Plan of Tacubaya
The Plan of Tacubaya (Spanish: Plan de Tacubaya), sometimes called the Plan of Zuloaga,[1] was issued by conservative Mexican General Félix Zuloaga on 17 December 1857 in Tacubaya against the liberal Constitution of 1857. The plan nullified the Constitution while it continued to recognize the election of moderate liberal Ignacio Comonfort as President. Conservatives had fiercely objected to the Constitution of 1857, which abolished special privileges (fueros) of the Catholic Church and the Mexican Army. President Ignacio Comonfort had not been a strong supporter of the Constitution and joined with Zuloaga, commander of the garrison in Mexico City.
Three months after some Mexican states accepted the Plan, the executive called a special session of Congress whose sole mission was to draft a new constitution. The new constitution would be submitted to the electorate for approval where, if ratified, would be promulgated, but if not, it would be redrafted. Its final provision was "all the authorities who do not declare in favor of this Plan shall be discharged."[2] The Congress elected under the new constitution was closed. Comonfort hoped that "by assuming dictatorial powers he could hold the extremists on both sides in check and pursue a middle course." Liberals in Guanajuato and Querétaro did not second the Plan, and in Veracruz, liberals repudiated it. There would be no middle way.[3] Although formally dissolved, congressmen passed a resolution calling for defense of the Constitution. Zuloaga then repudiated Comonfort on 11 January 1858, which led to a three-year civil war between conservatives and liberals.[4][5]
Presidents of Mexico, recognized by conservatives 1857-1862
[edit]| President | Took office | Left office | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Ignacio Comonfort (1812–1863) |
December 17, 1857 | January 21, 1858 | After the declaration of Plan of Tacubaya, Congress declared that he was no longer president but he was recognized by conservatives as president with absolute powers.[6][7] |
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Félix María Zuloaga (1813–1898) |
January 11, 1858 | December 24, 1858 | After repudiating Comonfort, Zuloaga was appointed president by the Conservative Party.[8] |
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Manuel Robles Pezuela (1817–1862) |
December 24, 1858 | January 23, 1859 | He assumed the conservative presidency with the support of the Plan de Navidad.[9][10] |
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Félix María Zuloaga (1813–1898) |
January 24, 1859 | February 1, 1859 | He was restored to the presidency by a counter-rebellion led by Miguel Miramón.[9][11] |
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Miguel Miramón (1831–1867) |
February 2, 1859 | August 13, 1860 | He assumed the conservative presidency as a substitute when Zuloaga left office.[12] |
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José Ignacio Pavón (1791–1866) |
August 13, 1860 | August 15, 1860 | As president of the Supreme Court of the conservative government, he took office for two days when Miramón left office.[13] |
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Miguel Miramón (1831–1867) |
August 15, 1860 | December 24, 1860 | He took office as interim president of the conservative government after he was elected by a group of "Representatives of the States" who supported the conservatives. He was defeated at the Battle of Calpulalpan, resigned the presidency and fled the country.[14] |
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Félix María Zuloaga (1813–1898) |
May 23, 1860 | December 28, 1862 | Despite having been defeated, the conservatives appointed Zuloaga as president until December 28, when they recognized the Regency who was seeking to reestablish the Mexican Empire.[15] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Plan of Zuloaga" in Political Plans of Mexico, Thomas B. Davis and Amado Ricon Virulegio, eds. Lanham MD: 1987, 530-31
- ^ "Plan of Zuloaga", 530-31
- ^ Scholes, Walter V. Mexican Politics During the Juárez Regime. Columbia: University of Missouri Press 1957, 23-24
- ^ Hamnett, Brian R. "Wars of Reform (Three Years War)" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, 1601.
- ^ "Plan of Tacubaya, December 17, 1857, Historical Documents Digital Library Bicentennial, Federal Government" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
- ^ "Es proclamado el Plan de Tacubaya, con el que los conservadores pretenden derogar la Constitución de 1857". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
- ^ "El Congreso declara que dejó de ser Presidente de la República don Ignacio Comonfort desde el 17 de diciembre de 1857". 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
- ^ "Tras desconocer a Comonfort, Félix María Zuloaga es nombrado presidente por el partido conservador". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ a b "Asume la presidencia del gobierno conservador el general Manuel Robles Pezuela". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ "Plan de Navidad". Memoria Politica de México. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ "FÉLIX MARÍA ZULOAGA (1813-1898)". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ "Zuloaga nombra presidente sustituto de la República a Miguel Miramón". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ "José Ignacio Pavón, presidente de la Suprema Corte, se encarga durante dos días del poder ejecutivo del gobierno conservador". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ "Toma posesión como presidente interino de la República, Miguel Miramón. Juárez sigue siendo el presidente legal". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
- ^ "Felix Maria Zuloaga". Chihuahua, México. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
Further reading
[edit]- Scholes, Walter V. Mexican Politics During the Juárez Regime. Columbia MO: University of Missouri Press 1957.