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No. 19 Squadron RAF

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No. XIX Squadron RAF
No. XIX Squadron badge
Active1 Sept 1915 – 1 April 1918 (RFC)
1 April 1918 – 31 Dec 1919 (RAF)
1 April 1923 – 31 Dec 1976
1 January 1977 – 9 January 1992
23 Sept 1992 – 24 Nov 2011
1 April 2021–
CountryUnited Kingdom
BranchRoyal Air Force
TypeAir Control Squadron, Ground-controlled interception
RoleControl and Reporting Centre
Size264 x Personnel
Part ofNo. 2 Group RAF
Home stationRAF Boulmer
Nickname(s)The Chosen Squadron;[1] The Dolphins[1]
Motto(s)Latin: Possunt quia posse videntur
(Translation: "They can because they think they can")[1]
ColorsSky Blue and White
Equipment1 x Operations Room
3 x AN/TPS-77
2 x AN/FPS-117 (Type 92)
1 x BAE Systems Type 102
1 x Indra Sistemas Lanza LTR-25
IBM Guardian Air Control System
Battle honoursWestern Front (1916-1918)*, Somme (1916)*, Arras, Ypres (1917)*, Somme (1918), Lys, Amiens, Hindenburg Line, Dunkirk*, Home Defence (1940-1942), Battle of Britain (1940)*, Channel and North Sea (1942-1942), Fortress Europe (1942-1944)*, Dieppe, Normandy 1944*, Arnhem, France & Germany (1944-1945) Honours marked with an asterisk(*) are those actually emblazoned on the Squadron Standard[2]
Insignia
Squadron Badge heraldryBetween wings elevated and conjoined in base, a dolphin, head downwards.[1][2]
Squadron Roundel
Squadron CodesWZ (Oct 1938 – Sep 1939)[3][4]
QV (Sep 1939 – Sep 1945)[5][6]
A (1989 – 1991)[7]

No. 19 Squadron (sometimes written as No. XIX Squadron) is a squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was the first squadron to operate the Supermarine Spitfire. It currently operates the UK's Control and Reporting Centre from RAF Boulmer. No. 19 Squadron delivers persistent surveillance of UK airspace, and Tactical Control of RAF and NATO aircraft, including the UK's contribution to NATO's Quick Reaction Alert mission.

Formed on 1 September 1915 as a Royal Flying Corps squadron, the unit served during the First World War. No. 19 Squadron was the first squadron to operate the Supermarine Spitfire, which it flew for the majority of the Second World War. The squadron operated several different types during the Cold War from the Gloster Meteor F.4 to the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 as No. 19 (Fighter) Squadron. In 1992, and on receipt of the BAe Hawk and establishing at RAF Valley, the squadron was designated as No. 19 (Reserve) Squadron.

The squadron was disbanded on 24 November 2011, before being allocated to the UK Air Surveillance and Control System Control and Reporting Centre at RAF Boulmer on 1 April 2021, charged with providing Battle Management and Tactical Command and Control (Tac C2) of NATO aircraft, for both defence of the UK and NATO airspace, as well as operational training for the RAF's fast jet squadrons.

History

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First World War

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No. 19 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was formed on 1 September 1915, from members of No. 5 Squadron, at Castle Bromwich[8][9] training on a variety of aircraft before being deployed to France in July 1916 flying Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12 and re-equipping with the more suitable French-built SPAD S.VIIs.[10]

From November 1917, the squadron started to receive Sopwith Dolphins to replace its Spads, it being fully equipped with the Dolphin during January 1918, flying its first operational patrol with the new fighter on 3 February.[11][12] By the end of the war, No. 19 Squadron had had 22 flying aces among its ranks, including Albert Desbrisay Carter, John Leacroft, Arthur Bradfield Fairclough, Oliver Bryson, Gordon Budd Irving, Frederick Sowrey, future Air Commodore Patrick Huskinson, Cecil Gardner, Roger Amedee Del'Haye, future Air Chief Marshal James Hardman, Finlay McQuistan, Alexander Pentland, John Candy, Cecil Thompson and John Aldridge.[13]

