Phoradendron californicum
| Phoradendron californicum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Santalales |
| Family: | Santalaceae |
| Genus: | Phoradendron |
| Species: | P. californicum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Phoradendron californicum | |
Phoradendron californicum, the desert mistletoe or mesquite mistletoe, is a hemiparasitic plant native to southern California, Nevada, Arizona, Sonora, Sinaloa and Baja California. It can be found in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts at elevations of up to 1400 m (4600 feet).[1]
The mistletoe is a leafless plant that attaches to host plants, often leguminous woody desert trees such as Cercidium and Prosopis.[2] Desert mistletoe takes water and minerals from its host plants but it does its own photosynthesis,[2] making it a hemiparasite. Desert mistletoes, like mistletoes in general, weave nutrient cycles together through their unique life history.
Human Use
[edit]Common names include visco, tojí, tzavo, secapalo, injerto, and chili de espino in Spanish; aaxt in Seri.[3]
The white to reddish fruits are edible, but native tribes ate only the fruits of mistletoes growing on mesquite (Prosopis), ironwood (Olneya tesota) or catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii). Found growing on palo verdes (Parkinsonia) or Condalia (desert buckthorn) the fruits are considered inedible.[4] The Seri people consider desert mistletoe fruit ripe and harvestable once it turns translucent. Harvest is done by spreading a blanket below the plant and hitting it with sticks to release the fruit. Seri consumed the fruit raw.[5] The Tohono O'odham also consumed the fruit raw. River Pima ate the fruit boiled and mashed, which made it the consistency of a pudding. The Cahuilla gathered the fruits November through April and boiled them into a paste with a sprinkle of wood ash added to the pot.[3][6][7]
Desert mistletoe plants, but not the berries, contain phoratoxins which can easily lead to death via slowed heart rate,[citation needed] increased blood pressure, convulsions, or cardiac arrest. Some of these compounds can cause hallucinations, but there is no way to judge dosage. People seeking a "high" from mistletoe still turn up in morgues each year. Native peoples used plants other than desert mistletoe to seek visions.[3]
Amateur entrepreneurs in Tucson, Phoenix and other cities in the Sonoran Desert frequently sell cuttings of desert mistletoe on street corners during the Christmas season. This is despite the fact that the species looks very different from other mistletoes traditionally used as holiday decorations elsewhere.
Pollination
[edit]Desert mistletoes are dioecious and rely on insects for pollination. They produce inconspicuous, fragrant flowers during the winter. A February 2015 inventory[8] observed 13 species of Diptera and 3 species of Hymenoptera observed on the female flowers of P. californicum in the catclaw acacias (Acacia greggii) of the Eldorado Mountains in the southern Mojave desert. The most abundant pollinator was the fruit fly Euarestoides acutangulus, followed by the blowfly Phormia regina then the hover fly Eupeodes volucris.
Dispersal
[edit]Female desert mistletoe plants produce red to clear berries that are eaten by the phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens), a silky flycatcher, which then spreads the seeds. Phainopeplas cannot digest the seed of desert mistletoe, so the birds disperse the seeds when they defecate or wipe their bills. The phainopepla is a specialist dispersal agent of desert mistletoe. A dispersal survey[9] observed phainapepla's were most common bird eating mistletoe berries, followed by the Northern mockingbird and Gila woodpeckers. The study noted that Phainopepla's are the most effective agent because they spend the majority of their time in host plants, while the mockingbird and woodpecker are generalists that do not spend as much time in the host plants.
Gallery
[edit]-
Desert Mistletoe in the Mojave Desert of southern California. -
A palo verde tree with desert mistletoe in Arizona's Sonoran Desert. -
A mesquite tree with desert mistletoe in the Sonoran Desert. -
Close-up view of desert mistletoe.
References
[edit]- ^ Hawksworth, F.G., & D. Wiens. 1993. Viscaceae, Mistletoe Family. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 27:241-245.
- ^ a b Spurrier, S., Smith, K.G. (2006). Desert mistletoe (Phoradendron californicum) infestation correlates with blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum) mortality during a severe drought in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 69, 189-197.
- ^ a b c Soule, J. A. 2010. Father Kino's Herbs: Growing Them & Using Them Today. Tierra del Sol Institute. Tucson, AZ. ISBN 978-0-9758554-2-3
- ^ Nabhan, G. P. 1985. Gathering the Desert. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
- ^ Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser. 1985. People of the Desert and Sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
- ^ Ebling, W. 1986. Handbook of Indian Foods and Fibers of Arid America. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
- ^ Hodgson, W. C. 2001. Food Plants of the Sonoran Desert. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
- ^ Wiesenborn, William D. (2016). "Conspecific pollen loads on insects visiting female flowers on parasitic Phoradendron californicum (Viscaceae)". Western North American Naturalist. 76 (1): 113–121.
- ^ Larson, Diane (1996). "Seed dispersal by specialist versus generalist foragers: the plant's perspective". Oikos. 76: 113–120.
- Bowers, Janice and Brian Wignall. Shrubs and Trees of the Southwest Deserts. Arizona: Western National Parks Association, 1993.
- Desert Mistletoe Web of Science 5 October 2009
- Epple, Anne. A Field Guide to the Plants of Arizona. Arizona: Lewann Publishing Company, 1995.
- Viscaceae (Loranthaceae). Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum.