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Proposed dams in the Kaliwa River watershed

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Several bulk water supply projects on the upper portion of the Kaliwa River Watershed have been proposed by the Philippine Government since the 1970s,[1] with the intent of relieving Metro Manila of its overdependence on the water supplied by Angat Dam.[2][3] Most of these have focused on a particular site in Barangay Laiban in Tanay, Rizal, on the upper portion of the Kaliwa River Watershed to which the Laiban Dam belongs, and the projects have thus often been referred to as Laiban dam or Kaliwa dam, although multiple projects have been referred to using either name.[1]

Due to controversies regarding the project's environmental impact[4] and its potential effect on local communities,[5] notably including a community of Remontado Dumagat people who consider the area part of their ancestral lands,[6] these projects have been controversial and have thus been alternatingly approved, deferred, cancelled, and reapproved by the Philippine Government at different times since the late 1970s.[3]

Proposed dam sites

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Dams have been proposed on two separate locations within the Kaliwa River watershed: one upstream in Tanay, Rizal, which is sometimes called the "Laiban Dam", and another Downstream, in Quezon Province.[7] Both have been referred to as the Kaliwa Dam, but since 2012, the Quezon site is the one distinguished as "Kaliwa Dam" when the two sites are both being discussed.[8]

The Kaliwa Watershed

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The Kaliwa Watershed forms part of the Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor (SMBC), and has been identified by the Southern Sierra Madre Wildlife Center of the Environmental Studies Institute of Miriam College as one of the SMBC's 14 priority biodiversity conservation sites.[4] It is described as "an important wildlife habitat that contains dipterocarp trees, a wide array of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles, some of which are threatened and endemic species."

In 1999 the Kaliwa Watershed, evaluated at the time as "degraded due to anthropogenic pressures", was classified as a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System.[4]

The terrain is generally mountainous, surrounded by slopes > 50%, consisting partly of forested hills and partly of cultivated land, with some slash and burn cultivation (kaingin) areas present. Its elevation is from 220 masl (meters above sea level) to 1,530 masl.[5] A number of small creeks run through the lower slopes, all eventually connecting to the main river.[4]

The Laiban sub-watershed site in Tanay, Rizal

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The Laiban site where the project is supposed to be built is a Barangay of municipality of Tanay in the province of Rizal, east of Metro Manila. It contains he 180 ha Laiban sub-watershed, a microbasin of the bigger Kaliwa Watershed, nestled in the southeastern portion of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range.[4]

Barangays on the site also serve as home to the Indigenous Remontado Dumagats.[4]

Downstream site in Quezon Province

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The other proposed site for the dam and reservoir is further east and downstream on the east-flowing Kaliwa river, located in the Barangays of Pagsanjan in the town of General Nakar and Magsaysay in the town of Infanta. Proposals for the construction of this downstream dam still involves the placement of conveyance tunnels and reservoir areas in the upstream Tanay, Rizal site.[8]

Previously discontinued proposals

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Manila Water Supply III project during the Marcos administration

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The history of projects on the Kaliwa River watershed began with the conception of the Manila Water Supply III project in November 1979 during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos. However, instructed the MWSS to look for alternative sites. The MWSS identified the Kaliwa River basin to be the most viable alternative, and began the first World Bank feasibility study on the damming of the Kaliwa river in 1979.[3]

During that time, however, the Philippine economy had gone into rapid decline because Marcos' debt driven deficit spending made the Philippines vulnerable when the United States increased its interest rates in the third quarter of 1981.[9][10][11] The ensuing collapse of the Philippine economy, worsened by the political pressure after the assassination of Benigno Aquino, led to slow development of the Laiban dam project until Marcos was forced out of office and into exile by the 1986 People Power Revolution.[12]

By 1989, the succeeding administration of Corazon Aquino reviewed the project and determined that costs had ballooned so high that the project had to be shelved.[13]

Proposals during the Ramos and Arroyo administrations

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After the administration of President Fidel Ramos took over in 1992, it continued conducting studies for the development of a Kaliwa dam, but these remained just proposals as the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System was privatized, and concessionaires Manila Water and Maynilad took over the servicing of water in the National Capital Region.[7]

