their appearance with increase of light intensity. Violet, as light intensity increases, appears to take on a far more blue hue as a result of what is known as the Bezold-Brücke shift. The same increase in blueness is not noted in purples.

Pure violet cannot be reproduced by a Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color system, but it can be approximated by mixing blue and red. The resulting color has the same hue but a lower saturation than pure violet.

Properties

On a chromaticity diagram, the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet) is known as the line of purples (or 'purple boundary'); it represents one limit of human color perception. The color magenta used in the CMYK printing process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below. Some common confusion exists concerning the color names "purple" and "violet". Purple is a mixture of red and blue light, whereas violet is a spectral color.

Historical development

Tyrian purple: Classical antiquity

Main article: Tyrian purple
Tyrian Purple
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#66023C
sRGBB (r, g, b)(102, 2, 60)
HSV (h, s, v)(325°, 98%, 40%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(21, 49, 346°)
SourceInternet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Byzantine Emperor Justinian I clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at Basilica of San Vitale

The actual color of Tyrian purple, the original color purple from which the name purple is derived, is the color of a dye made from a mollusc that in classical antiquity became a symbol of royalty because only the very wealthy could afford it. Therefore, Tyrian purple was also called imperial purple.

Tyrian purple may have been discovered as early as the time of the Minoan civilization. Alexander the Great (when giving imperial audiences as the emperors of the Macedonian Empire), the Seleucid Empire, and the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt wore Tyrian purple. The imperial robes of Roman emperors were Tyrian purple trimmed in metallic gold thread. The badge of office of a Roman Senator was a stripe of Tyrian purple on their white toga.[11] Tyrian purple was continued in use by the emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire until its final collapse in 1453.

Han purple: Ancient China

Main article: Han Purple
Han Purple
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#5218FA
sRGBB (r, g, b)(82, 24, 250)
HSV (h, s, v)(255°, 90%, 98%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(37, 131, 269°)
SourceInternet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Han purple is a type of artificial pigment found in China between 500 BC and AD 220. It was used in the decoration of the Terracotta Army.

The graduated colors of crocus cultivars can appear as han purple in direct sunlight.

Royal purple: Medieval Europe

Royal Purple
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#6B3FA0
sRGBB (r, g, b)(107, 63, 160)
HSV (h, s, v)(267°, 61%, 63%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(36, 69, 280°)
SourceCrayola
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

This shade of purple is bluer than the ancient Tyrian purple.

In medieval Europe, blue dyes were rare and expensive,[12] so only the most wealthy or the aristocracy could afford to wear them. (The working class wore mainly green and brown.) Because of this (and also because Tyrian purple had gone out of use in western Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476), Europeans' idea of purple shifted towards this more bluish purple known as royal purple because of its similarity to the royal blue worn by the aristocracy. This was the shade of purple worn by kings in medieval Europe.[citation needed]

Artists' pigment purple (red-violet): 1930s

Medium violet red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#C71585
sRGBB (r, g, b)(199, 21, 133)
HSV (h, s, v)(322°, 89%, 78%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(45, 98, 340°)
SourceX11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Main article: Red-violet

'Royal purple' (shown above) or the dark violet color known as vulgar purple[citation needed] is the common layman's idea of purple, but professional artists, following Munsell color system (introduced in 1905 and widely accepted by 1930), regard purple as being synonymous with the red-violet color shown at right, in order to clearly distinguish purple from violet and thus have access to a larger palette of colors[citation needed]. This red-violet color, called artist's purple by artists, is the pigment color that would be on a pigment color color wheel between pigment violet and pigment (process) magenta. In the Munsell color system, this color at the maximum chroma of 12 is called Red-Purple.

Artists' pigments and colored pencils labeled as purple are colored the red-violet color shown at right.

