Poropanchax normani
| Norman's lampeye | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Poeciliidae |
| Genus: | Poropanchax |
| Species: | P. normani
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| Binomial name | |
| Poropanchax normani | |
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| Range Map | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Aplocheilichthys normani Ahl, 1928 | |
Poropanchax normani, also known as the Norman's lampeye, is a species of Procatopodidae which is native to Africa. It belongs to the group of African lampeyes and livebearers (Poeciliidae) [3][4].
Etymology
[edit]The fish is named in honor of ichthyologist J. R. (John Roxborough) Norman (1898–1944), of the British Museum, who sent specimens to Ahl for "determination" of the species.[5]
Description
[edit]The Norman's lampeye is named for its bright markings located on its eyes. It is lightly colored throughout the rest of its body. Its body is lightly colored, with a rounded caudal fin and large, rounded dorsal and anal fins near the posterior. The fish’s eye is about 1.5–2 times the length of its head, a distinctive feature of African lampeyes. The surface and scales have a bluish tint with a yellow hue or outline on the body and the outer edges of the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins. This coloration is likely an adaptation to the highly vegetated areas where the fish is found and is passed down genetically. P. normani has a superiorly positioned mouth, which is typical of its surface-oriented, omnivorous feeding habits.
It is easy to confuse P. normani with its close relatives, P. stigmatopygus and Micropanchax scheeli, due to their similar body shapes and colors. However, the most distinguishing feature is their color patterns. P. normani exhibits a yellow and blue bicolor, while M. scheeli has a translucent gray body, and P. stigmatopygus has a yellow/gray mix on the body surface[8].
The vibrant colors, large eye, and small size of P. normani make it a popular choice for home aquariums. The species is readily available through aquarium trade and online vendors.
History
[edit]The Late Miocene and Pleistocene eras in Africa were marked by rapid climate change and the aridification of the continent. P. normani's diversification and separation from its ancestor species are attributed to its adaptation to more arid environments in the Middle and Late Miocene. P. normani is found in Nilo-Sudanic systems such as the Senegal River and Lake Chad, as well as in rainforests in the Congo Basin. This has made P. normani the most widespread African lampeye species, with its abundance still notable today[9]. Recent studies have corrected historical references to the genus, as the species was previously listed as Aplocheilichthys normani[10].
Biology
[edit]It can grow to approximately 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in length.[citation needed]. Adult males and females typically weigh between 0.07–0.34 grams. The minimum total length for an adult is around 2 cm[11].
P. normani has a lifespan of about 3–4 years. Its high reproductive rate contributes to its status as a shoaling species. It thrives in slow-moving waters, as indicated by the large, lobed fins on its body[12]. Females can store sperm, allowing for delayed birth and proper gestation.
While P. normani is often preyed upon by larger fish, such as bass and cichlids, as well as amphibians, turtles, and birds, the fish also faces predation from its own species. Although males and females are born in roughly equal numbers, males typically mature later than females, making them more susceptible to predation and resulting in a lower adult male population. Older lampeyes are less at risk of predation due to their knowledge of predators and safe hiding places in dense vegetation. As a result, younger lampeyes experience higher predation rates[13].
This species is part of the Poeciliidae family, meaning it is a livebearer. Adult males have a gonopodium, a modified copulatory organ on the anal fin, which is used to deliver sperm to the female’s clasper on the ventral side. The female then fertilizes and nurtures the offspring inside her body until they are mature enough to survive independently. The gestation period lasts approximately 20–30 days, depending on water temperature. To counter high predation rates on young males, adult males copulate with multiple females, and females can store sperm to release at a later time, ensuring the safety of the offspring[13].
The morphology of the fertilized egg inside the female is surrounded by a yolk-filled envelope and has a bundle of adhesive filaments on the outer surface. These filaments likely help the egg attach to spawning sites or similar structures[14].
Sexual dimorphism is evident in P. normani, with females having larger dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins by at least one centimeter. Females are also generally larger in body size and exhibit distinct differences in the shape and extension of these fins[15].
Distribution
[edit]This species is found throughout Central and Western Africa, particularly in small rivers and swamps [15]. P. normani inhabits humid coastal regions and a variety of freshwater habitats, including lakes, large and small rivers, and coastal swamps[16]. Recent sightings have been recorded in Sub-Saharan and Sahel regions[17], including Lake Boukou in the Central Saharan Lakes, where the species is found in abundance. The fish is commonly observed at the surface of brackish, vegetated waters.
Countries where P. normani is found in freshwater rivers include Senegal, Ghana, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Chad[8][12][4].
