Palianytsia
 Palianytsia depicted on a Ukrainian postage stamp | |
| Type | Bread |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Ukraine |
| Main ingredients | Flour |
Palianytsia (Ukrainian: паляниця, Ukrainian: [pɐlʲɐˈnɪt͡sʲɐ]) is a type of Ukrainian hearth-baked bread, made mostly of wheat flour in a home oven. The yeast hearth bread has a semi-circle cut across the top third of the loaf.
Etymology
[edit]The word comes from Ukrainian: пали́ти, romanized: palyty, meaning "to burn" or "to smoke".[1] This is because, when baking the bread, the raised crust can sometimes be burned. Another version is based on the assumption that pOlianytsia is a traditional bread produced by the Polans (Poliany) an early medieval tribe of Eastern Slavs.
Ahatanhel Krymsky, a noted Ukrainophile and scholar, believed that the word palianytsia comes from the Greek: πελανος, romanized: pelanos,[2][page needed] which referred to round cakes offered to the gods.[3]
Recipe
[edit]Traditional palyanytsya was baked from a dough made with hops, year or sourdough, wheat flour and salt and baked.[4]
According to GOST 12793-77, the bakeries of the USSR produced a standardized "Ukrainian palianytsia" baked in molds.[5] It had a mass of 750 g to 1 kg, with a lateral cut of 3/4 of a circle.
Symbolism
[edit]In Christianity, palyanytsya, like bread in general, symbolizes happiness and can represent well-being, the body of God, affection, hospitality and security. Palyanytsya can also be interpreted as a symbol of the sun.[6]
Other uses
[edit]The word palyanytsya is used as an important shibboleth test in the Ukrainian language, to identify people not well-versed in the Ukrainian phonology. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the word was often used to identify Russian soldiers or saboteurs, some of whom, when captured, claimed to be Ukrainians.[7][8] Instead of pronouncing паляниця palianytsia as [pɐlʲɐˈnɪt͡sʲɐ], Russian speakers would often mispronounce the stressed Ukrainian letter и (y), which represents the non-palatal vowel /ɪ/, as palatal /(j)i/,[a] which is represented instead by Ukrainian і (i); they also often mispronounce the first unstressed я (ya) as [ʲɪ] and the second unstressed я (ya) - after the letter ц (ts) - as [ə].[b][9] Thus the result is [pɐlʲɪˈnʲit͡sə], sounding as if it were spelt пальиніца pal’ynitsa / палініца palinitsa with Ukrainian letters.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ In Russian, the palatal /(j)i/ is represented by the stressed letter и.
- ^ This mistake is particularly widespread because the phoneme /t͡s/ is never palatalized in Russian, unlike in Ukrainian.
References
[edit]- ^ Етимологічний словник української мови. Том 4: Н–П. 2003.
- ^ Киевская старина (1899). 1899.
- ^ "πελανός", Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon at www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
- ^ Ethnographic Review No 1-2 (in Russian). Moscow: Ethnographic Department of the Imperial Society of Naturalists, Anthropologists and Ethnographers. 1899.
- ^ "ГОСТ 27842-88 Хлеб из пшеничной муки. Технические условия (с Изменениями N 1, 2) от 29 сентября 1988 - docs.cntd.ru". docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ Коцур, В.П.; Потапенко, О.І.; Куйбіда, B.В. (2015). Енциклопедичний словник символів культури України (in Ukrainian). Havryšenko. ISBN 9789662464481.
- ^ "Скажи паляниця: чому саме це слово вибрали для ідентифікації російських військових". Апостроф (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ "Не вимовив "паляниця": на Рівненщині затримали росіянина з "вибухівкою"". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Shibboleth". BLOG|ON|LINGUISTICS. 2013-10-09. Retrieved 2022-03-01.