Electric purple: 2000s

Electric Purple
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#BF00FF
sRGBB (r, g, b)(191, 0, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)(285°, 100%, 100%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(50, 133, 288°)
SourceColour Lovers
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

This color, electric purple, is precisely halfway between violet and magenta and thus fits the artistic definition of purple.[13]

Using additive colors such as those on computer screens, it is possible to create a much brighter purple than with pigments where the mixing subtracts frequencies from the component primary colors. The equivalent color on a computer to the pigment color red-violet shown above would be this electric purple, i.e. the much brighter purple you can see reproduced on the screen of a computer. This color is pure purple conceived as computer artists conceive it, as the pure chroma on the computer screen color wheel halfway between color wheel violet and electric magenta. Thus, electric purple is the purest and brightest purple that it is possible to display on a computer screen.

Computer web color purples

Purple (HTML/CSS color)

Purple (HTML/CSS color)
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#800080
sRGBB (r, g, b)(128, 0, 128)
HSV (h, s, v)(300°, 100%, 50%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(30, 68, 308°)
SourceHTML/CSS[1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

This purple used in HTML and CSS actually is deeper and has a more reddish hue (#800080) than the X11 color purple shown below as purple (X11 color) (#A020F0), which is bluer and brighter.

This color may be called HTML/CSS purple.

Purple (X11 color)

Purple (X11 color)
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#A020F0
sRGBB (r, g, b)(160, 32, 240)
HSV (h, s, v)(277°, 87%, 94%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(45, 123, 283°)
SourceX11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

At right is displayed the color purple, as defined in the X11 color, which is a lot brighter and bluer than the HTML purple shown above.

See the chart Color names that clash between X11 and HTML/CSS in the X11 color names article to see those colors which are different in HTML and X11.

This color can be called X11 purple.

Medium purple (X11)

Medium Purple
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#9370DB
sRGBB (r, g, b)(147, 112, 219)
HSV (h, s, v)(260°, 49%, 86%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(55, 83, 276°)
SourceX11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the web color medium purple.

This color is a medium shade of the bright X11 purple shown above.

Additional variations

Orchid

Main article: Orchid (color)
Cattleya labiata
Orchid
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#DA70D6
sRGBB (r, g, b)(218, 112, 214)
HSV (h, s, v)(302°, 49%, 85%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(63, 80, 310°)
SourceX11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color orchid is a light shade of purple. The name 'orchid' originates from the flowers of some species of the vast orchid flower family, such as Laelia furfuracea and Ascocentrum pusillum, which have petals of this color.

Heliotrope

Main article: Heliotrope (color)
Heliotropium arborescens
Heliotrope
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#DF73FF
sRGBB (r, g, b)(223, 115, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)(286°, 55%, 100%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(66, 102, 295°)
Source[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color heliotrope is a brilliant shade of purple.

Heliotrope is a pink-purple tint that is a representation of the color of the heliotrope flower.

Psychedelic purple

Psychedelic purple
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#DD00FF
sRGBB (r, g, b)(221, 0, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)(292°, 100%, 100%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(55, 134, 297°)
SourceColour Lovers
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The pure essence of purple was approximated in pigment in the late 1960s by mixing fluorescent magenta and fluorescent blue pigments together to make fluorescent purple to use in psychedelic black light paintings. This shade of purple was very popular among hippies and was the favorite color of Jimi Hendrix. Thus it is called psychedelic purple. It is shaded somewhat more toward the magenta than electric purple.

In the 1980s there was a Jimi Hendrix Museum in a Victorian house on the east side of Central Ave. one half block south of Haight Street in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco which was painted this color.

Mulberry

Mulberry
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#C54B8C
sRGBB (r, g, b)(197, 75, 140)
HSV (h, s, v)(328°, 62%, 77%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(50, 77, 341°)
SourceCrayola
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color mulberry is displayed at right. This color is a representation of the color of mulberry jam or pie. This was a Crayola crayon color from 1958 to 2003.