Commanding officers during this time included H.D. Harvey-Kelly who was the first RFC pilot to land in France in the First World War. At least one of the No. 19 Squadron airmen, a Canadian, George Robert Long, was captured on 6 October 1917 in the Lille area and spent the rest of the war in a number of prisoner of war camps, including Holzminden prisoner-of-war camp. It was his very first flight, in a Spad VII, B3508. The squadron was flying out of Bailleul (Asylum Ground) at the time. He was shot down by Gefreiter J. Funk, flying with Ja30. He had first been a member of the C.E.F. in the infantry and was wounded a number of times. He wasn't repatriated until 14 December 1918, to return home to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.[14]

Interwar period

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Squadron Leader Cozens leading a formation of six new Spitfire Mk.Is of No. 19 Squadron, 31 October 1938

No. 19 Squadron was disbanded after the First World War on 31 December 1919.[15] On 1 April 1923, the squadron was reformed at RAF Duxford with the Sopwith Snipe, initially operating as part of No. 2 Flying Training School (No. 2 FTS).[15][16] After becoming independent No. 2 FTS, No. 19 Squadron remained at Duxford flying number of different fighters such as the Gloster Grebe, Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIa and the Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa.[9] In May 1935, the unit became the first squadron to be equipped with the Gloster Gauntlet which they flew until March 1939.[17] In 1938, No. 19 Squadron became the first squadron in the RAF to operate the Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I,[18][19] when K9789 was delivered on 4 August.[20] The squadron lost its first Spitfire when K9792 crashed on landing at RAF Duxford on 20 September 1938, having only been delivered on 16 August.[21]

Second World War

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Supermarine Spitfire Mk I, 19 Squadron, 1940

No. 19 Squadron was stationed at RAF Duxford after the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, and was part of No. 12 Group, RAF Fighter Command.[22] Douglas Bader was posted to the squadron in February 1940.[23] In May and June 1940, the squadron helped provide air cover over the Dunkirk beaches.[16] In June 1940, No. 19 Squadron began the receive Spitfire Mk.Ibs, which were armed with the Hispano cannon, however due to reliability issues the unit soon reverted to the Spitfire Mk.Ia.[9] No. 19 Squadron formed part of the Duxford Wing, No. 12 Group's 'Big Wing' formation during the Battle of Britain.[2]

Later versions of Spitfires were flown until the arrival of North American Mustang Mk.IIIs for close-support duties in early 1944.[24] After D-Day, No. 19 Squadron briefly went across the English Channel before starting long-range escort duties from RAF Peterhead, Scotland, for Coastal Command off the coast of Norway.[25] The Squadron converted to the Mustang Mk.IV in April 1945 while based at RAF Peterhead.[26]

Cold War

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No. 19 (F) Squadron Phantom FGR.2 with a US Navy Grumman F-14A Tomcat during Operation Desert Shield, December 1990

Relocating south to RAF Acklington on 13 May 1945, No. XIX (Fighter) Squadron exchanged their Mustangs for Spitfire Mk.XVIs.[26][27] While at RAF Wittering in October 1946, No. 19 (F) Squadron converted to the de Havilland Hornet Mk.I which were operated until January 1951 when the Squadron received their first jet aircraft – the Gloster Meteor F.4.[28] These were soon exchanged for the Meteor F.8 in April 1951 which were flown until October 1956 when No. 19 (F) Squadron received the Hawker Hunter F.6.[16] The Squadron moved to RAF Leconfield, Yorkshire in 1959 where they converted to the English Electric Lightning F.2 in November 1962.[28]

The Squadron and her sister unit, No. 92 (F) Squadron, were deployed forwards in September 1965 to RAF Gütersloh, close to the inner German border, as part of Second Allied Tactical Air Force (2ATAF).[16] Subsequently, the squadron re-equipped with the longer-range Lightning F.2A version.[29]