In 2007, the administration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was able to get funding for Laiban Dam approved. However, the ZTE broadband scandal forced the project to be shelved.[7]

2009 San Miguel Corporation proposal

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In 2009, San Miguel Corporation submitted an unsolicited proposal for the building of a dam in Laiban, but public opinion at the thought of higher water rates led to the project once again being shelved in 2010.[7]

2009 Kaliwa Intake Weir proposal

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Also in 2009, Osaka-based Japanese company Global Utility Development Corporation submitted an unsolicited proposal for what was called the Kaliwa Intake Weir Project, which would have seen the creation of a 7-meter, 550 MLD Weir at the Kaliwa site, instead of a dam.[14] At the instructions of President Aquino, this proposal was explored again in 2017, after the approval of the New Centennial Water Source-Kaliwa Dam Project by NEDA

2012 Kaliwa Low Dam proposal

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Main article: Kaliwa Low Dam

The New Centennial Water Source-Kaliwa Dam Project was a water project proposed by the Philippine Government in 2012, whose main component was the construction of the Kaliwa Low Dam in Tanay, Rizal, as well as a water supply tunnel, and the attendant infrastructure for these structures.[15] The proposed Kaliwa Low Dam design had a 600 million-liters-a-day (MLD) capacity, and the water supply tunnel has a 2,400-MLD capacity. Had it been built, the Kaliwa Low Dam was expected to ease the demand on the Angat Dam, Manila's sole water storage facility.[16]

In 2015, two consortia were pre-qualified to bid for the undertaking of the Kaliwa Dam project[17] — the SMC-K Water Consortium, which is a partnership between San Miguel Holdings Corp. and Korea Water Resources Corp.; and the Abeima-Datem Consortium, which is a partnership between Albeinsa Infraestructura Medio Ambiento S.A and Datem Inc.[17]

When the project had not moved forward by the time Aquino administration ended, the succeeding Duterte administration decided not to pursue the Kaliwa Low Dam plan. The administration pursued a bigger dam instead, with funds to be obtained through an official development assistance from China.

2012 Laiban Low Dam proposal (NCWSP Phase 2)

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A second dam further upstream, named Laiban dam, was also proposed under the 2012 version of the NCWS-Kaliwa Dam Project, as part of a larger, integrated system.[18] The proposed system was intended to be built in stages, with the approval of Laiban Dam subject to the success of the Kaliwa Low Dam. As a result, only stage one, involving Kaliwa Low Dam its attendant the water supply tunnel, were actually approved for construction during the administration of Benigno Aquino III.[2] The dam would not be included in the new NCWS plan under the succeeding administration.[19]

Ongoing MWSS-CEEC dam project

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See also: China Energy Engineering Corporation and Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

A new proposal under the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte,[2] would replace the 2012 proposal with a full-sized dam, which would be negotiated using bilateral agreements.[19] However, the project would continue to use the name "New Centennial Water Source-Kaliwa Dam Project."[19][2]

Various leftist, Indigenous peoples, and environmental groups have voiced concerns regarding the project,[20][21] with some alleging that the government bypassed various social and environmental regulations to complete the dam within the current administration.[19][22] Proponents of the dam state that the project would bring various security and tourism benefits, while alleviating the water shortage in Metro Manila.[23]

In a report to the United Nations Human Rights Council, Dumagat-Remontado communities said that 10,000 people are "adversely affected" by the project.[24] Dumagat-Remontado groups said that the project violates their ancestral domain rights and puts natural resources and biodiversity at risk. Deforestation caused by the project will also reduce the Sierra Madre Mountain Range's ability to mitigate climate change, they said.[24]

The dam was originally proposed to be built at the Laiban Dam site in Tanay, Rizal, but was later disapproved because a dam in Tanay would submerge a larger area. The site downstream in Quezon Province was approved instead, with the areas in Tanay and Teresa becoming sites for the upstream reservoir and conveyance tunnels instead.[8]