The first recorded use of Mulberry as a color name in English was in 1776.[14]

Pansy purple

Pansy Purple
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#78184A
sRGBB (r, g, b)(120, 24, 74)
HSV (h, s, v)(329°, 80%, 47%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(27, 54, 346°)
SourceISCC-NBS
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Purple Pansy

The pansy flower has varieties that exhibit three different colors: pansy (a deep shade of violet), pansy pink, and pansy purple.

The first recorded use of Pansy Purple as a color name in English was in 1814.[15]

In nature

Plants

Animals

In culture

Academic Dress

  • In the French academic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in the academic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Purple (usually a hue close to Royal Purple) is the distinctive color for Divinity. It is also worn by high academic officials (University President, Head of Faculty, Rector, etc.) regardless of the field in which they graduated.

Anti-apartheid movement

Astronomy

  • One of the stars in the Pleiades, called Pleione, is sometimes called Purple Pleione because, being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue caused by its blue-white color being obscured by a spinning ring of electrically excited red hydrogen gas.[16]

Billiard games

  • Purple is the color of the ball in Snooker Plus with a 10-point value.
  • In the game of pool, purple is the color of the 4-solid and the 12-striped balls.

Browser-based role playing games

Computer games

Calendars

  • Purple is associated with Saturday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear purple on Saturdays and anyone born on a Saturday may adopt purple as their color.

Comedy

Cultural associations

  • In parts of East Asia, purple is known as the color of death.

Dance

  • The Purple Moon Dance Project is a dance group in San Francisco.[18]

Geography

  • Purple Mountain is located on the eastern side of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China. Its peaks are often found enveloped in mysterious purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes its name "Purple Mountain".

Heraldry

Coat of arms of the Kingdom of León
  • Porpora, or purpure, was not one of the usual tinctures in European heraldry, being added at a late date to bring the number of colors plus metals to seven, so that they could be given planetary associations. The classic early example of purpure is in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of León: argent, a lion purpure, as early as 1245.

History

  • Byzantine empresses gave birth in the Purple Chamber of the palace of the Byzantine Emperors. Therefore, being named Porphyrogenitus ("born to the purple") marked a dynastic emperor as opposed to a general who won the throne by his effort.
  • In China, the Chinese name of the Forbidden City literally means "purple forbidden city" 紫禁城 with first character 紫 meaning purple (even though the Chinese Emperor himself wore yellow, which was considered in China to be the imperial color).

Holocaust

Literature

  • Alice Walker, author of The Color Purple, said, "Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender."
  • As a result of its association with royalty and luxury, the term purple is often used to describe pretentious or overly embellished literature. For example, a paragraph containing an excessive number of long and unusual words is called a purple passage (see Purple prose).

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games

  • In the MMORPG World of Warcraft, items of an "Epic" quality (extremely rare items) are the color purple, and are often referred to as "Purples".

Microbiology

  • In April 2007 it was suggested that early archaea may have used retinal, a purple pigment, instead of chlorophyll, to extract energy from the sun. If so, large areas of the ocean and shoreline would have been colored purple; this is called the Purple Earth hypothesis.[20]

Military

  • In the US and United Kingdom militaries, purple refers to programs or assignments that are "joint", i. e., that are not confined to a single service such as the army or navy, but apply to the entire defense establishment. Assignment to one or more joint billets is required for promotion to flag rank (Rear Admiral and higher) in the U.S. Navy. Officers in joint billets are sometimes referred to as "wearing purple" (the phrase is purely metaphorical as there are no purple uniforms in the U.S. armed forces or UK armed forces).
  • During and before World War II, the Japanese used a code known as PURPLE or the Purple Code. The Allies' military successes in the Pacific theater depended on the fact that the Japanese did not know that Allied cryptographers had broken the code.
  • The Purple Heart is a US military decoration awarded in the name of the President of the USA to those who have been wounded or killed while serving on or after April 5, 1917 with the U.S. military.