On 31 December 1976, No. 19 (F) Squadron disbanded with the Lightning, followed by No. 92 (F) Squadron in March 1977, and reformed the next day at RAF Wildenrath,[24] further back west of the Rhine, with the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 still in the air defence role.[29]

Because of restricted airspace in then West Germany, both No. 19 Squadron and its sister No. 92 Squadron deployed regularly out of theatre over these years for annual Missile Practice Camps at RAF Valley, using the Aberporth Range in Wales, to RAF St Mawgan in Cornwall and RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus for Armament Practice Camps (gunnery), to Italian Air Force Decimommanu in Sardinia to use the NATO Air Combat Manoeuvring Instrumented Range, and latterly to Eglin and Nellis Air Force Bases in Florida and Nevada to participate respectively in multi national Exercises Green and Red Flags.[30]

On 17 August 1990, No. XIX (F) Squadron, along with No. 92 (F) Squadron, were sent to RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus, in order to provide air defence for the island after Tornado F.3s from No. V (AC) Squadron and No. 29 (F) Squadron deployed from Akrotiri to Dhahran Airfield due to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait (ahead of Operation Granby).[31] No. 19 (F) Squadron operated their Phantoms from here until 28 February 1991 when a ceasefire was called between the coalition forces and Iraq.[16]

On 9 January 1992, the squadron disbanded as part of agreed post-Cold War force reductions and their aircraft were scrapped.[28][32]

On 16 January 1992, the last Phantom departed piloted by Wildenrath Station Commander Group Captain Geoff Brindle to be gifted to the Kbely Military Museum in Prague.[33]

Hawk (1992–2011)

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No. 19 (R) Squadron Disbandment Event held on 24 November 2011 at RAF Valley, led by Wg Cdr Kevin Marsh

The number plate was then assigned to the former No. 63 Squadron, one of the Hawk squadrons at RAF Chivenor, in September 1992, becoming No. 19 (Reserve) Squadron. The squadron was a 'Shadow' identity of No. 2 Tactical Weapons Unit (2 TWU). Following the closure of Chivenor to jet flying the squadron was moved to RAF Valley in September 1994 to provide advanced fast jet training on the BAE Hawk.[34]

As a consequence of the UK's Strategic Defence and Security Review in 2010, the Air Force Board decided in 2011 that 19 Squadron's training role with the Hawk T2 at RAF Valley should be transferred to a resurrected No. 4(R) Squadron. No. 19(R) Squadron, one of the last surviving Battle of Britain squadrons, disbanded on 24 November 2011, 96 years after it was first formed.[35]

The disbandment event, held at RAF Valley, was led by Officer Commanding No. 19 Squadron, Wing Commander Kevin Marsh. In attendance were the Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Stephen Dalton, Air Chief Marshal William Wratten and Flight Lieutenant Ken Wilkinson - a 19 Squadron Spitfire pilot who flew during the Battle of Britain.[36]

Members of No. 19 Squadron and No. 20 Squadron form a parade in front of Alnwick Castle.
No. 19 Squadron and her sister squadron, No. 20 Squadron, at their reformation parade, held at Alnwick Castle on 15 June 2021.

Control and Reporting Centre (2021 – present)

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In 2021, the RAF recognised the important role of Battle Management and Air Traffic Control units had played in defence of the UK and NATO over the cold war and in the UK's response since the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The RAF awarded squadron number plates to Battlespace Management Operations Wing, the Air Surveillance and Control System (ASACS) Operational Conversion Unit (OCU), and RAF Swanwick. Battlespace Management Operations Wing, including the remnants of No. 1 Air Control Centre, was re-brigaded as No. 19 Squadron on 1 April 2021,[37] and continues to operate the Control and Reporting Centre from RAF Boulmer in Northumberland.[38]

