Nwanyeruwa
Nwanyeruwa // , also known as Madame Nwanyeruwa, was an Igbo woman living in colonial Nigeria who gained prominence for her role in the Aba Women's Riots, better known as the Women's War. The revolt stemmed for the reluctance of Nigerian women to be taxed amidst the economic hardships of the Great Depression. After a scuffle with a male Igbo Warrant Officer, Nwanyeruwa organized 10,000 Nigerian woman in a protest against the colonial and native authorities. While the protest did not result in much concrete changes or acceptance of Nwanyeruwa's demands, it did result in woman being involved in the colonial Nigerian political system. Nwanyeruwa's actions have been appraised by several historians, who cite her actions as an important milestone in the history of African nationalism.[1][2][3][4]
Early life
[edit]Although her date of birth and location of birth is unknown, it has been speculated by some historians that Nwanyeruwa was born in Igboland, a region which covers most of Southeast Nigeria.[5] Nwanyeruwa was a woman of the Oloko tribe in Nigeria. As the typical gender roles of the Igbo culture were reversed as opposed to Western culture, Nwanyeruwa essentially acted as the paramount authority within the home. Sometime before 1929, Nwanyeruwa had married an Igbo man named Ojim, who had died some time before that year.[6][7]
Role in the Women's War
[edit]The Women's War, also termed the Aba Women's Riot by the British, was sparked by a dispute between Nwanyeruwa and a man, Mark Emereuwa, who was helping to make a census of the people living in the town controlled by the Warrant, Okugo. Nwanyeruwa was of Ngwa ancestry, and had been married in the town of Oloko. In Oloko, the census was related to taxation, and women in the area were worried about who would tax them, especially during the period of hyperinflation in the late 1920s. The financial crash of 1929 impeded women's ability to trade and produce so they sought assurance from the colonial government that they would not to be required to pay taxes. Faced with a halt in their political demands, the women settled that they would not pay taxes nor have their property appraised.[8]
On the morning of November 18, Emereuwa arrived at Nwanyereuwa's house and approached her, since her husband Ojim had already died. He told the widow to "count her goats, sheep and people." Since Nwanyeruwa understood this to mean, "How many of these things do you have so we can tax you based on them", she was angry. She replied by saying "Was your widowed mother counted?," meaning "that women don't pay tax in traditional Igbo society." The two exchanged angry words, and Emeruwa grabbed Nwanyeruwa by the throat.[9] Nwanyeruwa went to the town square to discuss the incident with other women who happened to be holding a meeting to discuss the issue of taxing women. Believing they would be taxed, based on Nwanyeruwa's account, the Oloko women invited other women (by sending leaves of palm-oil trees) from other areas in the Bende District, as well as from Umuahia and Ngwa.[10] They gathered nearly 10,000 women who protested at the office of Warrant Chief Okugo, demanding his resignation and calling for a trial.[11][12]
As a result of the protests, the position of women in society was greatly improved. In some areas, women were able to replace the Warrant Chiefs. Women were also appointed to serve on the Native Courts. After the Women's war, women's movements were very strong in Ngwaland, many events in the 1930s, 40s and 50s were inspired by the Women's War, including the Tax Protests of 1938, the Oil Mill Protests of the 1940s in Owerri and Calabar Provinces and the Tax Revolt in Aba and Onitsha in 1956.[13]
Legacy
[edit]Nwanyeruwa, along with other women of the Oloko village inspired women in other Nigerian villages to start their own political movements as well.[14] Nwanyeruwa's role in the Women's War was one in a series of actions which acted as a catalyst for social and political change in Nigerian history, aiding the nascent African nationalist movement in the region and the movement for independence, which culminated in independence being granted in 1960. Her actions marked a milestone in both African nationalism and women's rights in Africa.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ "Riot or Rebellion? The Women's Market Rebellion of 1929". American Historical Association.
- ^ "How Nwanyeruwa Ignited The Igbo Women's War Of 1929". Woman.ng. Toyin Falola and Adam Paddock. 19 October 2016.
- ^ Korieh, Chima J. (February 2015). "Marc Matera, Misty L. Bastian, and Susan Kingsley Kent. The Women's War of 1929: Gender and Violence in Colonial Nigeria". The American Historical Review. 120 (1): 374–375. doi:10.1093/ahr/120.1.374. ISSN 1937-5239.
- ^ Van Allen, Judith (January 1972). ""Sitting on a Man": Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women". Canadian Journal of African Studies (in French). 6 (2): 165–181. doi:10.1080/00083968.1972.10803664. ISSN 0008-3968.
- ^ "The Igbo People – Origins & History". faculty.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
- ^ "The Igbo People – Origins & History". faculty.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
- ^ Glover, Jonathan (1995). Women, Culture and development: A study of human capabilities. Oxford University. p. 449.
- ^ Glover, Jonathan (1995). Women, Culture and development: A study of human capabilities. Oxford University. p. 449.
- ^ The Testimony of Nwanyoji, March 14, 1930. In The Women's War of 1929 by Toyin Falola and Adam Paddock. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011.
- ^ "Nwanyeruwa – The Women's Revolt Against British Colonialism". The Heroine Collective. 2021-03-22. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
- ^ "Nwanyeruwa (Nigeria)". Gender in African Biography. 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
- ^ Meserette, Kentake. "The Aba Women's War". libcom.org. Mike Harman. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
- ^ Matera, Marc; Bastian, Misty L.; Kent, S. Kingsley; Kent, Susan Kingsley (2011-10-27). The Women's War of 1929: Gender and Violence in Colonial Nigeria. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-35606-1.
- ^ Matera, Marc; Bastian, Misty L.; Kent, S. Kingsley; Kent, Susan Kingsley (2011-10-27). The Women's War of 1929: Gender and Violence in Colonial Nigeria. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-35606-1.
- ^ Ekechi, Felix K. (2003). ""Wicked" Women and the Reconfiguration of Gender in Africa (review)". Africa Today. 50 (1): 131–133. doi:10.1353/at.2003.0056. ISSN 1527-1978. S2CID 143767586.