Construction

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The tunnel boring machines for the dam were revealed on June 2, 2021.[25] The project had its groundbreaking on June 29, 2021.[23] Excavation works for the dam is scheduled to begin in December 2021, to be done by a joint venture of MWSS and China Energy Engineering Corporation (CEEC).[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Calleja, Nina (February 25, 2013). "P85B MWSS project: Same river in Tanay but different plan: Gov't to undertake project to head off possible water shortage in NCR". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Makati: Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d Añonuevo, Euan Paulo C. (June 11, 2014), Laiban Dam Project next on MWSS' PPP list, InterAksyon.com
  3. ^ a b c "Laiban Dam Project Chronology of Events" (PDF). pcij.org. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Villegas, Karl L.; Pollisco, Filiberto A. Jr. (2008). "Floral survey of Laiban sub-watershed in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range in the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation. 4 (1). Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation: 1–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  5. ^ a b Crucio, Emmanuel; Parayno, Phares (2010). Laiban Dam Project: Interlocking Ethics, Values and People in a Philippine Watershed (PDF). The Sixteenth Annual International Sustainable Development Research Conference, 30 May - 1 June 2010 (Conference Proceedings). Hong Kong. ISBN 978-988-18934-1-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  6. ^ Mallari, Delfin T. Jr. (July 12, 2013). "Sierra Madre tribe asks Congress to stop Laiban dam". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Makati City: Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d "What You Need to Know About the Kaliwa Dam Project". SPOT.PH.
  8. ^ a b c "Frequently Asked Questions". METROPOLITAN WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  9. ^ Guido, Edson Joseph; de los Reyes, Che (2017), "The best of times? Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years'", ABSCBN News and Public Affairs
  10. ^ "Martial law: costly lessons in economic development". GMA News Online. 21 September 2009.
  11. ^ Punongbayan, JC (11 September 2017). "Marcos plundered to 'protect' the economy? Makes no economic sense". Rappler. Ortigas Center, Pasig.
  12. ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
  13. ^ "IN THE KNOW: The New Centennial Water Source Project". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 14, 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  14. ^ "Japanese firm renews proposal on Kaliwa Dam project". www.pna.gov.ph.
  15. ^ "China will make Philippines dam a reality, after four decades of protest". South China Morning Post. 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  16. ^ Smith, Sandy (June 23, 2014). "New Starts: Closing 6 Blocks in D.C., Planning K.C. Streetcars From Afar, Manila's New Water Supply". nextcity.org. Next City. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  17. ^ a b bw_mark (7 November 2018). "Integrated PPP vs Hybrid PPP: The case of Kaliwa Dam - BusinessWorld". BusinessWorld | The most trusted source of Philippine business news and analysis. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  18. ^ "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THE PUBLIC (ESP) New Centennial Water Source (NCWS) - Kaliwa Dam Project" (PDF). Environmental Impact Assessment and Management Division, Environmental Management Bureau, Government of the Republic of the Philippines. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-22.
  19. ^ a b c d Camba, Alvin (2021-06-15). "How Duterte Strong-Armed Chinese Dam-Builders But Weakened Philippine Institutions". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  20. ^ Chavez, Leilani (2019-11-05). "A Philippine tribe that defeated a dam prepares to fight its reincarnation". Mongabay Environmental News. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  21. ^ "Coalition rejects China-funded Kaliwa Dam project". Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  22. ^ "Analysis | Two of China's Belt and Road projects reveal a flaw in the G-7′s new global financing plan". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  23. ^ a b "Water outage in Metro Manila expected to end as Philippines-China dam project breaks ground". The Star. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  24. ^ a b Cabico, Gaea Katreena (January 25, 2024). "Dumagat-Remontado folk to UN: China violated human rights in Kaliwa Dam project". Philippine Star. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
  25. ^ "TUNNEL BORING MACHINE (TBM) FOR THE KALIWA DAM PROJECT READY TO ROLL | METROPOLITAN WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM". Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  26. ^ "Kaliwa Dam excavation to start in December". The Manila Bulletin. 2021-06-07. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-18.

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