No. 19 Squadron's reformation was celebrated officially at a reformation parade on 15 June 2021, held at Alnwick Castle. The parade was led by RAF Boulmer Station Commander, Group Captain David Keighley, Officer Commanding No. 19 Squadron, Wing Commander Chris Misiak, and Officer Commanding No. 20 Squadron, Wing Commander Andy Foy. In attendance were the Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland, Jane Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, and Chief of Staff Capability, Air Vice Marshall Lincoln Taylor.[39]

No. 19 Squadron operate the Control and Reporting Centre (CRC). The CRC is considered to be the modern-day successor of Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding's "Dowding system," the first Integrated Air Defence System. This combination of radar; fighters; anti-aircraft guns; and the operations rooms that tied them all together was credited with ultimate success during the Battle of Britain. It allowed RAF Fighter Command to position and mass air defence fighters where they were needed most.[40]

The CRC weapon system is a system-of-systems designed to give operators situational awareness over a given battlespace, and also giving those same operators the means to direct, communicate, guide and advise military aircraft to achieve their mission.[41][42] No. 19 Squadron are providers of Tactical-level Command and Control and are considered a Tac C2 agency within NATO.[43][44]

Alongside No. 20 Squadron, No. 19 Squadron continues to defend the UK. No. 20 Squadron provide expert training to the air battle managers of No. 19 Squadron, including initial qualification, Combat Ready training, and the Qualified Weapons Instructor (Command and Control) course.[45]

Aircraft operated

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No. XIX Squadron Mustang Mk.IIIs in April 1944.
McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 XT899 of No. XIX (F) Squadron painted in an overall blue scheme arriving at RIAT, July 1991. This aircraft is today on display at the Kbely museum in Prague, Czech Republic
Aircraft operated by No. 19 Squadron RAF[46][47]
From To Aircraft Version
September 1915 October 1915 Farman MF.11 Shorthorn
September 1915 October 1915 Avro 504
September 1915 October 1915 Caudron G.3
October 1915 December 1915 Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 c
December 1915 December 1915 Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7
February 1916 July 1916 Avro 504
February 1916 July 1916 Caudron G.3
February 1916 July 1916 Bristol Scout
February 1916 July 1916 Martinsyde S.1
February 1916 July 1916 Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 c
February 1916 July 1916 Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 b
February 1916 July 1916 Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.5
February 1916 July 1916 Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7
June 1916 February 1917 Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12
October 1916 January 1918 SPAD S.VII
June 1917 January 1918 SPAD S.XIII
November 1917 February 1919 Sopwith Dolphin
April 1923 December 1924 Sopwith Snipe
December 1924 April 1928 Gloster Grebe
March 1928 September 1931 Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIa
September 1931 January 1935 Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa
January 1935 March 1939 Gloster Gauntlet Mk.I
September 1936 February 1939 Gloster Gauntlet Mk.II
August 1938 December 1940 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I
June 1940 September 1940 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Ib
September 1940 November 1941 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IIa
October 1941 August 1943 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vb
September 1942 March 1943 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vc
August 1943 January 1944 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX
January 1944 April 1945 North American Mustang Mk.III (P-51 B/C)
April 1945 March 1946 North American Mustang Mk.IV (P-51D)
March 1946 November 1946 Supermarine Spitfire LF.16e
October 1946 May 1948 de Havilland Hornet F.1
March 1948 January 1951 de Havilland Hornet F.3
January 1951 June 1951 Gloster Meteor F.4
April 1951 January 1957 Gloster Meteor F.8
October 1956 February 1963 Hawker Hunter F.6
November 1962 October 1969 English Electric Lightning F.2
January 1968 December 1976 English Electric Lightning F.2a
January 1977 January 1992 McDonnell Douglas F-4M Phantom FGR.2
September 1992 November 2011 BAe Hawk T.1 / T.2