Mourning

Music

Parapsychology

  • People with purple auras are said to have a love of ritual and ceremony.[25]

People

  • Singer Prince is often referred to as 'The Purple One', or 'His Royal Purpleness' by fans and the media alike. He starred in a film called Purple Rain and released a single entitled Purple Rain from his Purple Rain album, one of the best selling albums of all time. There are also various references to the color purple in Prince songs and media.

Politics

  • In Italy, since the global demonstration of 5th December 2009, purple has been used by a large civic movement protesting against Berlusconi's government, accused to be a media-dictatorship heavily connected with Mafia. This color was chosen as an apartitic statement because it doesn't belong to any current Italian political symbol. The movement, operating mainly through the web, thus defines itself Popolo Viola (Purple People).
  • In British politics, purple is used to represent the United Kingdom Independence Party, a eurosceptic party wanting to pull Britain out of the European Union.
  • In the politics of the Netherlands, purple ("paars" in Dutch) means a government coalition of right-liberals and socialists (symbolized by blue and red, respectively), as opposed to the more common coalitions of the Christian-democratic center-party with one of the other two. From 1994 to 2002 there have been two purple cabinets.
  • In United States politics, a purple state is a state equally balanced between Republicans (currently symbolized by red) and Democrats (currently symbolized as blue)
see:red states and blue states.

Religious text

Rhyme

  • Few, if any words used in modern English rhyme with the word "purple."
  • Robert Burns rhymes purple with "curple" in his Epistle to Mrs. Scott. Burns is, as far as we can tell, the only writer to have used the word. A curple refers to 1) the small of the waist before the flare of the hips or 2) a derriere, rump or behind.
  • In the song Grace Kelly by Mika the word purple is rhymed with "hurtful".
  • In his hit song "Dang Me," Roger Miller sings these lines:
Roses are red, violets are purple
Sugar is sweet and so is maple surple [sic]

Science fiction

Sexuality

  • Today the color purple is also known as a "pride" color among the gay and BDSM community.
  • At the 24 June 2007 San Francisco Gay Pride Parade, Yahoo passed out 3 7/16" in diameter round plastic stickers with a picture of a gay man or woman imaged as one of the Yahoo Gay Pride avatars against an HTML/CSS Purple background that said Out, Proud, and Purple.[29]
  • In the mid 1970s, there was a gay piano bar at 2223 Market St. between Noe and Castro in San Francisco called the Purple Pickle.[30]
  • The purple hand is an LGBT symbol that derives from an incident which occurred on Halloween night (31 October), 1969, when sixty members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Society for Individual Rights (SIR) staged a protest at the San Francisco Examiner in response to a series of news articles disparaging LGBT people in San Francisco's gay bars and clubs.

Sports

Transpersonal psychology

Transportation planning

  • The MBTA Commuter Rail in Boston is designated with purple markings, and thus is sometimes called the Purple Line.
  • The LACMTA Purple Line is a subway that goes down part of Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles that it has been proposed be extended all the way down Wilshire Boulevard to the Pacific Ocean.
  • The Chicago Transit Authority's "L" line to Linden Street is known as the Purple Line.
  • The Flushing Local/Express (often called the 7 train) of the New York City Subway is designated by a purple circle behind the train number. It is the only numbered train in the New York City subway system that does not share its color with any other train line.
  • San Francisco’s light rail service, the Muni Metro, designates the L Taraval light rail line, which travels to the Parkside neighborhood, with a solid purple disc on which is inscribed the train letter in white.
  • The Tokyo Metro Hanzōmon Line is color-coded purple on maps, signage and rolling stock.