Diet
[edit]This fish feeds on aquatic invertebrates. In captivity, it thrives on a varied diet, such as Artemia, Daphnia, and bloodworms, and will also take small pellets and crushed flake foods.[18] The fish can feed and adapt to vastly different ecological niches depending on the availability of the food. Common sources of food for the fish are small mosquito larvae developing on the surface of the water, organic matter stemming from plants, and small crustaceans. P. normani has a vast difference in feeding rate compared to juvenile and adult fish, where adult fish consume around 3-4 times more than their juvenile counterpart. Although P. normani can feed both during the day and night, higher preference and feeding rates are found in typical morning and daylight[16].
Conservation Status
[edit]As of October 2024, the IUCN lists P. normani as "Least Concern," meaning it is not currently at risk of endangerment. However, the aquarium trade, particularly in fisheries and home aquariums, could pose a threat to local ecosystems through improper practices. Climate change also represents a concern, as some populations of P. normani inhabit shallow water areas vulnerable to drought. While P. normani has greater "plasticity" (ability to adapt) compared to other species, extreme weather conditions may challenge the species' survival in the future.
References
[edit]- ^ "Poropanchax normani". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Poropanchax normani". FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ Van Der Zee, Jouke R.; Bernotas, Kimberly; Bragança, Pedro H.N.; Stiassny, Melanie L.J. (2019-10-10). "An Unexpected New Poropanchax (Cyprinodontiformes, Procatopodidae) from the Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of Congo". American Museum Novitates (3941): 1. doi:10.1206/3941.1. ISSN 0003-0082.
- ^ a b Bragança, Pedro H.N.; Amorim, Pedro F.; Costa, Wilson J.E.M. (2018-02-09). "Pantanodontidae (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes), the sister group to all other cyprinodontoid killifishes as inferred by molecular data". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 94 (1): 137–145. doi:10.3897/zse.94.22173. ISSN 1860-0743.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES: Families POECILIIDAE, ANABLEPIDAE, VALENCIIDAE, APHANIIDAE and PROCATOPODIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Poropanchax normani (ex. Aplocheilichthys) • killifish • Fish sheet". Fishipedia. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
- ^ Wildekamp, Rudolf H.; Malumbres, Francisco J. (2004). "Identification of micropanchax scheeli (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae: Aplocheilichthyinae) with the description of a new species of the genus Poropanchax". Société Française d'Ichtyologie. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2004-281-009.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Wildekamp, Rudolf H.; Malumbres, Francisco J. (2004). "Identification of micropanchax scheeli (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae: Aplocheilichthyinae) with the description of a new species of the genus Poropanchax | Société Française d'Ichtyologie - Cybium". Société Française d'Ichtyologie. doi:10.26028/cybium/2004-281-009.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Neumann, Dirk; Obermaier, Henriette; Moritz, Timo (2016). "Annotated checklist for fishes of the Main Nile Basin in the Sudan and Egypt based on recent specimen records (2006-2015)". doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2016-404-004.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Bragança, Pedro H. N.; Costa, Wilson J. E. M. (2019-03-16). "Multigene fossil-calibrated analysis of the African lampeyes (Cyprinodontoidei: Procatopodidae) reveals an early Oligocene origin and Neogene diversification driven by palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic events". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 19 (2): 303–320. Bibcode:2019ODivE..19..303B. doi:10.1007/s13127-019-00396-1. ISSN 1439-6092.
- ^ Da, Nomwine; Diop, Khady; Djidohokpin, Gildas; Ndiour, Yacine; Bolonga, Alain; Snoeks, Jos; Musschoot, Tobias (2023). "Length-weight and length-length relationships of 48 Senegalese freshwater fish species based on collection specimens". Cybium. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2023-015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b "Poropanchax normani (ex. Aplocheilichthys) • killifish • Fish sheet". Fishipedia. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
- ^ a b Alderton, David (November 1, 2003). Livebearers: Understanding Guppies, Mollies, Swordtails and Others (1st ed.). CompanionHouse Books. ISBN 9781931993197.
- ^ Kim, Dong Heui (2022-07-13). "Light and electron microscopic morphology of the fertilized egg and fertilized egg envelope of Poropanchax normani, Poeciliidae, Teleostei". Applied Microscopy. 52 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s42649-022-00075-0. ISSN 2287-4445. PMC 9279538. PMID 35831688.
- ^ a b "Poropanchax normani, Norman's lampeye : Fisheries, aquarium".
- ^ a b Romand, R. (April 1985). "Feeding biology of Aplocheilichthys normani, Ahl, a small Cyprinodontidae from West Africa". Journal of Fish Biology. 26 (4): 399–410. Bibcode:1985JFBio..26..399R. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04280.x. ISSN 0022-1112.
- ^ Trape, Sébastien (2013). "A study of the relict fish fauna of northern Chad, with the first records of a polypterid and a poeciliid in the Sahara desert". Comptes Rendus. Biologies (in French). 336 (11–12): 582–587. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.10.001. ISSN 1768-3238. PMID 24296082.
- ^ "Poropanchax normani - Norman's lampeye | Tropical Fish".
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