See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ a b c d Palmer 1991, p. 3.
  2. ^ a b c "19 Squadron". Royal Air Force. 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  3. ^ Bowyer and Rawlings 1979, p. 11.
  4. ^ Flintham and Thomas 2003, p. 52.
  5. ^ Bowyer and Rawlings 1979, p. 87.
  6. ^ Flintham and Thomas 2003, p. 99.
  7. ^ Flintham and Thomas 2003, p. 229.
  8. ^ Halley 1988, p. 55.
  9. ^ a b c "No 19 Squadron". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  10. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 30
  11. ^ Chorlton Aeroplane Autumn 2014, p. 58.
  12. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 30
  13. ^ Shores, Frank and Guest 1990, p. 32
  14. ^ Henshaw, Teevor (2014). The Sky Their Battlefield 2. Fetubi Books. ISBN 978-0992977108.
  15. ^ a b Rawlings 1978, p. 47.
  16. ^ a b c d e "No.19 Squadron". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  17. ^ "No 19 Squadron Aircraft & Markings 1916 - 1931". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  18. ^ Rawlings 1978, p. 48.
  19. ^ "British Military Aviation in 1938". Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Supermarine Spitfire". Tangmere Museum. February 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  21. ^ "Incident Supermarine Spitfire Mk I K9792, 20 Sep 1938". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  22. ^ Rawlings 1978, p. 525.
  23. ^ "Douglas Bader - A fighter pilot again". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  24. ^ a b Halley 1988, p. 56.
  25. ^ Rawlings 1978, p. 49.
  26. ^ a b "No. 19 Squadron (RAF): Second World War". History of War. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  27. ^ "No 19 Squadron Aircraft & Markings 1931 - 1946". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  28. ^ a b c "No 19 Squadron". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  29. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 31
  30. ^ "Green Flag measures readiness, interoperability". Nellis Air Force Base. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  31. ^ "THE HISTORY OF RAF AKROTIRI 1955 - 2005". RAF Akrotiri. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  32. ^ "19 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  33. ^ March 1993, p. 85.
  34. ^ "No. 19 Squadron". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  35. ^ "IV Squadron Reborn". Royal Air Force. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  36. ^ "19 Squadron". Lightning Association. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  37. ^ Royal Air Force (1 April 2021). "IBN 33/21 Allocation of Numberplates to Battlespace Management Units" (Press release). Air Media and Communications.
  38. ^ "Two historic RAF Squadron Numberplates are set to return". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  39. ^ "Royal Air Force". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  40. ^ "The Battle of Britain - Page 1". www.stelzriede.com. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  41. ^ "Control and Reporting Center (CRC)". 552nd Air Control Wing. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  42. ^ "Royal Air Force". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  43. ^ "Royal Air Force". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  44. ^ AIR FORCE SPACE COMMAND PETERSON AFB CO (1 April 2006). "High Frontier: The Journal for Space & Missile Professionals. Volume 2, Number 3". Fort Belvoir, VA. doi:10.21236/ada593637. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  45. ^ "Royal Air Force". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  46. ^ Jefford 2001, pp. 33-34.
  47. ^ Palmer 1991, pp. 353-374.
Bibliography
  • Bowyer, Michael J.F. and John D.R. Rawlings. Squadron Codes, 1937-56. Bar Hill, Cambridgeshire, UK: Patrick Stephens., 1979. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
  • Chorlton, Martyn. "The Determined Dolphins". Aeroplane, Autumn 2014, Vol. 42, No. 9. pp. 58–62. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • Delve, Ken. The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
  • Flintham, Vic and Andrew Thomas. Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
  • Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918-1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians)., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
  • Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
  • March, P. (1993). Royal Air Force Yearbook 1993. Fairford, UK: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.
  • Palmer, Derek. Fighter Squadron (No. 19). Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire, UK: Self Publishing Association, 1991. ISBN 1-85421-075-0.
  • Palmer, Derek. 19 Fighter Squadron, RAF. Published by Derek Palmer, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9558970-0-9.
  • Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the Royal Air Force and their Aircraft. London: MacDonald and Jane's (Publishers)., 1969 (new edition 1976, reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X. pp. 47–54.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9.
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