Vexillology

  • While in the rest of the world, red represents communism or socialism and purple (or white) represents monarchism, in Spain it is just the opposite—red represents monarchism and purple represents the common people. This is why the lowest of the three color bands of the flag of the Second Spanish Republic was purple. [33]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords
  2. ^ web.Forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to color #800080 (Purple):
  3. ^ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1984--Merriam-Webster Page 957
  4. ^ a b P. U.P. A Gilbert and Willy Haeberli (2008). Physics in the Arts. Academic Press. ISBN 0123741505.
  5. ^ Graham, Lanier F. (editor) The Rainbow Book Berkeley, California: Shambhala Publications and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (1976) (Handbook for the Summer 1976 exhibition The Rainbow Art Show which took place primarily at the De Young Museum but also at other museums) Portfolio of color wheels by famous theoreticians—see Rood color wheel (1879) Page 93
  6. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
  7. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, second edition
  8. ^ Louis Bevier Spinney (1911). A Text-book of Physics. Macmillan Co.
  9. ^ Charles A. Poynton (2003). Digital video and HDTV. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 1558607927.
  10. ^ John Dakin and Robert G. W. Brown (2006). Handbook of Optoelectronics. CRC Press. ISBN 0750306467.
  11. ^ Tyrian Purple in Ancient Rome:
  12. ^ Varichon, Anne Colors: What They Mean and How to Make Them New York:2006 Abrams Page 161
  13. ^ Graham, Lanier F. (editor) The Rainbow Book Berkeley, California:1976 Shambala Publishing and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (Handbook for the Summer 1976 exhibition The Rainbow Art Show which took place primarily at the De Young Museum but also at other museums) Portfolio of color wheels by famous theoreticians—see Rood color wheel (1879) Page 93 Purple is halfway between magenta and violet
  14. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 199; Color Sample of Mulberry: Plate 48 Color Sample E9
  15. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201; Color Sample of Pansy Purple: Page 131 Plate 54 Color Sample L8
  16. ^ Barnett, Lincoln and the editorial staff of Life The World We Live In New York:1955--Simon and Schuster--Page 284
  17. ^ Home page for The Purple Onion:
  18. ^ Purple Moon Dance Project website:
  19. ^ Bibelforshcer—The German name for “Jehovah’s Witnesses”:
  20. ^ Early Earth Was Purple, Study Suggests:
  21. ^ Twain, Mark,"The Prince and the Pauper", ISBN 0 14 04.3669 3, Penguin Books, 1997, p.71.
  22. ^ Lyrics and audio recording of the song Purple People Eater:
  23. ^ Purple website for Prince fans:
  24. ^ Purple Music, Inc (Producers of House Music):
  25. ^ Swami Panchadasi The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 37
  26. ^ Fire Destroys Home of Tiburon’s ‘Purple Lady’—San Francisco Chronicle October 22, 2009
  27. ^ Varichon, Anne Colors:What They Mean and How to Make Them New York:2006 Abrams Page 140 – This information is in the caption of a color illustration showing an 8th Century manuscript page of the Gospel of Luke written in gold on Tyrian purple parchment.
  28. ^ Berman, Rick and Braga, Brannan (Creators of Star Trek: Enterprise) editors Glass Empires (Three Tales of the Mirror Universe--Age of the Empress by Karen Ward and Kevin Dilmore [ Story by Mike Sussman ]; Sorrows of Empire by David Mack; The Worst of Both Worlds by Greg Cox) New York:2007 Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. (Trade Paperback) Page 363
  29. ^ Yahoo Gay Pride Avatars:
  30. ^ San Francisco Frontiers [Biweekly Gay] Newsmagazine Volume 15, Issue 4 June 20, 1996 Gay Pride Issue Pages 38-39 Can You Remember When? The List --List of Every Gay Bar that Ever Existed in San Francisco
  31. ^ Leary’s 8 Calibre Brain Psychic Magazine April 1976
  32. ^ A black and white copy of the chart may be found at the front of the following book: Leary, Timothy - "Info-Psychology", New Falcon Publications. ISBN 1-56184-105-6
  33. ^ Legendary “Purple Banner of Castile” or “Commoner’s Banner”:

Further reading

  • "The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R. (1990) Sensation and perception: An integrated approach (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
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