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Plantago virginica

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plantago virginica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Plantago
Species:
P. virginica
Binomial name
Plantago virginica
L.
Plantago virginica specimen from the Catawba College Herbarium. Shows a plane white sheet with a dried P. virginica specimen on it. It has a leafy lower section, with long outgrowths with dried flowers in a near-cylindrical shape at the top. It takes up around a quarter of the sheet in the middle, leaving a large amount of blank room on the sheet.
Plantago virginica specimen from the Catawba College Herbarium.

Plantago virginica, common names hoary plantain and Virginia plantain, is a species of plant native to North America and introduced in Asia.[1] It is listed as a special concern in Connecticut.[2] The Kiowa use it to make garlands or wreaths for old men to wear around their heads during ceremonial dances as a symbol of health.[3] It is commonly found within the continental United States in the majority of states along coastal areas and on roads, though has become an invasive species to eastern China after its introduction c. 1980. It is an annual plant, blooming around the month of May.[4]

Description

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Plantago virginica is an annual flowering plant that possesses both male and female flowers that are arranged on a spike. The entire plant is often covered in numerous tiny hairs that grow on both the leaves and stem. The habit of P. virginica is low-lying, it grows close to the ground.[5] The seeds of P. virginica are typically of a brown hue.[6] Seeds are typically around 2mm wide in size. Plantago virginica usually to grow less than a thousand meters above sea level.[7]

Taxonomy

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The word Plantago is derived from two root words. The first being the Latin word planta, which simply means "flat" and -ago, which refers to a semblance of. So it is in reference to the flat appearance of some of the leaves of species within the genus.[8] Virginica is a word that is related to its provenance and is actually used for numerous species, plant or not. Examples include Crassotrea virginica,[9] Elimia virginica,[10] Itea virginica,[11] and Iris virginica.[12]

Natural habitat

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Plantago virginica is native to the southern and eastern states of the United States of America.[13] While in these areas, it tends to prefer soil types with larger grains which limits the areas where it can take root.[14] Plantago virginica can be found in and around most of the continental United States and into Canada.[1]

Invasive nature

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In the 1980's Plantago virginica was introduced to China via trade where it has since become an invasive species. Since its introduction in China, P. virginica has begun to develop various traits which make it distinct from its North American variety.[15] Extracts from the plant have impacted various lawn species resulting in phenomenon such as inhibited seed growth, altered growing patterns, and suppressing various mechanisms within co-occurring plants such as root growth.[16] The extra nitrogen found within the soil has helped it thrive in the eastern Chinese environment, leading to a larger general biomass than plants in the United States.[17] Plantago virginica has also begun to out compete local species such as Plantago asiatica due to allocations towards reproduction rather than towards vegetative growth. As a result, P. virginica has been reproducing higher rates than P. asiatica.[18] Plantago virginica has also spread diseases to local plants and is considered a weed of crops.[19]

The invasive population of Plantago virginica has developed several differences from its US phenotype. The Chinese population of the P. virginica tends to germinate before native North American species, but develop reproductive parts such as seeds after the native plant. Furthermore, introduced populations have less phenotypic diversity than native North American selections of P. virginica.[20] Invasive populations of P. virginica also remain dormant in the soil for shorter durations relative to native North American populations.[21]

Culture

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Plantago virginica tends to grow in areas with loose and disturbed soil.[22] It tends to prefer disturbed locations such as ditches on the sides of roads, gravely patches, and similar locations.[23] Plantago virginica often blooms around the month of May and is considered a spring plant.[24]

Interactions with animals

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Plantago virginica can be a food source for small insects such as beetles and weevils. Plantago virginica (as well as other Plantago species) has been found to be dispersed into environments via horse dung and survive through the horse digestive system, allowing it to be dispersed over long ranges. Laws prohibiting horse riding in an area, can have an impact on this form of dispersal.[25]

References

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  1. ^ a b NRCS. "Plantago virginica". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 17 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)
  3. ^ Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 51
  4. ^ "Plantago virginica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  5. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  6. ^ "Plantago - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  7. ^ "Plantago virginica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  8. ^ "Plantago - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  9. ^ "Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  10. ^ "Piedmont elimia (Elimia virginica) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  11. ^ "Itea virginica (Itea, Virginia Sweetspire, Virginia Sweet Spire, Virginia Willow) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  12. ^ "Iris virginica (Southern Blue Flag Iris) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  13. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  14. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain, Hoary Plantain, Paleseed Indian-wheat, Pale Seed Plantain, Paleseed Plantain, Southern Plantain, Virginia Plantain) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  15. ^ Luo, Xi; Xu, Xinyu; Zheng, Yi; Guo, Hui; Hu, Shuijin (2019-05-16). "The role of phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptation in determining invasion success of Plantago virginica". Biological Invasions. 21 (8): 2679–2692. doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 155104357.
  16. ^ Wang, Huatian; Zhou, Yumei; Chen, Yang; Wang, Quanxi; Jiang, Lifen; Luo, Yiqi (2015-04-27). "Allelopathic Potential of Invasive Plantago virginica on Four Lawn Species". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0125433. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125433. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4411108. PMID 25915515.
  17. ^ Luo, Xi; Xu, Xinyu; Zheng, Yi; Guo, Hui; Hu, Shuijin (2019-08-01). "The role of phenotypic plasticity and rapid adaptation in determining invasion success of Plantago virginica". Biological Invasions. 21 (8): 2679–2692. doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02004-x. ISSN 1573-1464. S2CID 155104357.
  18. ^ "Growth characteristics and relative competitive capacity of Plantago virginica and P.asiatica--《Chinese Journal of Ecology》2008年04期". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  19. ^ Popp, Teresa (2014-01-01). "Phenotypic Variation in Native North American and Invasive Chinese Populations of Plantago Virginica". Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
  20. ^ Popp, Teresa (2014-01-01). "Phenotypic Variation in Native North American and Invasive Chinese Populations of Plantago Virginica". Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
  21. ^ Xu, Xinyu (2019). "Differential germination strategies of native and introduced populations of the invasive species Plantago virginica". NeoBiota. 43: 101–118. doi:10.3897/neobiota.43.30392. S2CID 109230512.
  22. ^ "Plantago virginica - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  23. ^ "Plantago virginica (Dwarf Plantain, Hoary Plantain, Paleseed Indian-wheat, Pale Seed Plantain, Paleseed Plantain, Southern Plantain, Virginia Plantain) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  24. ^ "Plantago virginica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  25. ^ Campbell, Jonathan E.; Gibson, David J. (2001-11-01). "The effect of seeds of exotic species transported via horse dung on vegetation along trail corridors". Plant Ecology. 157 (1): 23–35. doi:10.1023/A:1013751615636. ISSN 1573-5052. S2CID 25075261.
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